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Sociology 325 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are the demonic and the classical similar?

A

They are epistemological, and neither are scientific theories

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2
Q

Who was the thinker behind the pathological approach?

A

Lombroso

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3
Q

What did Lombroso think about human nature and punishment?

A

That punishment should be tailored to individuals as everyone was different

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4
Q

Which approach was Lombroso critical of?

A

The classical approach

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5
Q

What did Lombroso believe about deviancy?

A

He wanted to tie deviancy with biology

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6
Q

What are atavists?

A

Evolutionary throwbacks (traits from before, that still appear now)

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7
Q

What did Lombroso think about criminals? (As atavists)

A

Criminals were born criminals because of genetics (Genes can skip generations)

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8
Q

What did Lombroso think about human skulls? How did the size correlate with deviancy?

A

An average person was more intelligent, having larger skulls compared to a criminal’s

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9
Q

How did he measure skull size?

A

By stuffing pellets into skulls

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10
Q

How did Lombroso fudge data?

A

By attempting to wedge more pellets into certain skulls to make his hypothesis accurate

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11
Q

What is a stigmata?

A

Individual physical characteristics someone shows (Balding, head-shape, ear shape)

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12
Q

Which head-shape was associated with deviancy?

A

Peanut-heads

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13
Q

According to Lombroso, how can you tell if someone was criminal?

A

If they were fugly

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14
Q

What is our current justice system based on?

A

Lombroso’s work and classical theory

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15
Q

What are some issues with pathology?

A

Empirically flawed, measurements were sloppy, statistical techniques were unrefined, stigmata were social

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16
Q

What was Dugdale and the Jukes study about?

A

Crime in relation to blood relatives

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17
Q

What was the conclusion of the Dugdale and Jukes experiment?

A

That genetics had an impact on crime and deviance

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18
Q

Why did Adams criticize the Dugdale experiment?

A

Found similar rates in the respectable Edwards family

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19
Q

What was Goddard’s study on?

A

A man having an affair with a barmaid and marrying a proper girl (Both having children)

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20
Q

What were some issues with Goddard’s study?

A

Disregard the barmaid’s disabilities, admitting to having difficulty obtaining unbiased records

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21
Q

What did Freud believe about the mind?

A

That it was always in conflict

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22
Q

How did Freud separate the mind?

A

Into Id, Ego, and Superego

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23
Q

What is believed to have replaced witchcraft?

A

Drugcraft

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24
Q

What does Pfohl argue about the pathological approach?

A

That it is wrought with methodological errors, and political repression

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25
Q

What do Turner and Edgley suggest?

A

Instead of witchcraft, we are quick to turn to medicine and drugs for the answers to our troubles

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26
Q

What was the first sociological approach?

A

Functionalism

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27
Q

Who is more likely to develop schizophrenia?

A

People with lower socio-economic status, single people

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28
Q

What did Durkheim believe about deviance?

A

Believed that deviance is good, because it was functional

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29
Q

What was Durkheim’s definition of crime?

A

As something offensive (as it threatens the division of labor within society)

30
Q

What did Durkheim believe about the nature of punishment?

A

Punishment = vengeance, we do it to satisfy our lust for retribution

31
Q

What is social mother nature?

A

Durkheim’s version of Smith’s invisible hand

32
Q

What are the functions of crime?

A

Creates boundaries, enhances group solidarity, maintains innovative functions, reduces tension

33
Q

What is false teleology?

A

Seeing the outcome as the cause

34
Q

What is tautology?

A

Circular reasoning

35
Q

What are some flaws with functionalism?

A

False teleology, tautology, no theories of crime and deviance (can explain all factors), non-disprovable, benefical

36
Q

What was the premise of Erikson’s “Wayward Puritans study?”

A

Punishments and normal boundaries were clarified, definitions of deviance were based on values within society

37
Q

What did Davis believe about prostitution?

A

Prostitution exists as it is functional

38
Q

How does prostitution exist?

A

For physiological and sociological reasons

39
Q

What is social dominace?

A

Despite how ugly a famous person is, he’ll still have people fawning over him because of his wealth

40
Q

What is an example of false teleology?

A

Cooperation is the cause of earthquakes

41
Q

True or false? Functionalism maintains that even dysfunctional characteristics are somehow dysfunctional. (Famine, assault etc.)

A

True

42
Q

Who benefits from sanction deviance and deviants?

A

For society at large

43
Q

What is anoestrus?

A

Unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli

44
Q

What are the three aspects of prostitution?

A

The causes, the rate, and the individual factors for seeking a prostitute

45
Q

What are the functions of prostitution? (According to Davis)

A

1) Men need sexual adventure
2) Less attractive men cannot get off
3) Prostitutions keep the family intact

46
Q

What does anomie mean?

A

Without purpose or normlessness – but can also refer to individuals or societies

47
Q

What are the two meaning of anomie according to Durkheim?

A

Anomic division of labor, and anomic state of individuals

48
Q

What is mechanical solidarity?

A

Primitive societies who are bonded due to their similarities

49
Q

Why is deviance seen more harshly in smaller towns?

A

Communities are smaller, and more inter-connected, people will share the same sentiments

50
Q

What are organic solidarity?

A

Modern society, unification through diversity

51
Q

What causes a (natural) transition from mechanical to organic solidarity?

A

Anomie

52
Q

As labour of division grows, what kind of social problems arise?

A

Human greed

53
Q

When does anomie occur? (In the context of social institutions?)

A

When social institutions are unable to morally constrain human desire

54
Q

How does the pace affect social change?

A

The quicker it is, the more disruption is caused

55
Q

What is Marx’s primary causal order?

A

Class conflict leads to anomie

56
Q

What are the four types of suicide?

A

Anomic, egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic

57
Q

What rates affect who is more likely to commit suicide?

A

Gender, religion, relationship status

58
Q

What is altruistic?

A

Sacrificing yourself for your social group

59
Q

What is egoistic?

A

A person who is marginalized might grow depressed

60
Q

What is fatalistic?

A

Someone who has no choices in life (Slaves)

61
Q

What is anomic suicide?

A

In the absence of normative order, rates increase

62
Q

What is Merton’s strain theory?

A

Society puts pressure on people to achieve socially accepted goals when they lack the means to

63
Q

Why did Agnew develop general strain theory?

A

To explain why males are more involved in crime and deviancy

64
Q

What are the three types of strain?

A

1) Inability to achieve positive goals
2) Removal or threat of removing positive stimuli
3) To present a threat of negatively valued stimuli

65
Q

How are females more likely to respond to strain?

A

By self-destructing, more likely to blame themselves and worry about how their anger might affect others

66
Q

How do males respond to strain?

A

More likely to lash out and commit crimes, quick to blame others, and less likely to care for the well-being of others

67
Q

How does Agnew’s strain theory differ from Merton?

A

Agnew focuses more on emotions about strain, while Merton focuses on social pressure about strain

68
Q

What are the three points which came from Erikson’s wayward puritans?

A

1) Crime and punishments were specified
2) Definitions of crimes changed over time
3) Volume of deviants remained constant

69
Q

Why does poverty protect against suicide?

A

The less one has, the less he his tempted to extend his needs

70
Q
A

Sociology 325 (3 decks)

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