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BIO112 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What unique structures do angiosperms possess, and what are their main types?

A

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits; they are classified into monocots, eudicots, and basal angiosperms

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2
Q

Differentiate between the two main plant organ systems and their primary functions.

A

Shoots (aboveground) perform photosynthesis and support reproduction; roots (belowground) anchor plants and absorb water and minerals

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3
Q

Define primary and secondary growth in plants and the types that exhibit each.

A

Primary growth elongates shoots/roots (in all plants); secondary growth thickens stems/roots (in woody plants)

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4
Q

What are the three plant tissue systems and their core functions?

A

Ground tissue supports photosynthesis, dermal tissue protects via the epidermis, and vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and nutrients

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5
Q

How do vascular bundles differ between monocots and eudicots in stems and leaves?

A

Monocots have scattered bundles and parallel veins; eudicots have organized bundles and netted veins​

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6
Q

Contrast the root structures in monocots vs. eudicots.

A

Monocots have a fibrous root system; eudicots have a taproot system with deep primary roots​

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7
Q

Explain the role of the root cap and root hairs in plant roots.

A

The root cap protects the tip and secretes fluid for soil penetration; root hairs increase surface area for absorption

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8
Q

What is modular growth in plants, and how does it benefit them?

A

Modular growth allows plants to form new units, enabling indeterminate growth and regrowth after damage

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9
Q

Describe the functions of apical meristems.

A

Apical meristems support primary growth

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10
Q

Describe the functions of lateral meristems.

A

lateral meristems aid secondary growth

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11
Q

Describe the functions of intercalary meristems.

A

intercalary meristems allow regrowth in monocots​

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12
Q

Outline the stages of primary growth in roots.

A

It involves cell division at the apical meristem, cell elongation, and cell maturation into specialized types

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13
Q

What is the primary role of the cuticle in plant dermal tissue?

A

The cuticle is a waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells that minimizes water loss and protects against pathogens​

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14
Q

How does lignin contribute to plant structure, especially in vascular tissue?

A

Lignin is a tough molecule that reinforces xylem by providing rigidity and strength to the cell walls of vascular tissue, enabling plants to support tall structures and withstand environmental stress​

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15
Q

What distinguishes herbaceous plants from woody plants in terms of growth patterns?

A

Herbaceous plants exhibit only primary growth (elongation), while woody plants also undergo secondary growth (thickening) due to lateral meristems​

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16
Q

Explain the significance of the mesophyll in leaves.

A

it is the primary tissue where photosynthesis occurs, containing a high concentration of chloroplasts which capture sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, the plant’s food

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17
Q

Differentiate between xylem and phloem in terms of transport function.

A

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, while phloem moves carbohydrates and nutrients throughout the plant

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18
Q

Describe the role of stomata in plant leaves.

A

Stomata are openings in the epidermis that regulate gas exchange and water vapor release, critical for photosynthesis and transpiration​

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19
Q

How does a taproot system benefit certain plants compared to a fibrous root system?

A

A taproot system enables deeper water and nutrient access, making it suitable for plants in drier environments​

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20
Q

What triggers the transition from primary to secondary growth in plants?

A

Secondary growth initiates as woody plants age, activating lateral meristems to increase stem and root thickness for support​

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21
Q

How do intercalary meristems contribute to plant resilience in monocots?

A

Intercalary meristems enable regrowth of stems (like grasses) after damage, supporting continuous growth despite being cut​

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22
Q

Why are lateral buds important for plant growth?

A

Lateral buds contain dormant apical meristems that can activate for future growth, allowing plants to branch and adapt structure​

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23
Q

What are the three main zones in root primary growth, and what occurs in each?

A

The root has a division zone (cell creation), elongation zone (cells expand), and maturation zone (cells specialize)​

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24
Q

Explain why vascular bundles differ in arrangement between monocots and eudicots in stems.

A

Monocots have scattered bundles for flexibility, while eudicots have ringed bundles allowing better support and growth​

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25
Q

What are plant hormones, and when are they typically produced?

A

Plant hormones are messenger molecules produced to stimulate specific actions in target tissues. They are usually produced and used as needed, not constantly​

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26
Q

Define phototropism and its two types.

A

Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant in response to light. Positive phototropism is growth toward light, and negative phototropism is growth away from light​

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27
Q

What role do photoreceptors play in plant development?

A

Photoreceptors detect specific light wavelengths, triggering responses like germination and working with hormones to regulate growth in light conditions

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28
Q

Explain the concept of circadian rhythms in plants.

A

Circadian rhythms are daily physiological cycles in plants, including patterns like stomata opening in the morning and closing at night, and flowers blooming during daylight​

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29
Q

What is the significance of photoperiod in plant flowering?

A

Photoperiod is the length of daylight, which influences flowering. Long-day plants bloom in spring/summer, short-day plants in late summer/fall, while day-neutral plants are unaffected by daylight length

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30
Q

Describe gravitropism and the organelles involved.

A

Gravitropism is growth in response to gravity, with shoots growing upwards and roots downwards. Statoliths in root cap cells detect gravity to guide root orientation​

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31
Q

How do annual, biennial, and perennial plants differ in their life cycles?

A

Annuals live one season, biennials grow vegetatively first, bloom in the second season, then die, and perennials survive multiple seasons

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32
Q

What adaptations help deciduous trees survive winter?

A

Deciduous trees enter dormancy and shed leaves through abscission (stimulated by ethylene), and produce antifreeze-like compounds to resist cold​

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33
Q

Why do deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn?

A

They shed leaves to conserve water and nutrients as winter conditions make water scarce, soil freezes, and sunlight decreases

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34
Q

How does ethylene contribute to leaf abscission in deciduous plants?

A

Ethylene hormone stimulates the breakdown of leaf structures, preparing them for shedding at the abscission zone as seasons change​

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35
Q

What are the two main types of perennial plants, and how do they differ?

A

Deciduous perennials enter dormancy each winter and shed leaves, while evergreen perennials keep leaves year-round, avoiding dormancy​

36
Q

Describe how day-neutral plants differ from long-day and short-day plants.

A

Day-neutral plants do not depend on daylight length to flower, unlike long-day and short-day plants, which require specific photoperiods

36
Q

What environmental changes stimulate abscission(detachment) in deciduous trees?

A

Reduced sunlight, colder temperatures, and scarce water trigger abscission

37
Q

How do circadian rhythms affect stomatal behavior in plants?

A

Stomata typically open in the morning to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis and close at night to minimize water loss

38
Q

What is the adaptive advantage of evergreen plants in their environments?

A

Evergreen plants maintain leaves year-round, allowing continuous photosynthesis and growth, even in colder seasons​

39
Q

Describe the role of auxin and cytokinin in plant growth.

A

Auxin promotes cell elongation, while cytokinin stimulates cell division. Together, they regulate balanced growth, often antagonistically​

40
Q

What is phototropism and how do plants achieve it?

A

Phototropism is growth toward light. Steps: light detection by photoreceptors, auxin redistribution, and cell elongation on the shaded side​

41
Q

What are the five main types of plant hormones and their primary functions?

A

Auxins (growth), cytokinins (cell division), gibberellins (stem elongation), abscisic acid (stress response), ethylene (fruit ripening/abscission)​

42
Q

Explain the process of leaf abscission in deciduous trees during fall.

A

Ethylene stimulates leaf abscission, leading to nutrient transfer to roots/stem, digestion of leaf pigments, and leaf drop to conserve water and energy​

43
Q

What is homeostasis and why is it important for animals?

A

Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes, essential for survival and function​

44
Q

How do positive and negative feedback loops function in homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback maintains balance by counteracting changes (e.g., temperature regulation); Positive feedback amplifies responses, often for rapid change (e.g., blood clotting)​

45
Q

What are the four main types of animal tissues and their functions?

A

Epithelial (cover/protect), connective (support/connect), muscle (movement), nervous (communication) tissues​

46
Q

Define thermoregulation and its significance in animals.

A

Thermoregulation is maintaining body temperature within a range for optimal function, involving processes like sweating or shivering

47
Q

Differentiate between ectothermic and endothermic animals with examples.

A

Ectotherms (e.g., reptiles) rely on external heat, while endotherms (e.g., mammals) generate internal heat. Heterotherms (e.g., bats) can switch between the two​

48
Q

Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue in animals.

A

Epithelial tissue forms protective coverings, absorbs substances, and secretes products. It is classified by cell shape (e.g., squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and layering (simple, stratified)​

49
Q

List the six types of connective tissues and their primary functions.

A

Loose (binds organs), dense (attaches muscles/bones), cartilage (flexible support), bone (structural support), blood (transports materials), adipose (stores fat)

50
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissues and their locations in the body.

A

Skeletal muscle (attached to bones), cardiac muscle (heart), smooth muscle (walls of organs/blood vessels)​

51
Q

What is osmoregulation, and why is it vital for animals?

A

Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining water and salt balance, essential for cell function and survival in different environments​

52
Q

Describe the osmoregulation strategy of freshwater fish.

A

Freshwater fish absorb water osmotically and excrete diluted urine to prevent excess water intake and maintain salt levels

53
Q

What osmoregulatory adaptation helps saltwater fish avoid dehydration?

A

Saltwater fish drink seawater and excrete excess salt through gills to counterbalance water loss and maintain osmotic balance

54
Q

Define autotrophs and heterotrophs, with examples.

A

Autotrophs (e.g., plants) produce their own food via photosynthesis; heterotrophs (e.g., animals) consume other organisms for energy

55
Q

Outline the four stages of digestion and the organs involved in each.

A

Ingestion (mouth), digestion (stomach, intestines), absorption (intestines), elimination (colon, anus)

56
Q

Describe the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion.

A

Intracellular digestion occurs within cells (e.g., sponges); extracellular digestion happens outside cells in a digestive cavity or system (e.g., humans)​

57
Q

Explain how countercurrent exchange aids in thermoregulation.

A

Countercurrent exchange conserves heat by transferring warmth between blood vessels, helping animals maintain stable body temperatures

58
Q

What is the advantage of a complete digestive system over an incomplete one?

A

A complete digestive system allows more efficient digestion and nutrient absorption, as food moves in one directio

59
Q

Describe the four types of animal diets.

A

Herbivores eat plants, carnivores consume animals, omnivores eat both, and detritivores feed on decaying matter​

60
Q

Name and define the four methods of food acquisition in animals.

A

Filter feeding (sifting food from water), substrate feeding (living in or on food source), fluid feeding (sucking nutrient-rich fluids), bulk feeding (eating large food pieces)​

61
Q

What is the primary benefit of circadian rhythms for plants?

A

Circadian rhythms synchronize plant activities with daily light cycles, optimizing processes like photosynthesis and opening/closing stomata

62
Q

How does thermoregulation differ between small and large animals?

A

Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates and lose heat faster, requiring more food to maintain body temperature compared to larger animals​

63
Q

Explain the concept of negative feedback in physiological processes.

A

Negative feedback counteracts changes in the body, helping restore balance. For example, sweating cools the body when it overheats

64
Q

Describe positive feedback and give an example in the human body.

A

Positive feedback amplifies a response. In childbirth, contractions increase in intensity, leading to delivery as oxytocin levels rise​

65
Q

What is the role of auxin in phototropism?

A

Auxin accumulates on the shaded side of a plant stem, causing cell elongation and bending the plant toward light​

66
Q

Describe the adaptations for thermoregulation in ectotherms living in hot environments.

A

Ectotherms may use behavioral adaptations like seeking shade, burrowing, or altering activity times to avoid extreme heat​

67
Q

What is countercurrent exchange, and how does it aid in thermoregulation in endotherms?

A

Countercurrent exchange allows warm arterial blood to transfer heat to cooler venous blood, conserving body warmth in extremities

68
Q

How do freshwater fish maintain osmotic balance in a low-salt environment?

A

Freshwater fish excrete large amounts of dilute urine to prevent water overload and retain essential salts absorbed through gills

69
Q

Describe the role of connective tissue in animals and give two examples.

A

Connective tissue provides structural support, protection, and connects organs. Examples: bone (structure) and blood (transport)​

70
Q

What is the primary function of meristems in plant growth?

A

Meristems are regions of active cell division that allow plants to grow continuously, either in length (apical) or width (lateral)

71
Q

How do biennial plants differ in their growth and reproductive cycles from annuals?

A

Biennials grow vegetatively in the first season, then flower, set seed, and die in the second season, unlike annuals that complete this in one year​

72
Q

Name the six types of connective tissue.

A

Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, adipose

73
Q

What are the two cell types in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons (send signals) and glial cells (support neurons

74
Q

Which chordates are ectotherms?

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles – they rely on external heat

75
Q

Which chordates are endotherms?

A

Birds and mammals generate their own heat

76
Q

How does diet shape the digestive system?

A

Herbivores have longer intestines; carnivores have shorter, faster systems​

77
Q

Why do endotherms need more food than ectotherms?

A

To fuel their constant body heat​

78
Q

Give an example of a heterotherm.

A

Bat or Hummingbird - they warm up when active, cool down in torpor​

79
Q

What is daily “topor” in mammals?

A

Whenever an animal significantly drop their body temperature during periods of inactivity, like at night, to conserve energy, essentially acting like a “cold-blooded” animal when resting but becoming warm-blooded when active

80
Q

Extracellular matrix contains abundant, flexible collagen fibers.

A

Cartilage

81
Q

Extracellular matrix occupies a small volume relative to the cells

A

adipose tissue

82
Q

Extracellular matrix is fluid

A

blood

83
Q

Extracellular matrix occupies much more volume relative to the cells.

A

loose and dense connective tissue

84
Q
A

BIO112 (4 decks)

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