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PSYC1101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in our nervous system that recieves, integrates, and transmit information

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2
Q

Dendrites (part of neuron)

A

ends of neurons that receive messages from other neurons

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3
Q

Soma (part of neuron)

A

cell body

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4
Q

Cell nucleus (part of neuron)

A

life support of neuron

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5
Q

Axon (part of neuron)

A

long, thin fiber that transmits signals

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath (part of neuron)

A

insulates the axon and speeds the transmission of information
- develops over time

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7
Q

Terminal buttons (part of a neuron)

A

small knobs releasing neurotransmitters that transmit the neuron’s message

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8
Q

Synapse (part of neuron)

A

tiny gap between neurons where information is transmitted

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9
Q

How does a neuron transmit information?

A
  1. an action potential (an electrical charge that travels down the axon to terminal buttons) is released
  2. when it reaches the end, they release neurotransmitters into the synapse
  3. neurotransmitters then bind to the receptor sites on the next neuron’s dendrites and FIRES
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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released from terminal buttons that travel across synapses to receptors on dendrites of another neuron

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11
Q

Explain the “lock and key” phenomenon of neurotransmitters.

A

Receptors on transmitters are specialized: only certain neurotransmitters can bind to them

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12
Q

Reuptake

A

neuron reabsorbs unused neutrotransmitters

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13
Q

Agonists

A

a chemical that mimics the action of neurotransmitters and causes similar effects: this can also stop reuptake

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14
Q

Antagonists

A

a chemical that blocks/opposes neurotransmitters
(ex. Botox)

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15
Q

Glial cells

A

cells that provide support, nourishment, and protection to neurons in the nervous system

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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

all nervous that are outside of brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system subdivided into?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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19
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors (ex. blinking, swallowing, walking)

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20
Q

Afferent nerve fibers

A

carry information to the CNS from the body
(ex. touching a hot stove, signals sent from skin to brain)

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21
Q

Efferent nerve fibers

A

carry information to the body from the CNS
(ex. deciding to lift your arm, you don’t have to think about it)

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22
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system subdivided into?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies/threats (fight or flight)

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24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calming system that tries to conserve the body’s resources when there’s no immediate threat

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25
Q

Spinal cord

A

connection of the brain to the outside world through perceiving senses/reflexes

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26
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the nervous system’s ability to change by reorganizing structure, function and connections

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27
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the surface of the brain where we have our highest mental abilities

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28
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
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29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

front part of the brain that’s involved in motor control, emotion, and language

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30
Q

What is contained within the frontal lobe?

A
  • Motor cortex: involved in coordinating movement
  • Prefrontal cortex: higher-level cognitive functioning
  • Broca’s area: essential for producing language
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31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

top part of the brain, involved in processing body’s senses

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32
Q

Whats apart of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Somatosensory cortex: processes sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain
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33
Q

Temporal lobe

A

located on the side of the head, involving hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language

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34
Q

Whats apart of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Auditory cortex: processes auditory information
  • Wernicke’s area: focuses on understanding speech
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35
Q

Occipital lobe

A

back of the brain, containing the visual cortex (interpreting visual information)

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36
Q

Thalamus

A

a “relay station” for all senses, except smell, to travel through

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37
Q

Limbic system

A

involved in processing emotion and memory

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38
Q

Whats apart of the limbic system?

A
  • hippocampus: learning and memory
  • amygdala: involved in experiencing emotion and tying emotion to memory
  • hypothalamus: regulates homeostasis
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39
Q

What sense evokes a stronger emotional response than other senses?

A

Smell

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40
Q

What was the significance of the Henry Molaison Case (1953) case?

A
  • he expirenced severe seizures and his hippocampus was taken out
  • led to less severe seizures BUT he was unable to form new memories
    *** provided more insight for the need of the hippocampus
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41
Q

Reticular Formation

A

important in regulating sleep/week cycle, arousal, alertness and motor activity

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42
Q

Substantia nigra & Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

dopmaine production
- involved in movement control and mood, reward and addiction

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43
Q

Medulla

A

controls the automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system - breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.

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44
Q

Pons

A

connect the hindbrain to the rest of the & brain/spinal cord - also manages brain during sleep

45
Q

Cerebellum (“little brain”)

A

important in procedural memory processing (receives messages from joints and muscles)

46
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the two sides of the brain and allows them to communicate with one another

47
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli

48
Q

Melatonin

A

regulator hormone for the sleep cycle (stimulated by dark and inhibited by light)

49
Q

How many stages of sleep are non-REM stages?

A

3

50
Q

beta waves

A

brain waves during wakefulness (lower amplitude, high frequency)

51
Q

REM (Rapid Eye Movements)

A

darting eye movements under closed eyelids

52
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A
  • transitional period between wakefulness and sleep
  • theta waves (low frequency)
53
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A
  • body goes into deep relaxation
  • sleep spindles: rapid bust of high-frequency brain waves
  • k-complex: high amplitude patten of brain activity due to environmental stimuli
54
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A
  • deep sleep/slow wave sleep
  • delta waves (high amplitude and low frequency)
55
Q

What stage does most dreaming occur

A

REM

56
Q

As time goes on, you spend more time in ____ sleep and less time in ______ sleep

A

more time in REM sleep and less time in STAGE 3 sleep

57
Q

What occurs during REM sleep

A
  • more memorable/emotional dreaming
  • paralysis of muscle systems
58
Q

Freud’s Dream Theory

A

dreams represent unconscious desires/conflict
- manifest content vs. latent content

59
Q

Manifest content

A

actual content of the dream

60
Q

Latent content

A

hidden meaning of dream

61
Q

Activation Synthesis Theory

A

dreams are a byproduct of neural activities
- brain making sense of random firing

62
Q

Threat simulation

A

dreams allow us to rehearse survival strategies

63
Q

So

A
64
Q

Social Simulation Theory

A

dreams allow us to rehearse strategies for dealing w/ social/behavioral situations

65
Q

insomnia

A

consistent difficulty falling/staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week for a month

66
Q

parasomnia

A

group of sleep disorders where there is unwanted motor activity during sleep

67
Q

Sleepwalking

A

sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors - wandering to drive an automobile (eyes open but unresponsive)

68
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)

A

muscle paralysis during REM does not occur, leading to high physical activity during REM

69
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

uncomfortable sensations in leg when trying to fall asleep

70
Q

Night terrors

A

sleeper experiences a sense of panic leading to screaming/trying to escape their environment

71
Q

Sleep Apnea (2 types)

A

episodes in which a person’s breathing stops
- obstructive: airway is blocked
- central: brain breathing signal disruption

72
Q

Nacrolepsy

A

cannot resist falling asleep @ inopportune times

73
Q

Cataplexy

A

lack of muscle/tone weakness

74
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

waking up, feeling paralyzed

75
Q

Hypnagogic Sleep Paralysis

A

in addition to paralysis, you experience hallucinations

76
Q

Hallucinogens

A

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images that arent there

77
Q

What are some examples of “Classic hallucinogens”

A

LSD, DMT, Psilocybin

78
Q

What are some medical uses of hallucinogens?

A
  • used for the treatment of other drugs (alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine dependence)
  • treating anxiety in terminally ill
79
Q

What is the chance of dependency on hallucinogen drugs? tolerance?

A
  • Very low change, no withdrawal
  • tolerance develops quickly
80
Q

MDMA

A

hard to classify because it has properties of both stimulants and hallucinogens

81
Q

What do MDMA drugs do?

A

increase dopamine and make you energized
- an empathogen: enhances intimacy/trust

82
Q

Risks of MDMA

A
  • dehydration
  • long term = increased depression/anxiety
  • impossible to know purity/how strong it is
83
Q

What is the chance of dependency in MDMA drugs? tolerance?

A
  • low dependence, mild withdrawal
  • tolerance is quick
84
Q

Marijuana

A

properties of stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens
- effects brains endocannabinoid system (many parts)

85
Q

What is the chance of dependency on Marijuana drugs? tolerance?

A
  • dependency is common, mild withdrawals
86
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sensory organs

87
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

88
Q

Absolute threshold

A

lowest intensity at which the participant notices stimuli 50% of the time

89
Q

Difference threshold

A

smallest difference between two stimuli that is needed for a person to notice 50% of the time

90
Q

Weber’s Law

A

differences between bigger/more intense stimuli need to be larger to be notices

91
Q

Selective attention

A

art of focusing on specific stimulus while ignoring others

92
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice unexpected events when working on a tasks

93
Q

Sensory adaption

A

change in responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding sensation

94
Q

What are the two types of perception?

A

bottom-up processing and top-down processing

95
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

using individual sensory pieces to build and perceive a whole sensory event

96
Q

Top-down processing

A

using context, expectations, etc to perceive whole sensory events

97
Q

Whats the most dominant sense for humans?

A

Vision

98
Q

McGurl Effect

A

illusion. where what we see overrides what we hear

99
Q

Fovea

A

center of retina, where photoreceptors are most concentrated (cones)

100
Q

Iris

A

ring around the pupil and controls pupil size, hole covered by cornea

101
Q

Lens

A

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus light on back of eye

102
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A
  • faraway objects are blurry
  • eye is too long
103
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

A
  • nearby objects are blurry
  • eye is too short or lens is not thick enough
104
Q

Old Vision (Presbyopia)

A
  • nearby objects are blurry
  • lens becomes less elastic w/ age
105
Q

retina

A

inner surface of eye
- made of photoreceptors

106
Q

Cones

A

short, stubby cells concentrated towards the center of the retina - helps with color vision

107
Q

Rods

A

elongated cells more concentrated on the sides of the retina - helpful for night vision

108
Q

Optic nerve

A

actions on all neurons in the retina gather together and leave eye through optic disc - messenger in the back of the eye that relays information to your brain

109
Q
A

PSYC1101 (3 decks)

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