Exam 2

Question 1

How are the demonic and the classical similar?

Answer 1

They are epistemological, and neither are scientific theories

Question 2

Who was the thinker behind the pathological approach?

Answer 2

Lombroso

Question 3

What did Lombroso think about human nature and punishment?

Answer 3

That punishment should be tailored to individuals as everyone was different

Question 4

Which approach was Lombroso critical of?

Answer 4

The classical approach

Question 5

What did Lombroso believe about deviancy?

Answer 5

He wanted to tie deviancy with biology

Question 6

What are atavists?

Answer 6

Evolutionary throwbacks (traits from before, that still appear now)

Question 7

What did Lombroso think about criminals? (As atavists)

Answer 7

Criminals were born criminals because of genetics (Genes can skip generations)

Question 8

What did Lombroso think about human skulls? How did the size correlate with deviancy?

Answer 8

An average person was more intelligent, having larger skulls compared to a criminal’s

Question 9

How did he measure skull size?

Answer 9

By stuffing pellets into skulls

Question 10

How did Lombroso fudge data?

Answer 10

By attempting to wedge more pellets into certain skulls to make his hypothesis accurate

Question 11

What is a stigmata?

Answer 11

Individual physical characteristics someone shows (Balding, head-shape, ear shape)

Question 12

Which head-shape was associated with deviancy?

Answer 12

Peanut-heads

Question 13

According to Lombroso, how can you tell if someone was criminal?

Answer 13

If they were fugly

Question 14

What is our current justice system based on?

Answer 14

Lombroso’s work and classical theory

Question 15

What are some issues with pathology?

Answer 15

Empirically flawed, measurements were sloppy, statistical techniques were unrefined, stigmata were social

Question 16

What was Dugdale and the Jukes study about?

Answer 16

Crime in relation to blood relatives

Question 17

What was the conclusion of the Dugdale and Jukes experiment?

Answer 17

That genetics had an impact on crime and deviance

Question 18

Why did Adams criticize the Dugdale experiment?

Answer 18

Found similar rates in the respectable Edwards family

Question 19

What was Goddard’s study on?

Answer 19

A man having an affair with a barmaid and marrying a proper girl (Both having children)

Question 20

What were some issues with Goddard’s study?

Answer 20

Disregard the barmaid’s disabilities, admitting to having difficulty obtaining unbiased records

Question 21

What did Freud believe about the mind?

Answer 21

That it was always in conflict

Question 22

How did Freud separate the mind?

Answer 22

Into Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 23

What is believed to have replaced witchcraft?

Answer 23

Drugcraft

Question 24

What does Pfohl argue about the pathological approach?

Answer 24

That it is wrought with methodological errors, and political repression

Question 25

What do Turner and Edgley suggest?

Answer 25

Instead of witchcraft, we are quick to turn to medicine and drugs for the answers to our troubles

Question 26

What was the first sociological approach?

Answer 26

Functionalism

Question 27

Who is more likely to develop schizophrenia?

Answer 27

People with lower socio-economic status, single people

Question 28

What did Durkheim believe about deviance?

Answer 28

Believed that deviance is good, because it was functional

Question 29

What was Durkheim's definition of crime?

Answer 29

As something offensive (as it threatens the division of labor within society)

Question 30

What did Durkheim believe about the nature of punishment?

Answer 30

Punishment = vengeance, we do it to satisfy our lust for retribution

Question 31

What is social mother nature?

Answer 31

Durkheim's version of Smith's invisible hand

Question 32

What are the functions of crime?

Answer 32

Creates boundaries, enhances group solidarity, maintains innovative functions, reduces tension

Question 33

What is false teleology?

Answer 33

Seeing the outcome as the cause

Question 34

What is tautology?

Answer 34

Circular reasoning

Question 35

What are some flaws with functionalism?

Answer 35

False teleology, tautology, no theories of crime and deviance (can explain all factors), non-disprovable, benefical

Question 36

What was the premise of Erikson's "Wayward Puritans study?"

Answer 36

Punishments and normal boundaries were clarified, definitions of deviance were based on values within society

Question 37

What did Davis believe about prostitution?

Answer 37

Prostitution exists as it is functional

Question 38

How does prostitution exist?

Answer 38

For physiological and sociological reasons

Question 39

What is social dominace?

Answer 39

Despite how ugly a famous person is, he'll still have people fawning over him because of his wealth

Question 40

What is an example of false teleology?

Answer 40

Cooperation is the cause of earthquakes

Question 41

True or false? Functionalism maintains that even dysfunctional characteristics are somehow dysfunctional. (Famine, assault etc.)

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Who benefits from sanction deviance and deviants?

Answer 42

For society at large

Question 43

What is anoestrus?

Answer 43

Unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli

Question 44

What are the three aspects of prostitution?

Answer 44

The causes, the rate, and the individual factors for seeking a prostitute

Question 45

What are the functions of prostitution? (According to Davis)

Answer 45

1) Men need sexual adventure 2) Less attractive men cannot get off 3) Prostitutions keep the family intact

Question 46

What does anomie mean?

Answer 46

Without purpose or normlessness -- but can also refer to individuals or societies

Question 47

What are the two meaning of anomie according to Durkheim?

Answer 47

Anomic division of labor, and anomic state of individuals

Question 48

What is mechanical solidarity?

Answer 48

Primitive societies who are bonded due to their similarities

Question 49

Why is deviance seen more harshly in smaller towns?

Answer 49

Communities are smaller, and more inter-connected, people will share the same sentiments

Question 50

What are organic solidarity?

Answer 50

Modern society, unification through diversity

Question 51

What causes a (natural) transition from mechanical to organic solidarity?

Answer 51

Anomie

Question 52

As labour of division grows, what kind of social problems arise?

Answer 52

Human greed

Question 53

When does anomie occur? (In the context of social institutions?)

Answer 53

When social institutions are unable to morally constrain human desire

Question 54

How does the pace affect social change?

Answer 54

The quicker it is, the more disruption is caused

Question 55

What is Marx's primary causal order?

Answer 55

Class conflict leads to anomie

Question 56

What are the four types of suicide?

Answer 56

Anomic, egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic

Question 57

What rates affect who is more likely to commit suicide?

Answer 57

Gender, religion, relationship status

Question 58

What is altruistic?

Answer 58

Sacrificing yourself for your social group

Question 59

What is egoistic?

Answer 59

A person who is marginalized might grow depressed

Question 60

What is fatalistic?

Answer 60

Someone who has no choices in life (Slaves)

Question 61

What is anomic suicide?

Answer 61

In the absence of normative order, rates increase

Question 62

What is Merton's strain theory?

Answer 62

Society puts pressure on people to achieve socially accepted goals when they lack the means to

Question 63

Why did Agnew develop general strain theory?

Answer 63

To explain why males are more involved in crime and deviancy

Question 64

What are the three types of strain?

Answer 64

1) Inability to achieve positive goals 2) Removal or threat of removing positive stimuli 3) To present a threat of negatively valued stimuli

Question 65

How are females more likely to respond to strain?

Answer 65

By self-destructing, more likely to blame themselves and worry about how their anger might affect others

Question 66

How do males respond to strain?

Answer 66

More likely to lash out and commit crimes, quick to blame others, and less likely to care for the well-being of others

Question 67

How does Agnew's strain theory differ from Merton?

Answer 67

Agnew focuses more on emotions about strain, while Merton focuses on social pressure about strain

Question 68

What are the three points which came from Erikson’s wayward puritans?

Answer 68

1) Crime and punishments were specified 2) Definitions of crimes changed over time 3) Volume of deviants remained constant

Question 69

Why does poverty protect against suicide?

Answer 69

The less one has, the less he his tempted to extend his needs