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Sociology 325 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the red tape idiom?

A

Regulations used to hinder or prevent bureaucratic decision-making

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2
Q

What are the Dublin regulations?

A

Once a refugee flees a country, they must stay in the first country they fled to

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3
Q

Why are refugees often criminalized?

A

They lack proper identification

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4
Q

Who was the thinker behind the Nightmare of the Bureaucracy?

A

Weber

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5
Q

What did Weber believe?

A

Authority figures distrust people, even if they follow the rules

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6
Q

Why is deviance and crime difficult to define?

A

Because it is a social construct with different interpretations

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7
Q

What is crime? (Historically)

A

Behaviour in violation of the law

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8
Q

What is the modern definition of crime? (Based on classical theory)

A

Laws should be established when social harm occurs

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9
Q

When do crimes vary?

A

Across space, time, and culture

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10
Q

What is an example of when a crime changed over time?

A

Same-sex rights in Canada which were once illegal are now legal

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11
Q

How do Gottfredson and Hirschi define crime?

A

As the use of force and fraud

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12
Q

How do Downes and Rock define crime?

A

(Avoid precise definition) A banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disapproval

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13
Q

What does Becker suggest about deviance?

A

That it is merely a label

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14
Q

What are traits of positivists?

A

Abolitionism, objectivism, and determinism

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15
Q

What are the traits of constructivists?

A

Relative, subjectivism, and voluntarism

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16
Q

What is conformity?

A

Adherence to norms

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17
Q

What is non-conformity?

A

Normative violation without reaction

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18
Q

What is deviance?

A

Normative violation with reaction

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19
Q

What is crime?

A

Violation of codified law

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20
Q

What is synopticism?

A

The public takes the elite’s views and uses them as their moral compass

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21
Q

Why is deviance difficult to define?

A

Not all deviance is considered immoral, or harmful to others (Too broad)

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22
Q

What does Deutschmann believe?

A

One theory cannot explain all forms of deviance

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23
Q

What do Becker and Szaz think about deviance?

A

That state interference leads to more deviance

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24
Q

What is epistemology?

A

Ideals about how best to study society (A way of knowing the world) -> Methods

25
Q

What is ontology?

A

Claims about what is the nature of social reality (Data)

26
Q

What are the four requisites for establishing causality?

A

Causality, reliability, validity, and representative

27
Q

What is causality-covariance?

A

Variables which are associated with each other (One cannot occur without the other)

28
Q

What are some variables of causality-covariance?

A

Age, sex, socio-economic status, visible-minority status

29
Q

What is the causality-temporal sequence?

A

That the independent (Cause) variable must come before the dependent (Effect) variable

30
Q

What is causality-nonspurious relationships?

A

An unknown and unwanted variable responsible for change

31
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability: Results must be easily replicated
Validity: The researcher has captured what was being analyzed

32
Q

What kind of questions should be avoided to find valid and reliable data?

A

Unclear questions, double-barrel questions, long questions, incompetent respondents

33
Q

What is the crime funnel?

A

High amount of crimes reported, very little are incarcerated

34
Q

Why should negative questions be avoided?

A

They generate bias

35
Q

What was Calhoun known for?

A

Conducted an experiment on rats to determine the relationship between population density and deviant behavior

36
Q

Why are victimization surveys not perfect?

A

People cannot remember all crimes, and people reluctant to admit to crimes, victimless crimes, high profile crimes etc

37
Q

What are different kinds of research methods?

A

Surveys, self-reports, personal interviews, observation studies

38
Q

When it comes to self-reports, what are people more honest about? What do they hide?

A

They are honest about past crimes, and less likely to talk about their income

39
Q

What is the interviewer effect?

A

People are less or more likely to talk to an interviewer based on their physical charateristics

40
Q

What did lighter punishments lead to?

A

Lower crime rates

41
Q

What was punishment like (in the middle age)?

A

Torture was used on the body to break the mind

42
Q

How did Beccaria and Bentham view middle age punishment?

A

Viewed demonic punishment as systematic rage

43
Q

What did Beccaria and Bentham suggest about human nature?

A

That humans want happiness and that they were governed by self interest

44
Q

What is Mini-Max theorem

A

Everyone is rational, always calculating units of pain and pleasure

45
Q

What is an effective way of dealing with deviance? (As opposed to punishment alone)

A

Deterrence (Placing more emphasis on the crime, rather than the criminal)

46
Q

What are the three elements for punishments to be effective?

A

Swiftness, certainty, and severity

47
Q

Who suggested that a separation of powers be in place? (So that not one person has authority over the fate of another)

A

Foucault

48
Q

Who stated that laws should be created when behaviour demonstrable a social crime?

A

Bentham

49
Q

Who stated that if there was no victim, there is no crime?

A

Bentham

50
Q

What is the French Penal code?

A

A book created by Napoleon which tells the crime relating to the punishment (Same punishment for all crimes)

51
Q

Who proposed the Panopticon? Why?

A

Bentham, as a place of rehabilitation should deterrence not work

52
Q

Why are victimization surveys important?

A

Official crime statistics do not accurately reflect crime

53
Q

What is the scarlet letter?

A

Branding people with letters reminiscent of their crimes

54
Q

What is spectral evidence?

A

Ghostly images (in dreams)

55
Q

What is the Malleus maleficarum?

A

A book used to punish witches

56
Q

Who were normally accused of being witches?

A

Women

57
Q

What factors led to the witch hysteria?

A

Economic contraction, racism, sexism and the malleus

58
Q
A

Sociology 325 (3 decks)

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