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BIO112 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What unique structures do angiosperms possess, and what are their main types?

A

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits; they are classified into monocots, eudicots, and basal angiosperms

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2
Q

Differentiate between the two main plant organ systems and their primary functions.

A

Shoots (aboveground) perform photosynthesis and support reproduction; roots (belowground) anchor plants and absorb water and minerals

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3
Q

Define primary and secondary growth in plants and the types that exhibit each.

A

Primary growth elongates shoots/roots (in all plants); secondary growth thickens stems/roots (in woody plants)

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4
Q

What are the three plant tissue systems and their core functions?

A

Ground tissue supports photosynthesis, dermal tissue protects via the epidermis, and vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and nutrients

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5
Q

How do vascular bundles differ between monocots and eudicots in stems and leaves?

A

Monocots have scattered bundles and parallel veins; eudicots have organized bundles and netted veins​

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6
Q

Contrast the root structures in monocots vs. eudicots.

A

Monocots have a fibrous root system; eudicots have a taproot system with deep primary roots​

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7
Q

Explain the role of the root cap and root hairs in plant roots.

A

The root cap protects the tip and secretes fluid for soil penetration; root hairs increase surface area for absorption

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8
Q

What is modular growth in plants, and how does it benefit them?

A

Modular growth allows plants to form new units, enabling indeterminate growth and regrowth after damage

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9
Q

Describe the functions of apical meristems.

A

Apical meristems support primary growth

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10
Q

Describe the functions of lateral meristems.

A

lateral meristems aid secondary growth

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11
Q

Describe the functions of intercalary meristems.

A

intercalary meristems allow regrowth in monocots​

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12
Q

Outline the stages of primary growth in roots.

A

It involves cell division at the apical meristem, cell elongation, and cell maturation into specialized types

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13
Q

What is the primary role of the cuticle in plant dermal tissue?

A

The cuticle is a waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells that minimizes water loss and protects against pathogens​

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14
Q

How does lignin contribute to plant structure, especially in vascular tissue?

A

Lignin is a tough molecule that reinforces xylem by providing rigidity and strength to the cell walls of vascular tissue, enabling plants to support tall structures and withstand environmental stress​

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15
Q

What distinguishes herbaceous plants from woody plants in terms of growth patterns?

A

Herbaceous plants exhibit only primary growth (elongation), while woody plants also undergo secondary growth (thickening) due to lateral meristems​

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16
Q

Explain the significance of the mesophyll in leaves.

A

it is the primary tissue where photosynthesis occurs, containing a high concentration of chloroplasts which capture sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, the plant’s food

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17
Q

Differentiate between xylem and phloem in terms of transport function.

A

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, while phloem moves carbohydrates and nutrients throughout the plant

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18
Q

Describe the role of stomata in plant leaves.

A

Stomata are openings in the epidermis that regulate gas exchange and water vapor release, critical for photosynthesis and transpiration​

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19
Q

How does a taproot system benefit certain plants compared to a fibrous root system?

A

A taproot system enables deeper water and nutrient access, making it suitable for plants in drier environments​

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20
Q

What triggers the transition from primary to secondary growth in plants?

A

Secondary growth initiates as woody plants age, activating lateral meristems to increase stem and root thickness for support​

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21
Q

How do intercalary meristems contribute to plant resilience in monocots?

A

Intercalary meristems enable regrowth of stems (like grasses) after damage, supporting continuous growth despite being cut​

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22
Q

Why are lateral buds important for plant growth?

A

Lateral buds contain dormant apical meristems that can activate for future growth, allowing plants to branch and adapt structure​

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23
Q

What are the three main zones in root primary growth, and what occurs in each?

A

The root has a division zone (cell creation), elongation zone (cells expand), and maturation zone (cells specialize)​

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24
Q

Explain why vascular bundles differ in arrangement between monocots and eudicots in stems.

A

Monocots have scattered bundles for flexibility, while eudicots have ringed bundles allowing better support and growth​

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25
What are plant hormones, and when are they typically produced?
Plant hormones are messenger molecules produced to stimulate specific actions in target tissues. They are usually produced and used as needed, not constantly​
26
Define phototropism and its two types.
Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant in response to light. Positive phototropism is growth toward light, and negative phototropism is growth away from light​
27
What role do photoreceptors play in plant development?
Photoreceptors detect specific light wavelengths, triggering responses like germination and working with hormones to regulate growth in light conditions
28
Explain the concept of circadian rhythms in plants.
Circadian rhythms are daily physiological cycles in plants, including patterns like stomata opening in the morning and closing at night, and flowers blooming during daylight​
29
What is the significance of photoperiod in plant flowering?
Photoperiod is the length of daylight, which influences flowering. Long-day plants bloom in spring/summer, short-day plants in late summer/fall, while day-neutral plants are unaffected by daylight length
30
Describe gravitropism and the organelles involved.
Gravitropism is growth in response to gravity, with shoots growing upwards and roots downwards. Statoliths in root cap cells detect gravity to guide root orientation​
31
How do annual, biennial, and perennial plants differ in their life cycles?
Annuals live one season, biennials grow vegetatively first, bloom in the second season, then die, and perennials survive multiple seasons
32
What adaptations help deciduous trees survive winter?
Deciduous trees enter dormancy and shed leaves through abscission (stimulated by ethylene), and produce antifreeze-like compounds to resist cold​
33
Why do deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn?
They shed leaves to conserve water and nutrients as winter conditions make water scarce, soil freezes, and sunlight decreases
34
How does ethylene contribute to leaf abscission in deciduous plants?
Ethylene hormone stimulates the breakdown of leaf structures, preparing them for shedding at the abscission zone as seasons change​
35
What are the two main types of perennial plants, and how do they differ?
Deciduous perennials enter dormancy each winter and shed leaves, while evergreen perennials keep leaves year-round, avoiding dormancy​
36
Describe how day-neutral plants differ from long-day and short-day plants.
Day-neutral plants do not depend on daylight length to flower, unlike long-day and short-day plants, which require specific photoperiods
36
What environmental changes stimulate abscission(detachment) in deciduous trees?
Reduced sunlight, colder temperatures, and scarce water trigger abscission
37
How do circadian rhythms affect stomatal behavior in plants?
Stomata typically open in the morning to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis and close at night to minimize water loss
38
What is the adaptive advantage of evergreen plants in their environments?
Evergreen plants maintain leaves year-round, allowing continuous photosynthesis and growth, even in colder seasons​
39
Describe the role of auxin and cytokinin in plant growth.
Auxin promotes cell elongation, while cytokinin stimulates cell division. Together, they regulate balanced growth, often antagonistically​
40
What is phototropism and how do plants achieve it?
Phototropism is growth toward light. Steps: light detection by photoreceptors, auxin redistribution, and cell elongation on the shaded side​
41
What are the five main types of plant hormones and their primary functions?
Auxins (growth), cytokinins (cell division), gibberellins (stem elongation), abscisic acid (stress response), ethylene (fruit ripening/abscission)​
42
Explain the process of leaf abscission in deciduous trees during fall.
Ethylene stimulates leaf abscission, leading to nutrient transfer to roots/stem, digestion of leaf pigments, and leaf drop to conserve water and energy​
43
What is homeostasis and why is it important for animals?
Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes, essential for survival and function​
44
How do positive and negative feedback loops function in homeostasis?
Negative feedback maintains balance by counteracting changes (e.g., temperature regulation); Positive feedback amplifies responses, often for rapid change (e.g., blood clotting)​
45
What are the four main types of animal tissues and their functions?
Epithelial (cover/protect), connective (support/connect), muscle (movement), nervous (communication) tissues​
46
Define thermoregulation and its significance in animals.
Thermoregulation is maintaining body temperature within a range for optimal function, involving processes like sweating or shivering
47
Differentiate between ectothermic and endothermic animals with examples.
Ectotherms (e.g., reptiles) rely on external heat, while endotherms (e.g., mammals) generate internal heat. Heterotherms (e.g., bats) can switch between the two​
48
Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue in animals.
Epithelial tissue forms protective coverings, absorbs substances, and secretes products. It is classified by cell shape (e.g., squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and layering (simple, stratified)​
49
List the six types of connective tissues and their primary functions.
Loose (binds organs), dense (attaches muscles/bones), cartilage (flexible support), bone (structural support), blood (transports materials), adipose (stores fat)
50
Name the three types of muscle tissues and their locations in the body.
Skeletal muscle (attached to bones), cardiac muscle (heart), smooth muscle (walls of organs/blood vessels)​
51
What is osmoregulation, and why is it vital for animals?
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining water and salt balance, essential for cell function and survival in different environments​
52
Describe the osmoregulation strategy of freshwater fish.
Freshwater fish absorb water osmotically and excrete diluted urine to prevent excess water intake and maintain salt levels
53
What osmoregulatory adaptation helps saltwater fish avoid dehydration?
Saltwater fish drink seawater and excrete excess salt through gills to counterbalance water loss and maintain osmotic balance
54
Define autotrophs and heterotrophs, with examples.
Autotrophs (e.g., plants) produce their own food via photosynthesis; heterotrophs (e.g., animals) consume other organisms for energy
55
Outline the four stages of digestion and the organs involved in each.
Ingestion (mouth), digestion (stomach, intestines), absorption (intestines), elimination (colon, anus)
56
Describe the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion.
Intracellular digestion occurs within cells (e.g., sponges); extracellular digestion happens outside cells in a digestive cavity or system (e.g., humans)​
57
Explain how countercurrent exchange aids in thermoregulation.
Countercurrent exchange conserves heat by transferring warmth between blood vessels, helping animals maintain stable body temperatures
58
What is the advantage of a complete digestive system over an incomplete one?
A complete digestive system allows more efficient digestion and nutrient absorption, as food moves in one directio
59
Describe the four types of animal diets.
Herbivores eat plants, carnivores consume animals, omnivores eat both, and detritivores feed on decaying matter​
60
Name and define the four methods of food acquisition in animals.
Filter feeding (sifting food from water), substrate feeding (living in or on food source), fluid feeding (sucking nutrient-rich fluids), bulk feeding (eating large food pieces)​
61
What is the primary benefit of circadian rhythms for plants?
Circadian rhythms synchronize plant activities with daily light cycles, optimizing processes like photosynthesis and opening/closing stomata
62
How does thermoregulation differ between small and large animals?
Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates and lose heat faster, requiring more food to maintain body temperature compared to larger animals​
63
Explain the concept of negative feedback in physiological processes.
Negative feedback counteracts changes in the body, helping restore balance. For example, sweating cools the body when it overheats
64
Describe positive feedback and give an example in the human body.
Positive feedback amplifies a response. In childbirth, contractions increase in intensity, leading to delivery as oxytocin levels rise​
65
What is the role of auxin in phototropism?
Auxin accumulates on the shaded side of a plant stem, causing cell elongation and bending the plant toward light​
66
Describe the adaptations for thermoregulation in ectotherms living in hot environments.
Ectotherms may use behavioral adaptations like seeking shade, burrowing, or altering activity times to avoid extreme heat​
67
What is countercurrent exchange, and how does it aid in thermoregulation in endotherms?
Countercurrent exchange allows warm arterial blood to transfer heat to cooler venous blood, conserving body warmth in extremities
68
How do freshwater fish maintain osmotic balance in a low-salt environment?
Freshwater fish excrete large amounts of dilute urine to prevent water overload and retain essential salts absorbed through gills
69
Describe the role of connective tissue in animals and give two examples.
Connective tissue provides structural support, protection, and connects organs. Examples: bone (structure) and blood (transport)​
70
What is the primary function of meristems in plant growth?
Meristems are regions of active cell division that allow plants to grow continuously, either in length (apical) or width (lateral)
71
How do biennial plants differ in their growth and reproductive cycles from annuals?
Biennials grow vegetatively in the first season, then flower, set seed, and die in the second season, unlike annuals that complete this in one year​
72
Name the six types of connective tissue.
Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, adipose
73
What are the two cell types in nervous tissue?
Neurons (send signals) and glial cells (support neurons
74
Which chordates are ectotherms?
Fish, amphibians, reptiles – they rely on external heat
75
Which chordates are endotherms?
Birds and mammals generate their own heat
76
How does diet shape the digestive system?
Herbivores have longer intestines; carnivores have shorter, faster systems​
77
Why do endotherms need more food than ectotherms?
To fuel their constant body heat​
78
Give an example of a heterotherm.
Bat or Hummingbird - they warm up when active, cool down in torpor​
79
What is daily "topor" in mammals?
Whenever an animal significantly drop their body temperature during periods of inactivity, like at night, to conserve energy, essentially acting like a "cold-blooded" animal when resting but becoming warm-blooded when active
80
Extracellular matrix contains abundant, flexible collagen fibers.
Cartilage
81
Extracellular matrix occupies a small volume relative to the cells
adipose tissue
82
Extracellular matrix is fluid
blood
83
Extracellular matrix occupies much more volume relative to the cells.
loose and dense connective tissue
84

BIO112 (5 decks)

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