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PSYC 110 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Focuses on higher mental processes (thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language)

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2
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

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3
Q

Personality psychology

A

Focuses on consistency in people’s behavior across their lives as well as traits that differentiate one person from another

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4
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

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5
Q

Clinical neuropsychology

A

Focuses on the orgin of psychological disorders in biological factors

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6
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

Functionalism

A

How mental processes help people adapt to their environment; William James

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

A series of principles to describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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9
Q

Neuroscience Perspective

A

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, nervous system, and other biological functions

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10
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

Observable behaviors and the ways they are learned through interactions with the enviornment

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11
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behaviors; free will

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12
Q

Scientific method

A

A systematic approach to researching and observing behavior and other phenomena of interest

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13
Q

Scientific method model

A
  1. Identify problem
  2. Formulate an explanation
  3. Carry out research
  4. Communicate the findings
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14
Q

Theories

A

Broad explanations and predictions concerning observations of interest

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15
Q

Hypothesis

A

A predictions, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested

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16
Q

Research

A

A systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge and is a central ingredient of the scientific method

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17
Q

Archival research

A

EXISTING data are examined to test a hypothesis

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18
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

An investigator observed some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.

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19
Q

Survey Research

A

People chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes

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20
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of people

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21
Q

Variables

A

Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way

22
Q

Correlation

A

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables (+1.0 to -1.0)

23
Q

Experiment

A

The investigation between two or more variables by producing a change in one variable in the situation and observing the effects on the second variable

24
Q

Random Assignment to Condition

A

Participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance alone.

25
Q

Significant Outcome

A

Indicates that the findings of a research study are statistically meaningful

26
Q

Debriefing

A

After a participation in a study, participants receive an explanation of the study and the procedures that were involved

27
Q

Informed consent

A

A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told about the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve

28
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells, the basic components of the nervous system

29
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon

30
Q

All-or-None Law

A

Neurons either fire completely or not at all

31
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior

32
Q

Synapse

A

Where the neurons connect and communicate with each other

33
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button

34
Q

Somatic division

A

Voluntary movements and communication of information to and from the sense organs

35
Q

Autonomic Divison

A

Involuntary movements

36
Q

Sympathetic divison

A

Flight or fight response

37
Q

Parasympathetic Divison

A

Acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended

38
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Major component of the endocrine system that is a tiny gland found near and regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain

39
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays information about the senses

40
Q

Limbic System

A

Controls eating, aggression, reproduction, memory, and emotion

41
Q

Motor Area

A

Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement

42
Q

Sensation

A

The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy

43
Q

Perception

A

How a person recognizes and interprets sensory information

44
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The lowest intensity of a stimulus that an organism can detect

45
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred

46
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected

47
Q

Adaptation

A

An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli

48
Q

Trichromatic Theory of color

A

There are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths

49
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

Different areas of basilar membrane respond to different frequencies

50
Q

Frequency Theory of hearing

A

The entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound

51
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Perception is guided by higher level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations

52
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole

PSYC 110 (2 decks)

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