exam 3

Question 1

Understand the phylogenetic tree of the three Domains of life. How are they related to each other? (Where are the branches, what is closer related to what?)

Answer 1

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Archea and eukarya are the most related due to a common ancestor

Question 2

What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles? What are the features that allows them to be tolerant of extreme conditions?

Answer 2

extremophiles are Archea
Due to them having membrane lipids formed with ETHER bonds.
Ether bonds are resistant to damage by heat and extreme conditions.

Question 3

What are cyanobacteria? What makes them a special group of Bacteria?

Answer 3

they photosynthesize and produce O2
allows for aerobic respiration and creates an ozone layer

Question 4

Be able to explain what horizontal gene transfer is, and what it can be responsible for.

Answer 4

where an organism receives genetic material from another organism without being the offspring
to acquire new metabolic activities and diverse traits

Question 5

Name the different types of organisms that use different energy and carbon sources for the six major modes of nutrition.

Answer 5

• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs

Obligate aerobes ( require o2)
Obligate anaerobes ( poisoned o2)
Facultative aerobes ( verse)
Aerotoleratn anaerobes (ferm)
facultative anaerobes

Question 6

What organisms are responsible for plastids during endosymbiotic events?

Answer 6

cyanobacteria were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship that eventually led to the development of plastids within the host cells.

Question 7

What is the difference between akinetes and endospores?

Answer 7

akin - large thick walled food filled whole
endo - dna and other materials become enclosed in a tough coating and reales when cell dies.

Question 8

What type of reproduction do protists carry out?

Answer 8

both sexually and asexually depending on the environment.

Question 9

What are the different types of endosymbiosis? What did this lead to?

Answer 9

Pri -eukaryotic host cell engulfs a free-living prokaryotic organism, forming a symbiotic relationship. The engulfed prokaryote then becomes an organelle within the host cell.
Sec - eukaryotic host cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that already contains a primary endosymbiont. This results in the transfer of genetic material from the engulfed cell to the host cell, leading to the establishment of a new symbiotic relationship.
Ter - more and more diveristy

Question 10

Be able to annotate the asexual and sexual fungal life cycle with processes, phases, and ploidy level.

Answer 10

Plasmogamy - fusion of haploid hyphae from compatible mating types, resulting in the formation of a dikaryotic cell.
Karyogamy - The nuclei of the dikaryotic cell fuse to form a diploid nucleus, completing the sexual cycle.
Meiosis - he diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores.
spore Dispersal- Haploid spores are released and dispersed into the environment.

Question 11

What are hyphae? And what is the term for a woven network of hyphae?

Answer 11

basic structural units of fungi, consisting of long, thread-like filaments that make up the body of a fungus
“mycelium”

Question 12

Be able to compare and contrast the 2 major types of mycorrhizal fungi. What types of plants are each associated with, how they grow and exchange material with their host, etc.…

Answer 12

EM(ectomycorrhiza) -
associations primarily with woody plants, including trees such as pines, oaks, and birches,( temperate forests)
hyphae coat tree root surfaces and grow into spaces between tree root cells

AM(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) -
associations primarily with herbaceous plants, including many agricultural crops such as grains, legumes, and vegetables
highly branched arbuscules for site of nutrient xchange.

Question 13

How do fungal hyphae grow?

Answer 13

grow by extending tips through osmos
water enters hyphae because cytoplasm is rich in solutes.

swelling forces necessary extension

Question 14

What are plants most recent common ancestor?

Answer 14

most recent common ancestor of plants is believed to be a freshwater green alga similar to modern charophytes.

Question 15

What were the adaptations that allowed land plants to adapt to living on land?

Answer 15

• having a cuticle to prevent water from entering. a waxy watertight sealant
• providing uv radiation due to pigments like Flavonis
  -up right growth due to vascular tissues

Question 16

Understand the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte forms of plants. Which one is haploid and which is diploid? What structure starts each phase?

Answer 16

sporo ( diploid ) 2n starts with zygote

gamete ( haploid ) n
starts with spore

Question 17

What is meant by alternation of generations in terms of a plant’s life cycle? Be able to identify each generation when shown a plant life cycle. Which generations are dominant?

Answer 17

plants’ lifestyle alternates b/w haploid stage that produces gametes and diploid which produces spores.

Question 18

What is homosporous and heterosporous? And which plant groups show this type of life cycle.

Answer 18

homosporous plants produce a single type of spore and exhibit a gametophyte-dominant life cycle,
(ferns, mosses)

while heterosporous plants produce two distinct types of spores (microspores and megaspores) and exhibit a sporophyte-dominant life cycle.
(angiosperms, gymnosperms)

Question 19

What were adaptations of bryophytes to land?

Answer 19

they had their cuticle, stomata, rhizoids, gametangia

Question 20

What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?

Answer 20

reflects the evolutionary trajectory of land plant evolution, with an increasing emphasis on the sporophyte generation as plants adapted to a wide range of ecological niches and environmental challenges.

Question 20

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move?

Answer 20

Xylem- provides support and carries water and minerals from roots to rest of plant

Question 21

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars and nutrients)? In what direction does it move?

Answer 21

Phloem- composed of sieve tubes that conveys watery sap containing organic
molecules (sugar) through plan

Question 22

parts of an ovule

Answer 22

integument- protective layer and prevents desiccation
micropyle - small opening in integument where fertilization takes place
ovule- megasporangiumm

Question 23

What is a seed and what is its evolutionary advantage?

Answer 23

the endosperm, nutritive seed tissue that helps the seed or embyro grow

Question 24

What is a flower? Be able to identify all structures on a flower.

Answer 24

reproductive organ system of flowering plant

stamen (male)
anther and filament
Carpel ( female)
stigma, style, and ovary

Question 25

What are the 4 whorls of a flower? Be able to explain the function of each of the whorls.

Answer 25

calyx ( all sepals )
corolla (all petals )
stamen
carpel

Question 26

What is double fertilization and the structures involved in angiosperms? Be able to explain how this fits into the life cycle of flowering plants.

Question 27

What is a fruit?

Answer 27

the ovary, develops froms flowers and disperse seeds

Question 27

What are characteristics of monocots versus dicots?

Answer 27

monocots typically have parallel leaf veins
Dicots, on the other hand, usually have netted leaf veins,

Question 27

What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?

Answer 27

triploid (3n).

Question 28

What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? And what animals are attracted to these strategies?

Answer 28

enticing animals with nectar, fragrance, and visual cues such as bright colors or specific shapes. Animals attracted to these strategies include bees, butterflies, moths, birds, and bats.

Question 29

What are the 3 main organ systems?

Answer 29

roots, stems, and leaves

Question 30

What are the 3 plant tissue systems? What are the functions of each one? Give examples of the different structures/tissues found in each tissue systems.

Answer 30

dermal- outter covering to protect form water loss, herbivores, etc

vascular - vessels throughout plant to transport water and Nutri

ground- photosynthesis, storage, and support

Question 31

The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary meristems give rise to which tissue systems?

Answer 31

protoderm - epidermis

ground meristem - ground tissues

pro cambium- primary xylem and phloem ( vasvular)

Question 32

What is primary growth in plants? Where does it always happen?

Answer 32

extend the lenght of stem and root

Question 33

What is secondary growth in plants? From where does this type of growth take place?

Answer 33

increases stem/ root width from lateral or secondary meristems

Question 34

What are the two lateral meristems in plants?

Answer 34

vascular cambium - single layer cells that form b/w phloem and xylem ass cylindar Inner

cork cambium -
produces cork, dead when mature
outer