exam 3 Flashcards
Vertical vs horizontal
name the function and cells
Vertical
- transmit signal
-Photoreceptors
-Bipolar
-Ganglion
-“Peanut Butter Gelly”
horizontal
-modify signals
-horizontal
-amacrine
which one is is more abundant in number
ganglion or photoreceptors
photoreceptors - 100 million
ganglion - 1 million
what layers of the LGN are contralateral and ipsilateral
1 C
2 I
3 I
4 C
5 I
6 C
See I, I see, I see
each layer of the LGN receives input from what
LGN controls one hemifield
1 ganglion cells
where is true binocular vision found
visual cortex
inferior visual field goes to which gyrus
superior visual field goes to which gyrus
inferior - cuneus gyrus
superior - lingual gyrus
name the location of the brain that is affected for A and B
A. temporal
B. parietal
if there is damage to the superior temporal damage along the horizontal raphe what kind of defect would be present on a visual field test
inferior nasal step
inferior damage to the temporal nerve fibers causes what kind of defect on the visual field test
superior arcuate
defect located near fixation shows what kind of defect on visual field test
paracentral
describe what cortical blindness is caused by
VA looks like
how it presents in clinic
35% stroke
20% Coronary Artery bypass graft (CABG)
VA can be CF or worse
Pt may present normal in clinic with normal pupils
describe what charles bonnet syndrome is caused by
VA looks like
how it presents in clinic
pt having hullicinations that last minutes to hours without cognitive impairment
sensory deprivation to V1
what are eli peli prisms
they are prisms used for people with visual field defects
whats wider and darker
veins or arteries
veins
where does dot blot hemes occur
deep capillary bed in the inner nuclear layer
about what percent of people have SPV
81%
whats the normal AV ratio
2:3 or 3:4
what is the average width of central retinal vein
what is the clinical relevance for this
125 microns
drusen larger than this indicates end stage AMD
Parvo or Magnocellular?
excited by 1 wavelength
transient response
large receptive field
sensitive to high spatial frequency
slow transmission
excited by 1 wavelength
-parvo
transient response
-magno
large receptive field
-magno
sensitive to high spatial frequency
-parvo
slow transmission
-parvo
Which is under autonomic control
retina or choroid
choroid only
DM affects this cell around capillaries
pericytes contractile cells around capillaries
Name the retinal blood supply
outer 1/3 is choroid
inner 2/3 is CRA
- two capillary beds
1. deep Inner nuclear layer - dot blot heme
2. superficial RNFL - flame heme
ophthalmic artery comes from what artery
ICA
what major vessels are in cavernous sinus
3 4 V1 V2 internal carotid
what supplies 90 % of blood supply to orbit adnexa globe
ICA ophthalmic artery
what dz associated with cherry red spot and pale fundus
CRAO
where does the central retinal artery enter the optic nerve
1 cm posterior to globe
Long vs short ciliary artery
what doe each form
long is located in what space
long - MACI
located in suprachoroidal space
short- circle of zinn
AION is caused by what
what defect does it cause
low or no blood through ciliary arteries to ONH
altitudinal VF defect
MACI is formed by what
anterior ciliary art and Long posterior ciliary art
name 3 branches of ECA
superficial temporal
maxillary > infra orbital
facial
inf or superior vein
which one is the largest?
which one receives blood from CRV?
which one drains into the pterygoid venous plexus
inf or superior vein
which one is the largest? superior
which one receives blood from CRV?
-superior
which one drains into the pterygoid venous plexus
-inferior
vortex veins drain into?
how many are there?
drain into superior and inferior ophthalmic artery
4 or 5 of them
CRV exits ON where
1 cm behind lamina cribosa
Cavernous sinus drains into what
the petrosal sinuses then to internal jugular v
what is a carotid cavernous sinus fistula
what sx
abn communication between artery and venous supply
corkskre BV increased IOP
no systemic implication
proptosis
name flow of artery filling with fluorecein angiography
ICA > ophthalmic art? posterior ciliary >central retinal art
name phases of fluorecein angiography
C- choroidal flush 10 seconds (check BRB)
A - arterial filling
E - early venous filling
A - arterial -venous filling
L - late venous filling
R - recirculation
Cotton wool spots are located in what layer
RNFL
what retinal dz is associated with “blood and thunder”
CRVO
the eye first appears at what day
along the what?
forms what from what embronic tissue
day 22
diencephalon> neural tube> optic stalk optic vesicle
what muscle appear first
what muscle appears next
muscles inv by nerve 3
LR
SO
at birth K is usually how many D
50
does anterior chamber form during embryonic or fetal
fetal
trabecular meshwork is made of what
neural crest
schlemms canal is made of what
mesoderm mesenchyme
anterior chamber
-ciliary body and iris epithelium is made from what
anterior section of optic cup
iris stroma is made of what emb tissue
neural crest
sphincter and dilator made of what emb tissue
neuroectoderm
Trab mesh work made of
ciliary body made of what emb tissue
neural crest cells
neuroectoderm
what seperates and extend the angle during emb devel
trab and ciliary body
what continues to slide backward for one year after birth? what tissue are they made of
ciliary body (neuroectoderm)
and iris (neuroectoderm and stroma is made of neural crest cells)
ciliary body is made from what embr tissue
what about ciliary muscle
ciliary body is made of neuroectoderm
ciliary muscle is made of neural crest cells
causes of congental GLC
- premature cessation of angle devel
- disruption of differentiation of TM
- TM strands are too thick and strong holding angles shut
tx with surgery
7-8 mo gestation
what happens after lens vesicle detaches ? what does this form
surface ectoderm invaginates again after lens vesicle detatches and forms cornea and eye lids
basal lamina of the surface ectoderm lies on the outer lens vesicle and then becomes the
capsule of the lens
what cells migrate to the equator to form lens
anterior cellsi
Lens formation happens during what phase embryonic or fetal
embryonic
anterior chamber formation happens during what phase embryonic or fetal
fetal
infection during this stage causes cataracts
embryonic lens development
during lens fetal development, what extends where
secondary fibers extend to anterior and posterior poles
hyaloid artery done developing at the end of _________ period
embryonic
what pushing the primary vitreaus and hyaloid vascular system into cloquets canal
secondary vit
hyaloid art is made of what
mesenchym hyaloid artery
what is bergmeisters papillae
remnant of haloid art not fully detatched from optic nerve
what is persistent hyperplastic primary vit PHPV
primary or hyaloid artery did not fully degenerate into cloquests leads to block of visual axis and vision degregation and secondary glc
vessles from the optic nerve head span to perihery during what stage embryonic or fetal
what concludes first
nasal or temporal ora serrata
fetal
nasal first since its closer
what is retino pathy of prematurity
vascularization not complete tx with monitoring cryotherapy
what causes coloboma
inferior nasal section of the optic cup and stalk seals in embryonic stage but failure to close = this
rpe is made of what emb tissue
neuroectoderm
foveal pit developes when
11 15 mo after birth fetal stade
when does rpe and neuroretina stop mitotic division
by birth due to large oxygen concentration
ocular albinism causes what to the macula
binocular problems due to abn projections through optic nerve to LGN binocular
under developed macula
choroid and sclera is made of what emb tissue
mesenchym
ciliary body embry tissue ….
epithelium -
muscle -
ciliary body embry tissue ….
epithelium - neuroectoderm
muscle - neural crest
iris embry tissue ….
anterior/posterior pigment epithelium -
iris sphincter dilator-
iris stroma -
iris embry tissue ….
anterior/posterior pigment epithelium - neuroectoderm
iris sphincter dilator- neuroectoderm
iris stroma - neural crest
why is visual electrophysiology and electrodiagnostic testing done
to see difference between retina or optic nerve issues
full feild Electroretinogram ERG
sensitive to what disorders
looking at what
tells us if rod or cone issue
oscilatory potential sensitive to vascular and inflammatory dz
a wave is cone b wave is rod
test for inherited ret dz
infectios/ inflamatory ret
looking at amplitude and timing
Multifocal ERG
how does it differ from ffERG
pt must fixate
looks for localized changes
outer retina conditions
pattern ERG
tests what
ganglion cell function
Visual evoked potentioals VEP
large peak is at what ms
checks time it takes from signal to fo from retina to visual cortex
ON dz
functional vision loss or malingering
~ 100 ms p100
what test is age dependent
VEP
what test does not predict visual acuity
VEP
Electro oculogram (EOG)
checks for what layer of ret
used for
RPE and outer ret
dark and light adapt
dz rpe and PR
Bets Dz Vitelliform Maculopathy
what test takes advandage of difference in electrical potential between posterior and anterior of eye
EOG
what is the normal value for EOG Arden ratio
> 1.8
Vitelliform i solid rased area above what layer of the retina
in ou or just one eye
RPE
bilateral
symetrical
