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PSYC1101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

a set of processes that allows us to record, store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

how we record information into memory

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3
Q

What type of process is encoding? active or passive?

A

active process
- must pay attention

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4
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

encoding words and meanings

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5
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

encoding images

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6
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

encoding sounds

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7
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

better memory for information that relates to oneself

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8
Q

What is storage?

A

process of holding information

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9
Q

Who created the human memory model and what is it?

A

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
- sensory input to sensory memory to short term memory that’s rehearsed and becomes long-term memory

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10
Q

What is sensory memory? how long do things stay in this memory stage?

A

storage of brief sensory events (sight, sound, taste)
- less than a second for visual stimuli
- up to 4 seconds for auditory memory

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11
Q

What is short-term memory? how long can and how much stimuli can stay here?

A

process that holds limited information
- lasts 15-30 seconds
- holds about “5-9”, but really 7 chunks of information

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12
Q

How can short-term memory last longer?

A

through rehearsal

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13
Q

What is long-term memory? how many things can it hold?

A

storage area that holds information for a long time
- unlimited storage capacity

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14
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

how our memory in effected by the position of information in a sequence

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15
Q

What is the primary-recency effect?

A

first (stored in long-term) and last (stored in short-term) words/events are easier to remember

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16
Q

What are the two types of rehearsal? their definitions?

A

repetition: repeating information
elaborative: linking new information to old information

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17
Q

What are the types of long-term memory systems?

A

explicit and implicit

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18
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

memories that we consciously/purposefully recall

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19
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

memories that we unconsciously recall

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20
Q

What are the different types of explicit memory? their definitions?

A

episodic: personal information
semantic: general knowledge

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21
Q

What are the different types of implicit memory? their definitions?

A
  • procedural: skill memory (don’t start off procedural)
  • priming: activation of information in memory that affects behavior/memory of new information
    ex. People are more likely to think of salt when they see the word pepper if they were previously exposed to the phrase salt and pepper.
  • classical conditioning
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22
Q

What is retrieval?

A

accessing information that has been stored in memory

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23
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

stimuli that activates information stored in long-term memory

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24
Q

What are the different types of retrieval cues? their definitions?

A

Internal cues: from our thoughts and feelings
External cues: coming from the environment around us

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25
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

memory is enhanced when conditions during retrieval match conditions during encoding

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26
Q

Why is it crucial to have more retrieval cues?

A

it makes it easier to remember

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27
Q

What is context-dependent memory?

A

easier to remember something IN the environment where you encoded it

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28
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

easier to remember when internal state of encoding matches internal state of retrieval (physical and emotional)

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29
Q

What are some memory enhancing strategies?

A

rehearsal: practicing
chunking: combing information into chunks (increases STM)
- mnemonic devices

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30
Q

Who was Karl Lashley? What conclusion did he come to?

A

made lesions in animal brains in search of an engram (physical representation of memory in the brain)
- FOUND NOTHING
* hypothesis: once a part of the brain is damaged, another can take over for memory

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31
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

transfers knowledge from STM to LITM

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32
Q

What is working memory?

A

limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information (not included in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model)

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33
Q

What is the Amygdala responsible for?

A

fear memories

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34
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

procedural skills

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35
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

facts/explicit memory

36
Q

What is arousal theory?

A

stronger emotions = stronger memories and weaker emotions = weaker memories

37
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

detailed recollection of an emotional/important event

38
Q

What is the issue with flashbulb memory?

A

not always accurate due to memory reconstruction (having to reconstruct your memory every time)
- therefore have similar accuracy to “regular memories”

39
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

old information interferes w/ new information
ex. unable to remember new password because you keep thinking of your old one

40
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

new information interferes w/ old information
ex. unable to think of your old phone number because you have a new one

41
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

can’t remember new information but can remember info prior to injury
- unable to form new memories

42
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

can’t remember info before the injury, but can form new memories

43
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

misinformation from outside sources can cause false memories

44
Q

What is unlearned/innate behaviors?

A

what organisms are born with (ex. reflexes and instincts)

45
Q

What is learning?

A

relatively permanent change in behavior/knowledge DUE TO EXPIRENCE

46
Q

What is classical conditioning? and what are the different parts?

A

organisms learn to associate events/stimuli that repeatedly happen together
1. unconditioned stimulus
2. unconditioned repsonse
3. neutral stimulus (optional)
4. conditioned stimulus
5. conditioned response

47
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

stimulus that elicits a REFLEX(ive) response

48
Q

What is a unconditioned response?

A

a natural/unlearned reaction to a stimulus

49
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

stimulus that doesn’t naturally elicit a response

50
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus?

A

stimulus that elicits a response AFTER being paired with unconditioned stimulus

51
Q

What is the
conditioned response?

A

behavior caused by conditioned stimulus

52
Q

What is taste aversion?

A

associating a taste w/ sickness
- only needs to happen once
- time between unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus can be long

53
Q

What are the general processes of classical conditioning?

A
  1. acquisition
  2. extinction
  3. spontaneous recovery
54
Q

What is acquisition?

A

when a person is just beginning to link neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

ex. If a dog hears a bell (neutral stimulus) every time it gets food (unconditioned stimulus), it will eventually start salivating (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell alone. This is acquisition.

55
Q

What is extinction?

A

decrease in conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is not paired w/ conditioned stimulus

ex. If you keep ringing the bell but stop giving the dog food, over time, the dog will stop salivating at the sound of the bell. This is extinction.

56
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

return of previous extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest

ex. After some time has passed since extinction, if you ring the bell again, the dog might briefly start salivating again, even though the response had faded before. This is spontaneous recovery.

57
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

organisms learn to associate events - a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement and punishment)

58
Q

What is it called when a consequence is good?

A

reinforcement, behavior is more likely to happen again

59
Q

What is it called when a consequence is bad?

A

punishment, behavior is less likely to happen again

60
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

adding something (an incentive) a person likes so that they do the behavior again

61
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

taking away something a person DOESN’T like so they do the behavior again

62
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

adding an unpleasant action to make someone stop.

63
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

taking away a liked item to make someone stop.

64
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

reinforcers that fulfill a biological need
(ex. food, water, sleep)

65
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

reinforcers that are conditioned
(ex. money, grades)

66
Q

What is shaping? who used it?

A

procedure using reinfocement to guide organisms to a desired behavior
- Skinner used this on animals

67
Q

What is the downside of punishment?

A

behavior is not forgotten, just suppressed and may return later

68
Q

What is observational learning? who developed the theory?

A

Albert Bandura
- learning occurs through watching others and imitating what they do

69
Q

What are the different types of observational learning models? their definitions?

A
  • live: directly demonstrates behavior
  • verbal: explain behavior in words
  • symbolic: behavior demonstrated on a media platform
70
Q

What are the steps to learn through observation?

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. reproduction
  4. motivaton
71
Q

What are the consequences that affect motivation in observational learning?

A
  • vicarious reinforcement
  • vicarious punishment
72
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

seeing model get reinforced increases desire to do a behavior

73
Q

What is vicarious punishment?

A

seeing model get punished decreases desire to do behavior

74
Q

What is cognition?

A

mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

75
Q

What are the different approaches to problem-solving our brain does?

A

Algorithm and Heuristics

76
Q

What is an algorithm? and what is the problem with it?

A

a strategy that guarantees a correct solution to a problem every time
- problem: too slow

77
Q

What is heuristics? what is the problem with it?

A

shortcut strategy that suggests a fast solution, but not an answer
- problem: not accurate

78
Q

What is availability heuristic? what is the problem with it?

A

predicting the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling/imagining said event
- problem: making wrong conclusions about risks/how often something occurs

79
Q

What is representative bias?

A

assuming an object/person sharing characteristics with a member of a particular category/group means they are also apart of that category/group

80
Q

What is conformation bias?

A

humans search for and use information that support their beliefs, while ignoring info that refutes them

81
Q

What is anchoring bias?

A

focusing on the first piece of information when making decisons or problem-solving

ex. t-shirt is $500, associate tells you $250 and now youre like YASSS deal

82
Q

What is a material set?

A

approaching a problem in a way its worked before, even when it no longer works

83
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

inability to think of an object beyond its usual function

84
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

learning to respond differently to similar stimuli

85
Q

What is stimulus generalization

A

showing conditioned response to similar conditioned stimuli

PSYC1101 (3 decks)

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