Exam 3 Flashcards
Erythrocytes have what two unique properties:
- Biconcave shape
- Capacity to be reversibly deformed
Biconcave shape increases… on RBCs
Surface area
RBCs that have abnormal shapes
Poikilocytosis
RBCs that have abnormal sizes
Aniscocytosis
What is poikilocytosis
RBCs have abnormal shapes
What is anisocytosis
RBCs have abnormal sizes
Biconcave shape of RBCs allows for better…
Gas exchange
RBCs with their reversible deformity allow for
Diffusion of oxygen and squeezing through the capillaries
What type of anemia
RBCs are abnormally large and not fully developed
Megaloblastic anemia
What type of anemia RBCs
Bone marrow produces fewer cells and sometimes they die before 120 day lifespan
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia is an example of what type of anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
What is the main disorder in pernicious anemia
Absence of intrinsic factor
What vitamin is deficient in pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12
A glycoprotein produced in the stomach that binds with vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed in the intestines
Intrinsic factor
If the stomach doesn’t produce enough IF what happens?
The intestines can’t properly absorb vitamin B12
Leads to vitamin B12 deficiency
What doesn’t mature properly in RBCs in pernicious anemia?
The nucleus
In PA RBCs
Three characteristics
A
Wrong shape
Wrong size
Die more quickly
Mechanism by which medications cause pernicious anemia
Some medications block IF or stop it from working properly
Older adult presentation of pernicious anemia
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Cognitive impairment
Fix with B12 shots
Reduction in total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
Anemia
Anemia is either a decrease in
Total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood or
Decrease in quality or quantity of hemoglobin
Four causes of anemia
1) impaired erythrocyte production
2) blood loss- acute or chronic
3) increased erythrocyte destruction
4) a combination of above three factors
When is DNA synthesis impaired in megaloblastic anemia
During RBC production
Impaired DNA synthesis prevents what in megaloblastic anemia
Further nuclear division
Impaired DNA synthesis during RBC production prevents what
Also, leads to asynchronous maturation of what organelles
Prevents further nuclear division and leads to asynchronous maturation of nucleus and cytoplasm
Large red blood cell precursors are called what in the bone marrow?
Megaloblasts
Shape of megaloblasts
Oval instead of round or disc shaped
The actual prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency may be higher than statistics because
Use of gastric acid blocking agents and
Aging of US population
What anemia
Characterized by abnormally small erythrocytes that contain unusually reduced amounts of hemoglobin
Microcytic hypochromic
Iron deficiency anemia is an example of which anemia
Microcytic hypochromic
How much blood loss can cause iron deficiency anemia
2-4 ml per day
1-2 mg of iron
Cause of primary IDA in females
Menorrhagia
Bleeding sources of IDA
Ulcers
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal varices
Cirrhosis
Hemorrhoids
Ulcerative colitis
Cancer
Ulcers
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal varices
Cirrhosis
Hemorrhoids
Ulcerative colitis
Cancer
Causes of bleeding in IDA
Occult bleeding source like GI cancer or other lesion can lead to which anemia
IDA
Early symptoms of IDA are…
Nonspecific
Fatigue
Heart palpitations
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Pale earlobes, palms,conjunctivae
Early symptoms of IDA
Nonspecific
Main regulator of systemic iron balance
Hepcidin (peptide)
Most common nutritional disorder of Microcytic-hypochromic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Example of normocytic normochromic anemia
Aplastic anemia
Three causes of aplastic anemia
1)an autoimmune disease against hematopoiesis
2) exposure to chemical agents
3) unknown idiopathic
Hematopoietic failure in aplastic anemia is characterized by what
Pancytopenia
Reduction or absence of all three blood cell types
Term for this
Pancytopenia
Failure or suppression of bone marrow to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes leukocytes and thrombocytes causes
Pancytopenia in aplastic anemia
What anemia is characterized by hypo cellular bone marrow that has been replaced with fat
Aplastic anemia
Example of normocytic normochromic anemia
Aplastic anemia
Aplastic anemia is an example of which type of anemia
Normocytic normochromic
A group of inherited red blood cell disorders that affect hemoglobin
Sickle cell disease
Protein that carries oxygen through the body
Hemoglobin
Most prevalent type of sickle cell disease
Sickle cell anemia
Shape of red blood cells in sickle cell anemia?
Crescent or sickle shaped
What causes crescent shape of RBCs in sickle cell anemia?
Genetic mutation
Two problems caused by sickle shaped cells
Do not move or bed easily
Can block blood flow to the rest of the body
Under conditions of decreased oxygen tension and dehydration (decreased plasma volume) and cold temperatures due to vasoconstriction
What happens to hemoglobin S?
Stretches and elongates
Consequences of repeated cycles of damaged cells
Converted to end stage non-deformable in or stiff and irreversibly sickled cells
Consequence of sickled cells
3
Hemolytic anemia
Micro vascular obstruction
Ischemic tissue damage
Hemolytic anemia
Micro vascular obstruction
Ischemic tissue damage
These are the three reasons sickle shaped RBCs die prematurely
An acquired clinical syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation
DIC
What condition results in the formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels throughout the body
DIC
Widespread activation of coagulation in DIC results in
Formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels throughout the body
The most common condition associated with DIC
Sepsis
Although thrombosis is generalized and widespread, patients with DIC are paradoxically at risk for
Hemorrhage
Why does hemorrhage happen in DIC?
Abnormally high consumption of clotting factors and platelets
In DIC platelet consumption exceeds what?
Production
In DIC
Platelet consumption exceeds production resulting in what
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet consumption exceeds production resulting in a thrombocytopenia in DIC that increases….
Bleeding
In DIC extensive clotting consumes clotting factors and platelets leading to
Widespread hemorrhage
A malignant lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
What disease is characterized by its progression from one group of lymph nodes to another?
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Characterized by its progression from one group of lymph nodes to another, the development of systemic symptoms, presence of Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg Cells
What cells are the hallmark of HL?
Reed sternberg cells
First sign Of Hodgkin lymphoma
Enlarged painless lymph nodes in the neck
Most indicative sign of HL
Enlarged painless lymph nodes in the neck
Non Hodgkin lymphoma gene changes are usually
Acquired and not inherited
What factor is NHL associated with?
Occupational exposure to pesticides
What is common in NHL?
Extranodal involvement
What heme disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern?
Hereditary hemochromatosis
What does autosomal recessive pattern
Both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations
What disease
Iron accumulates in tissues and organs (such as the liver) and disrupting function
Hereditary hemochromatosis
What is injured in HH
Beta islet cells leading to diabetes
Decreased synthesis of what is present in some forms of HH
Hepcidin
Iron absorption in the GI tract is increased or decreased in HH
increased
Common inherited iron overload disorder characterized by excessive absorption of iron
Hereditary hemochromatosis
What condition is due to a deficiency of Hepcidin or to decreased binding of Hepcidin to ferroportin?
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Genetic pattern of childhood hemophilia
X-linked recessive
Why are x linked recessive conditions more common in males?
Males have only one copy of the X chromosome
What results in the clinical manifestations of hemophilia?
Mutation
What results in the clinical manifestations of hemophilia?
Mutation
How many males are living with hemophilia
1,125,000
Hemophilia manifestations range from
Mild to severe disease
What may exposure a diagnosis of hemophilia?
Positive family history
Two most prevalent types of hemophilia
A and B
Classic hemophilia or factor VIII deficiency
Hemophilia A
Christmas disease or factor IX deficiency
Hemophilia B
Which disease results from mutations in the F8 gene which codes for factor VIII
Hemophilia A
F8 gene codes for which clotting factor
VIII
What factor is an essentialncofactor for factor IX in the coagulation cascade?
Factor VIII
What is factor VIII an essential cofactor for?
Cofactor IX
The most common hereditary disease associated with life-threatening bleeding
Hemophilia A
Results from a mutation in the F9 gene
Hemophilia B
F9 gene codes for which clotting factor?
IX
Hemophilia A and B are clinically indistinguishable because why
Because both factors VIII and IX function together to activate Factor X
Both factors VIII and IX function together to activate which factor
Factor X
The alterations or deficiencies of which coagulation factors decrease the ability to form blood clots in response to injury?
Factors VIII and IX
The decreased or ineffective blood clotting leads to
In hemophilia
Continuous bleeding
Most characteristic type of bleeding in hemophilia
Joint bleeding (hemarthrosis)
Joint bleeding in hemophilia most often affects which joints?
Knees
Ankles
Elbows
Most common childhood cancer in children and adolescents (14 years and younger)
Leukemias
Cancer of the blood forming tissues like bone marrow
Leukemia
Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes
Leukemia
Abnormal immature white blood cells are called
Leukemic cells
Leukemic cells in leukemia do what
Fill bone marrow and spill into the blood
What happens to Leukemic cells once in the blood?
Spread to other organs
What organs can Leukemic cells spread to?
3
Brain
Lymph nodes
Spleen
A chronic relapsing proliferation immune mediated inflammatory disorder that involves the skin, scalp, and nails often accompanied by systemic comorbidities
Psoriasis
What is psoriasis mediated by?
Immune mediated inflammatory disorder
Onset of psoriasis later in life is
Less familial and more secondary to comorbidities
Comorbidities seen in later life onset psoriasis
Obesity
Smoking hypertension
Diabetes
Inflammatory cascade of psoriasis involves complex interactions between what cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Dendritic cells
NK cells
T helper cells
Regulatory T cells
Inflammatory cascade of psoriasis involves complex interactions between what cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Dendritic cells
NK cells
T helper cells
Regulatory T cells
What skin layers are thickened in psoriasis?
Dermis and epidermis
Three causes of thickening of dermis and epidermis in psoriasis?
Cellular hyperproliferation
Altered keratinocyte differentiation
Expanded dermal vasculature
Cellular hyperproliferation
Altered keratinocyte differentiation
Expanded dermal vasculature
Causes of dermis and epidermis thickening in psoriasis
Normal epidermal shedding time
14-20 days
Epidermal shedding time in psoriasis?
3-4 days
A multisystem inflammatory disease caused by spirochete Borreliella Burgdorferi
Lyme disease
What transmits Lyme disease?
Ixodes tick
Most frequently reported vector borne illness?
Lyme disease
Borreliella is difficult to culture why?
Escapes immune defenses through antigenic variation
Blocks complement mediated killing
Impedes release of antimicrobial peptides leukocyte chemotaxis and antimicrobial killing
Hides in tissue
How does Lyme disease spread to other tissues?
By entering capillary beds
What is bulls eye rash called?
Erythema migrants
Erythema migrans is what kind of rash
Another name for this
Bulls eye rash
Is there a vaccination for Lyme disease?
No
Is there a vaccination for Lyme disease?
No
How does Borriella escape immune defenses?
Genetic process
Antigenic variation
What does Lyme block?
Complement mediated killing
What is impeded in Lyme?
Release of antimicrobial peptides
Leukocytes chemotaxis
Antimicrobial killing Hides
Where does Lyme hide?
The tissue
How is HSV1 spread?
Oral secretions
How is HSV1 spread?
Oral secretions
Which herpes more commonly causes genital infection?
HSV 2
How is HSV2 generally spread?
Skin to skin mucous membrane contact during viral shedding
What is happening to virus when transmitted in herpes2?
Viral shedding
HSV2 risk of infection is high in which populations
Immunosuppressed persons or persons who have sexual contact with infected individuals
What is associated with significant neonatal neurological morbidity and mortality?
Which herpes virus and by what process
Vertical transmission in HSV2 from mother to neonate
HSV2 vertical transmission from mother to neonate is associated with
Significant neonatal neurologicnmorbidity and mortality
What cells does HSV infect?
Epithelia cells
Where does HSV embed?
Sensory nerve endings
How does HSV have lifelong latency?
By inhibiting apoptosis of target cells
Five causes of HSV reactivation
Exposure to UV light
Skin irritation
Fever
Fatigue
Stress
Exposure to UV light
Skin irritation
Fever
Fatigue
Stress
Causes of HSV reactivation
Herpes zoster is also known as
Human herpesvirus 3
What two conditions are caused by the same herpes virus?
Varicella
Herpes Zoster
How are varicella viruses spread?
Airborne droplets or direct contact with actively shedding lesions
How does varicella zoster virus enter body?
Respiratory tract
Highly infectious
Where does VZV virus remain latent?
Trigeminal and dorsal (sensory) root ganglia
Initial symptoms of herpes zoster?
Pain
Parenthesia to affected dermatome
Cutaneous area innervated by a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
Later symptoms of shingles
Vesicular eruptions and then crusting
What can prevent chicken pox?
Varicella vaccine safe and effective in children and adults
What age can receive shingles vaccine?
60 years and older to prevent shingles
Benign pigmented or no pigmented lesions
Nevi
Another name for moles
Nevi
What cells form melanocytic Nevi?
Melanocytes
Melanocytic Nevi causes can be either..
Congenital or acquired
Size of melanocytic Nevi can be
Small (<1cm)
Or large 20 cm
Where do cells accumulate at the early stages of Nevi development?
Junction of the dermis and epidermis (junctional nevi)
Junctional Nevi are formed at the junction of the
Dermis and epidermis
What type of lesions are junctional Nevi?
Macular lesions
Nevi
Over time cells move deeper into the
Dermis
With time, Nevi become
Modular and symmetric without irregular borders (compound Nevi)
Nodular and symmetric Nevi without irregular borders are called
Compound Nevi
Where can Nevi appear on the skin
Any where
Can Nevi vary in size?
Yes
Nevi can occur either (pattern)
Singly or in groups
What skin lesion may undergo transition to malignant melanoma
Nevi
Treatment for Nevi that are irritated by clothing or trauma or large lesions
Excision
Moles that require regular evaluation?
Multiple and changing
Why is it important for the clinician to understand the various forms of Nevi?
Relationship between Nevi and melanoma
Most Nevi never become
Suspicious
What type of Nevi need to be removed?
Suspicious pigmented Nevi
A of ABCDE rule
Asymmetry
B of ABCDE rule
Border irregularity
C of ABCDE rule
Color variation
D of ABCDE rule
Diameter of larger than 6 mm
E of ABCDE rule
Elevation or evolving which includes raised appearance or rapid enlargement
Three suspicious characteristics of Nevi
Bleeding or oozing
Scab formation
Ulceration
Bleeding or oozing
Scab formation
Ulceration
Are what
Suspicious characteristics of Nevi
A malignant tumor of the skin that originates from transformation of melanocytes
Cutaneous melanoma
Where does cutaneous melanoma originate from?
Transformation of melanocytes
Where do melanocytes arise from?
Neural crest tissue
What do melanocytes synthesize?
Pigment melanin
Where are melanocytes located?
Basal layer of skin
Where do melanocytes arise
Mucosal tissue and uveal tract
Surface epithelial tumor originating from undifferentiated basal or stem cells
Basal cell carcinoma
Presumed cause of BCC
UV radiation exposure
Arsenic in food or water thought to contribute to
BCC
Radiation therapy can lead to what skin condition
BCC
Long term immunosuppressive therapy can cause what skin condition
BCC
What type of tumor is BCC
Surface epithelial tumor
Cells in which BCC originates
Undifferentiated basal or stem cells
BCC lesion often begins as a
Nodule
How big is nodule at beginning of BCC
Greater than 5 mm
Color of BCC lesion
Pearly or ivory
Lesion is slightly elevated above skin surface and has teleangiectasis
BCC
Lesion is slightly elevated above skin surface and has teleangiectasis
BCC
Term for small blood vessels on surface
Teleangiectasis
What groups of people are significantly less likely to develop BCC?
Dark skin
Avoid sunlight
What is the protective factor experienced by dark skinned persons in BCC?
Basal cells contain more pigment melanin
A protective factor against the sun in basal cells
Melanin pigment
Why is metastatic spread rare in BCC?
Tumors don’t invade blood or lymph vessels
Why is metastatic spread rare in BCC?
Tumors don’t invade blood or lymph vessels
A benign proliferation of cutaneous basal cells that produces flat or slightly elevated lesions that may be smooth or warty in appearance
Seborrheic keratosis
What cells benign proliferate in seborrheic keratosis?
Cutaneous basal cells
Appearance of seborrheic keratosis lesions
Flat or slightly elevated that may be smooth or warty in appearance
The pathogenesis of seborrheic keratosis is
Unknown
Benign tumors of seborrheic keratosis are usually seen in people aged
Over 50
Can also appear in young adults
Grouping of seborrheic keratosis lesions
Singularly or in multiples
Where do SK lesions occur?
Chest
Back
Face
Colors of SK lesions
Tan to waxy yellow
Flesh colored
Dark brown to black
Size of SK lesion
Few millimeters to several centimeters
Oval and greasy appearing lesions seen in
SK
Hyperkeratotic scaly stuck on appearance lesions seen in
SK
Three treatment options for SK
Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen
Shave excision
Laser therapy
Liquid nitrogen is treatment option for what seem condition
SK
Shave excision is a treatment option for what derm condition
SK
Laser therapy can treat what skin condition
SK
Pilosebaceous units are also known as
Sebaceous follicles
Where does acne develop?
Sebaceous follicles
Sebaceous follicles are also called
Pilosebaceous units
Two androgens that are secreted increasingly in puberty
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Testosterone
Sebaceous gland size and productivity are increased by what during puberty?
Androgens
Androgens promote the formation of what
Comedone
Production of what is altered in acne?
Sebum
Organism of follicular proliferation in acne
cutibacterium acnes
Anaerobic bacterium of acne
Cutibacterium acnes
C acnes strains shift from being what to what
Symbiotic to pathogenic strain of bacterium
Ruptured comedones trigger what in acne
Inflammatory mediators
Another name for atopic eczema
Atopic dermatitis
What is the most common cause of eczema in children?
Atopic dermatitis
When does AD usually first appear
2-6 months
Most cases of AD develop when
During the first five years of life
Can affect any ages
Chronic relapsing form of pruritic eczema
Atopic dermatitis
AD involves an interplay of
Genetic predisposition
Atopic comorbidities
3
Asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Food allergies
What allergies are well recognized in patients with AD
Food allergies
What immunoglobulin is increased in AD
IGE
What WBC type is increased in AD
Eosinophils
Positive skin test results to a variety of common food and inhalant allergens are seen in what Dx
AD
The most common bacterial skin infection in children 2-5 years of age
Impetigo
Highly contagious skin infection (bacterial) in kids
Impetigo
What is the most common organism of impetigo
S aureus
Less common organism of impetigo
Strep pyogenes
Impetigo mode of transmission
Direct and indirect contact
What do staph produce in impetigo?
Bacterial toxins
Another name for bacterial toxins produced by staph in impetigo
Exfoliative toxins
What do exfoliative toxins disrupt in impetigo?
Disruption in skin barrier with blister formation
Disruption in skin barrier with blister formation are caused by what produced by staph
Exfoliative toxins
A benign self limiting skin disease
Molloscum contaigiosum
What type of organism causes molluscum?
A pox virus
Three ways MC can spread
Person to person direct contact
Autoinoculation
Contaminated fomites
Two primary mechanisms that cause significantly elevated or depressed hormones
Inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered to the target cell
Inappropriate responses by target cell
Failure of feedback systems designed to control hormone release leads to
Inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered
Disorders of the endocrine glands causing them to synthesize too little or too much hormone is a cause of
Inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered
Dysfunctional or ectopically produced hormones can lead to
Inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered
Defects in the delivery of the hormone in the blood stream can lead to
Inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered
When is ADH released?
When not enough fluid in the body
What condition results from insufficient ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
In this condition, not enough ADH
Body cannot hold onto water and excretes
DI
Polyuria or oliguria in DI
Polyuria (massive amounts)
Hypervolemia or hypovolemia in DI
Hypovolemia volume depletion
What symptom in DI is caused by hypovolemia?
THIRST
POLYDIPSIA
What symptom in DI is caused by hypovolemia?
THIRST
POLYDIPSIA
A condition associated with traumatic brain injuries
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Condition characterized by insufficient ADH activity
Polyuria
POLYDIPSIA
Patients with this condition have a partial to total inability to to concentrate urine
DI
What causes excretion of large volumes of dilute urine in DI
insufficient ADH activity
Hyper or hypo natremia in DI
Hyper natremia
Mucotaneous lymph node syndrome AKA
Kawasaki disease
Acute systemic vasculitis
What disease
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease may result in these two conditions
Myocarditis
Coronary artery aneurysms
Leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in the US
Kawasaki disease
Cause of KD?
Remains unknown
Cause of this may be a normal immunologic response to an infectious, toxic, or antigenic substance
KD
What disease may be caused by an abnormal immune response to a common stimulus?
KD
What immune responses occur in KD?
Innate
Adaptive
What cells of immune system infiltrate vessel walls in KD?
Think LMN
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
What two things are increased in immune response to KD?
Inflammatory cytokines
Antibodies
What parts of vasculature are inflamed in KD?
Small capillaries
Arterioles
Venules
Acute myocarditis is a complication of what disease?
KD
Necrotizing arteritis occurs in what disease?
KD
Aneurysm development associated with necrotizing arteritis occurs in what disease?
KD
HHNKS stands for
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
Another name for HHNKS is
HHS
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
Life threatening emergency precipitated by infections
Medications
Nonadherance to diabetes treatment
Coexisting disease
HHNKS
HHNKS more commonly seen with which type of diabetes?
Type 2
Why isn’t there keyosis in HHNKS?
Still producing some insulin
Disease in capillaries with diabetes is called
Microvascular disease
Retinopathy with potential lead to blindness caused by what type of diabetes complication?
Microvascular
End stage kidney failure in diabetes caused by what diabetes complication?
Microvascular
Neuropathies result from what diabetes complication?
Microvascular
Thickening of the capillary basement membrane
Endothelial cell hhperplasia
Thrombosis
Seen in what diabetes complication?
Microvascular disease
Thickening of the capillary basement membrane in Microvascular disease eventually leads to
Decreased tissue perfusion
Decreased tissue perfusion in diabetic Microvascular disease is caused by
Thickening of the capillary basement membrane
Lesions in medium and large sized arteries caused by diabetes
Macrovascular disease
Macrovascular disease in diabetes increases what two metrics
Increased morbidity and mortality
What three things have accelerated risk in diabetic Macrovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis
MI
Stroke
Diabetic patients have a higher /lower mortality during acute phase of MIs than non diabetic patients
Higher
Why do diabetic patients have higher mortality during acute phase of MI
They are often asymptomatic as a result of sensory and autonomic neuropathy
Why do diabetic patients have higher mortality during acute phase of MI
They are often asymptomatic as a result of sensory and autonomic neuropathy
What two neuropathies make diabetics asymptomatic during acute phase of MI?
Sensory and autonomic neuropathy
What type of complications justify need for diabetes screening and monitoring of A1C
Macrovascular
Glycated hemoglobin determines glucose control over how long
3-4 months
What synthesis is inadequate in Addison disease
Two things
Inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis
Elevated ACTH levels are seen in what disease
Addison disease
Hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism are seen in what disease
Addison disease
What organ does aldosterone primarily act on?
Kidney
What is aldosterone’s effect on the kidney?
Sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion
If not enough aldosterone… hyper or hypo kalemia?
Hyperkalemia
Why does aldosterone deficiency cause hyperkalemia?
Too much potassium because not enough aldosterone to excrete
Hyper or hypo volemia in Addison disease
Hypovolemia
What causes hypovolemia in Addison disease?
Not enough aldosterone
(Water follows sodium and without enough aldosterone, cannot hang on to sodium so excreting sodium and water)
A general term referring to ALL clinical manifestations related to excessive exposure to cortisol
Cushing syndrome
Cushing like syndrome may develop as a side effect of long term pharmacological administration of glucocorticoids
Exogenous Cushing like syndrome may develop
Patho of Cushing syndrome is opposite of what disease
Addison disease
Hyper or hyponatremia in Cushing syndrome
Hypermatremia
Hyper or hypoglycemia in Cushing syndrome
Hyperglycemia
Hyper or hypo kalemia in Cushing syndrome
Hypokalemia
What three places does weight gain occur in Cushing syndrome
Truncal central obesity
Moon face
Buffalo hump
