Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the 4 categories of CLIA tests?
Waived, moderately complex, highly complex, and provider-performed microscopy
What is the FOBT test?
- It detects bleeding the GI tract
- Screening tool for colon cancer
What are the preanalytical functions of LIS?
- Reduction of manual tasks
- Specimen labels
- Specimen tracking
- Error reduction
- Validation (Is the right test being used on the right tube?
What are the analytical functions of LIS?
- Automated and manual results entry
- Quality control
- Validation of results
- Talks to automated lab equipment
What are the postanalytical functions of LIS?
- Archive of patient results
- Workload recording
- Billing
- Network to other systems
What are the 5 steps in the process of lab automation?
- Sampling device
- Mechanism to add specimen to reagents
- Incubation
- Measuring device to quantitate extent of reaction
- Recording mechanism
Identify the most well-known manufacturers of POCT/lab testing.
Beckman Coulter, Siemens, Sysmex, Roche, Abbott, Biomerieux
What are the primary and secondary forms of hemostasis?
- Primary: formation of platelet plug
- Secondary: formation of blood clot; coagulation factors are present, forming fibrin network and thrombus, to stop bleeding
Describe thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.
- Thrombocytopenia: decrease in platelet count
- Thrombocytosis: increase in platelet count
What are the 3 major steps in coagulation?
Formation of:
1. Thromboplastin
2. Thrombin
3. Fibrin
Describe fibrinolysis.
Process that prevents unnecessary clotting after coagulation; prevents build up of coagulation factors
Why does the coagulation inhibition system exist?
Provides balance and control of clotting mechanisms; prevents unnecessary clotting and limit or localize clotting that is needed
What tube is usually used for coagulation tests (clotting)?
Blue top (sodium citrate)
Name the 2 common coagulation tests and what do they test for?
- Prothrombin Assay (PT): checks extrinsic pathway; coagulation that has been initiated due to tissue factors
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): checks intrinsic pathway; coagulation that has been initiated due to intravascular coagulation factors
What are the elements of blood?
Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (platelets)
Define hemoglobin.
Contains oxygen carrying protein
Define Hematocrit.
Percentage by volume of RBCs in your blood
If there is an increased amount of the following, it signifies…
1. Neutrophil
2. Lymphocyte
3. Monocyte
4. Eosinophil
5. Basophil
- Bacterial infections/inflammations
- Viral infections
- Chronic inflammation diseases
- Parasitic infections, allergic reactions, drug reactions
- Allergic reactions
What is the procedure for counting and calculating RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?
- Automated (flow cytometry)
- Manual (dilute blood and count using calibrated chamber slide and microscope)
Describe erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
Measures how quickly RBCs settle to bottom of the test tube
What is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
The size of RBCs
(Hct * 10) / RBC count
Hct = hematocrit
Measured in fL
What is red cell distribution width (RDW)?
Degree of anisocytosis (variability in RBC size) present
SD of MCV / Mean MCV * 100
Measured in %
What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)?
Amount/weight of hemoglobin in average RBC
(Hb * 100) / RBC count
Hb = hemoglobin
Measured in pg
What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?
Concentration of hemoglobin in average RBC
MCH / MCV * 100
Measured in g/dL
Describe the following terms:
1. Glucose
2. Insulin
3. Glycogenesis
4. Glycolysis
5. Gluconeogenesis
6. Glucagon
7. Hyperglycemia/Hypoglycemia
- Primary source of energy for most body cells
- Hormone secreted by pancreas to regular high glucose levels; promotes glucose entry into cells
- Conversion of glucose for storage as glycogen
- Breakdown of glucose
- Formation of glucose from lipids and amino acids
- Breaks down glycogen (opposes insulin)
- increased/decreased (<50 mg/dL) blood glucose level
Compare Type I and II diabetes.
Type I: insulin-dependent; destruction of insulin secreting cells
Type II: non-insulin-dependent; insulin resistance and processive hyperglycemia
