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Sociology 325 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the origins of the ecological approach?

A
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1
Q

What is nativism?

A

Wanting to go back to the ‘good old days’

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2
Q

What kind of research did the Chicago school focus on?

A

The deterioration of communities and neiborhoods

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3
Q

What is the argument for ecology theory?

A

How environments play a role in crime and deviance

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4
Q

What is ecology theory inspired by?

A

Durkheim (Mechanical + Organic solidarity), social bonding (quick social change = more social problems), WW1 etc.

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5
Q

Who is W.I Thomas?

A

A scholar who had found a polish diary from a polish immigrant

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6
Q

What are the five zones of the concentric model?

A

Central business district, transitional zone, working-class zone, residential zone, commuter zone

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7
Q

What four conclusions did Shaw and McKay conclude?

A

Social problems are spatially produced, and transition zones have the highest levels of social problems, regardless of ethnic groups inhabiting the area (lessen as you leave the downtown core), all types of social problems exists

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8
Q

Why has the social disorganization theory been critized

A

This cannot apply to all cities

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9
Q

What are “deviant service centres” according to Gillis?

A

Cities where crime and deviance are able to flourish

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10
Q

What is moral cynicism?

A

Rejection of social or ethnic value (Believing that others aren’t following social norms so why should they?)

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11
Q

What are some points on Stark’s hypothesis?

A

1) The greater the density, the more association to crime and deviance
2) Greater density = higher level of moral cynicism
3) Dense and poor = more crowded homes
4) Crowded homes = lower levels of supervision
5) Mixed-use neighborhoods = higher transience rates (people leaving to and from houses)
6) Transience reduces levels of community surveillance
7) Will result in dilapidation (Social stigma)

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12
Q

What are problems with ecology theory?

A
  • How can we pragmatically measure disorganization?
  • It isn’t tested rigorously
  • Doesn’t deal with corporate crime
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13
Q

What is isomorphism?

A

The dependent and independent variables are too closely linked

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14
Q

How did Ecology theory sanction people?

A

Reorganization (as opposed to disorganization)

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15
Q

How did Cultural deviance (Learning Theory) sanction people?

A

If you can learn something, you can unlearn it

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16
Q

What does Learning theory believe about deviancy?

A

That it doesn’t exist

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17
Q

What are some major points of Sutherland and Cressey’s Learning theory?

A

Deviant behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups, when deviant behavior is learned, it includes: techniques of committing the crime and specific motives, drives, rationalization, and attitude

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18
Q

What are the four types of differential associations?

A

Frequency, duration, priority, intensity

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19
Q

What are the techniques of neutralization?

A

Denial of the responsibility, injury, victim, condemnation of condemners, appealing to higher loyalties

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20
Q

What are Kornhauser’s criticisms?

A

People have no nature (Blank slates and is unknowable), socialization is perfect and complete (All we are is social), subcultures are unable to nullify parenting culture

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21
Q

What are sanctions/punishments in Learning theory?

A

Imitative control, group unlearning, operant psychology, aversion therapy

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22
Q

What are problems with learning theory?

A

Deterministic learning (You are what you’ve learned), no human nature, how do we learn, unlimited subcultures

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23
Q

Who is Cohen?

A

The first credited as offering the first systemic use of culture and subculture

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24
Q

What is the difference between mala in se vs mala prohbita?

A

Bad in nature vs bad by the law

25
Q

What is the assumption behind control theory?

A

Deviance is the result of an absence of control or restraint

26
Q

What did Hirschi believe caused deviancy?

A

Lack of social bonding

27
Q

What did Hirschi believe four components of deviancy were?

A

Attachment, commitment, belief, and involvement

28
Q

What does Learning theorists believe about control?

A

Control is a constant, learning is a variable

29
Q

What does Control theory believe about control?

A

That control is a variable, but learning in constant

30
Q

Control vs learning theory?

A

Birds of a feather flock together vs monkey see monkey do

31
Q

How is criminality determined? (According to control theory?)

A

It is based on how much time spent with parents (Self-control)

32
Q

How is self-control different from his original book?

A

More focused on psychology. Aging + low levels of self-control = self-control will remain constant throughout life (Crime)

33
Q

When does the window of teaching for self-control close?

A

At age 10 or 11

34
Q

What does Hirschi believe about the nature of criminals?

A

That they have received defective socialization

35
Q

What are the four traits of bad parenting?

A

Punitive, inconsistent, negative, hostile

36
Q

What are some criticisms of Control theory?

A

Does not explain why some people became drug dealers while others become violent offenders, few ideas on how to reduce crime, inadequate ways of explaining why males offend more than females

37
Q

Who is Hagan?

A

Created Power-control theory (Patriarchal vs Egalitarian families)

38
Q

What is labelling theory?

A

The powerful impose labels onto the weak who in turn internalize these labels. (Results in either a self-fulfilling prophecy or rejection of label)

39
Q

What are traits of moral panics?

A

Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, and violation

40
Q

Why is labelling theory also known as societal reactionist perspective?

A

The focus is on those who have the power to label

41
Q

According to Becker, what is the difference between rule creators and rule enforcers?

A

Working on moral crusades vs the application of rules (justifying their position and winning the respect of whoever they are dealing with)

42
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

A

Primary is any deviance a person enters into, secondary deviance is a result of rebelling (Rebelling against society)

43
Q

Who is Rosenhann?

A

Researcher who wanted to see if psychologists can prove mental illness by entering normal people into facilities

44
Q

What do labelling theorists believe about crime?

A

That there is no crime if there is no victim

45
Q

What are some problems with labelling theory?

A

The causal critique, normative critique, and structural critique

46
Q

What did Liazos find with labelling theory?

A

Attempts to humanize deviants, sensationalism, top dogs left untouched

47
Q

What did Marx believe?

A

Capitalism has created a divide between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie = deviancy

48
Q

What is crime and deviance according to conflict theory?

A

Wealth protects people from prosecution, poverty causes crime, and harmful corporation actions are considered inevitable byproducts (while individual actions are considered harmful)

49
Q

What did Bonger believe?

A

Economic conditions cause crime, capitalists generate need and desire for crimes

50
Q

What do postmodernists believe?

A

That society is in conflict with various social groups

51
Q

What do postmodernists focus on?

A

Meaning, social difference, discourse analysis, deconstruction

52
Q

How is meaning created?

A

Created by language (Also affected by

53
Q

What is social difference?

A

The mother’s circumstances (Race)

54
Q

What is discourse?

A

Words, phrases or characterization of others

55
Q

What is deconstruction?

A

Identifying meanings and reason for such terms

56
Q

What key ideas do postmodernists share?

A

Language structures thought, there are only ways of interpreting and discussing the social world, there are many truths

57
Q

What is a criticism of conflict theory?

A

Too much focus on capitalism

58
Q

What is a criticism on postmodernism?

A

Too much emphasis on the ideaological

59
Q
A

Sociology 325 (3 decks)

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