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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

Microevolution is changes within a species, while macroevolution involves speciation and large-scale evolutionary changes.

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2
Q

Define the biological species concept.

A

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.

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3
Q

What are the four ways to classify species?

A

Morphology, ecology, molecular differences, and reproductive isolation.

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4
Q

List prezygotic barriers that cause reproductive isolation.

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.

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5
Q

What are postzygotic barriers?

A

Hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility, and hybrid breakdown.

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6
Q

Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation.

A

Allopatric is speciation when
geographic isolation is involved, while sympatric is speciation when it occurs without physical separation, often through genetic changes or sexual selection

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7
Q

What is the main difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?

A

Taxonomy classifies organisms, phylogeny examines evolutionary relationships.

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8
Q

Define homology and analogy in phylogeny.

A

Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry, analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution.

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9
Q

What are the three main shapes of bacteria and archaea?

A

Coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral).

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10
Q

What does a Gram stain test reveal?

A

Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, and gram-negative bacteria stain pink.

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11
Q

Define horizontal gene transfer (HGT).

A

The movement of genetic material between organisms, not through reproduction.

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12
Q

Describe the general structure of a virus.

A

Capsid (protein shell), nucleic acid (genetic material), and sometimes an envelope.

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13
Q

What are the two stages in alternation of generations in plants?

A

Sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid).

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14
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A fluid-filled body cavity that is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

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15
Q

What is the main difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

In protostomes, the mouth forms first; in deuterostomes, the anus forms first.

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16
Q

Define reproductive isolation.

A

It is the inability of species to breed successfully due to prezygotic or postzygotic barriers.

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17
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

a process in evolutionary biology where a new species evolves from an ancestral species while both continue to live in the same geographic area.

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18
Q

What are the three main causes of sympatric speciation?

A

Polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection.

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19
Q

What are the two paces of speciation?

A

Gradualism (slow, steady changes) and punctuated equilibrium (rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of stability).

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20
Q

What does maximum parsimony mean in phylogeny?

A

The simplest explanation (fewest evolutionary changes) is preferred when constructing phylogenetic trees.

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21
Q

What role does horizontal gene transfer play in blurring phylogenetic relationships?

A

It complicates the evolutionary history of organisms by transferring genes across species boundaries.

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22
Q

What is the significance of a molecular clock in evolutionary studies?

A

It uses the rate of genetic mutations to estimate the time of divergence between species.

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23
Q

What do the branching points on a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

They indicate common ancestors where lineages diverge.

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24
Q

What is the ingroup and outgroup in phylogenetic trees?

A

The ingroup is the group being studied, and the outgroup is a species outside the group, used for comparison.

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25
How do bacteria and archaea differ?
Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea have distinct lipids in their membranes and often live in extreme environments
26
What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?
Transduction (via viruses), conjugation (via direct contact), and transformation (uptake of DNA from the environment).
27
What are the four main ways bacteria and archaea are used in human manufacturing?
Bioremediation, fermentation, antibiotic production, and biofuel production.
28
Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?
They cannot reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of a host cell.
29
How does a gram-positive bacterium differ from a gram-negative bacterium?
Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers and stain purple, while gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layers and an outer membrane, staining pink.
30
What is alternation of generations in plants?
It is a life cycle that alternates between a multicellular diploid sporophyte stage and a multicellular haploid gametophyte stage.
31
What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?
Gymnosperms produce seeds without flowers, while angiosperms produce seeds within flowers and fruit.
32
Define diploblastic and triploblastic organisms.
Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm), while triploblastic organisms have three (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
33
What is the coelom, and what are acoelomates?
A coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm. Acoelomates lack a coelom.
34
What are the nine major animal phyla, and give an example of each.
Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Mollusca (snails), Annelida (earthworms), Nematoda (roundworms), Arthropoda (insects), Echinodermata (sea stars), Chordata (vertebrates).
35
What is segmentation in animals, and what are its benefits?
Segmentation is the division of the body into repetitive sections, allowing for specialization and more efficient movement.
36
What are the two main types of vascular tissue in land plants, and what do they transport?
Xylem transports water and minerals; phloem transports sugars.
37
Describe the structure of a virus.
Viruses consist of a capsid (protein shell), nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), and some have an envelope (lipid membrane).
38
What are prezygotic barriers, and give examples.
Barriers that prevent fertilization: habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation.
39
What is the main advantage of alternation of generations in plants?
It allows plants to exploit different environments during haploid and diploid stages, increasing survival and reproduction chances.
40
What distinguishes bryophytes from other plant groups?
Bryophytes (e.g., mosses) lack vascular tissue and have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle.
41
What is hybrid inviability?
It is a postzygotic barrier where hybrid offspring do not develop fully or die shortly after birth.
42
How do seedless vascular plants differ from bryophytes?
Seedless vascular plants, like ferns, have vascular tissue and a dominant sporophyte stage.
43
What are the three types of body cavities in animals?
Coelom (true body cavity fully lined with mesoderm), pseudocoelom (partially lined), and acoelomate (no body cavity).
44
Explain the difference between transduction and conjugation in horizontal gene transfer.
Transduction is gene transfer via bacteriophages (viruses), while conjugation is direct gene transfer through physical contact between cells.
45
Describe indirect development in animals.
Indirect development involves a larval stage, which undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult (e.g., butterflies).
46
What is cephalization, and why is it significant?
Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissues and sensory organs at the front (head) of an animal, often associated with directional movement.
47
What is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry in animals?
Radial symmetry allows an organism to be divided equally from multiple angles, common in sessile or slow-moving animals (e.g., jellyfish); bilateral symmetry allows division into left and right sides, linked with active movement and cephalization (e.g., humans).
48
What distinguishes angiosperms from other plant groups?
Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits, and the seed is enclosed within a fruit.
49
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
Gymnosperms, such as conifers, produce naked seeds (not enclosed in fruits) and typically have needle-like leaves.
50
How long ago did the first animals arise from protists?
Approximately 600 million years ago.
51
What defines true tissues in animals?
True tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function and are organized into distinct layers.
52
What are the three types of body symmetry, and how are they correlated with mobility?
-Asymmetry: No symmetry (e.g., sponges), little to no movement. -Radial symmetry: Symmetry around a central axis (e.g., jellyfish), suited for sessile or slow-moving organisms. -Bilateral symmetry: Symmetry with a left and right side (e.g., humans), associated with active mobility and cephalization.
53
What is the development sequence from zygote to gastrula?
Zygote → Blastula → Gastrula
54
What are the three germ layers that form in the gastrula?
-Ectoderm: Forms skin and nervous system. -Mesoderm: Forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system (present only in triploblastic organisms). -Endoderm: Forms the digestive and respiratory systems.
55
Define coelom, pseudocoelom, and acoelomate.
-Coelom: A body cavity fully lined with mesoderm. -Pseudocoelom: A body cavity partially lined with mesoderm. -Acoelomate: An organism with no body cavity.
56
What is the difference between a complete and incomplete digestive tract?
Complete digestive tract: Two openings (mouth and anus), allowing food to move in one direction. Incomplete digestive tract: One opening, food and waste exit from the same opening.
57
What is the difference between direct and indirect development in animals?
Direct development: The organism is born in a form similar to the adult (e.g., humans). Indirect development: The organism undergoes a larval stage and metamorphosis before becoming an adult (e.g., butterflies).
58
How does body symmetry correlate with cephalization?
Bilateral symmetry is associated with cephalization, which is the concentration of nervous tissues and sensory organs in the head, enhancing directional movement and sensory processing.
59
Which phylum lacks true tissues and has a porous body with no symmetry?
Porifera (e.g., sponges).
60
Which phylum includes organisms with stinging cells (nematocysts) and radial symmetry?
Cnidaria (e.g., jellyfish, corals).
61
Which phylum consists of flat, unsegmented, and acoelomate animals, often parasitic?
Platyhelminthes (e.g., flatworms).
62
Which phylum has soft-bodied animals, many with a calcium carbonate shell, and a muscular foot?
Mollusca (e.g., snails, clams, octopuses).
63
Which phylum includes segmented worms with a true coelom and a closed circulatory system?
Annelida (e.g., earthworms, leeches).
64
Which phylum consists of unsegmented roundworms with a pseudocoelom and a tough outer cuticle?
Nematoda (e.g., roundworms)
65
Which phylum includes animals with an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and a segmented body?
Arthropoda (e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans).
66
Which phylum contains marine animals with radial symmetry in adulthood and a water vascular system?
Echinodermata (e.g., sea stars, sea urchins).
67
Which phylum includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and, in some, a backbone?
Chordata (e.g., vertebrates like humans, fish, and birds).
68
Which phylum has a water vascular system and tube feet used for locomotion?
Echinodermata (e.g., sea stars).
69

BIO112 (5 decks)

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