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Bio 182 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is systematics? Taxonomy?

A
  • Systematics studies the diversity and evolutionary relationships of organisms
  • Taxonomy focuses specifically on classifying and naming them.
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2
Q

What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader classifications)? What are the three domains of life?

A

species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
domain

bacteria
archaea
ekuryea

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3
Q

What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name?

A

the genus first and then species

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4
Q

What are the three different types of phylogenetic groups?

A
  • Monophyletic Group: includes all the species that share a common ancestor and no other organisms
  • Paraphyletic Group: groups arise when some descendants of a common ancestor are excluded from the group due to the exclusion of certain species.
  • Polyphyletic Group: polyphyletic group consists of species that do not share a common ancestor
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5
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)?

A

branching diagram or diagrammatic representation that depicts the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms or taxa.

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6
Q

What are the two ways a new species can be formed?

A
  • allopatric Speciation
  • sympatric Speciation
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7
Q

What is Homology?

A

similarities among various species
derived for an common ancestor

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8
Q

What does cladistics compare?

A

Cladistics compares the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared, derived characteristics

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9
Q

What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character?

A
  • primitive character, also known as an ancestral character, is a trait that is shared by a group of organisms due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
  • derived character, is a trait that is unique to a specific group of organisms and has evolved more recently within that group.
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10
Q

What is the Principle of Parsimony?

A

states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected

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11
Q

What is the definition of evolution? What are the 2 mechanisms of evolution?

A

the process by which species of organisms change over successive generations, typically through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations,
-natural Selection
- Genetic drift

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12
Q

Define Natural Selection.

A

the key mechanism of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin, which occurs when certain heritable traits confer a survival advantage to individuals in specific environmental conditions. These individuals are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their advantageous traits to the next generation,

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13
Q

What 2 observations the theory of natural selection based off of? What conclusion (inference) can be made from these two observations?

A
  • variation: Individuals within a population exhibit variation in their traits, which can be inherited from their parents
    -differential Survival and Reproduction: There is a struggle for existence within populations, as more individuals are born than can survive and reproduce

inference drawn is that over time, individuals with advantageous traits will contribute more offspring to the next generation, leading to a gradual change in the characteristics of populations

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14
Q

Identify and explain the 5 pieces of evidence for evolution we discussed in class. What is the transitional form when found as a fossil?

A
  • fossil record
  • comparative anatomy
  • embryology
  • molecular biology
  • biogeography
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15
Q

What are the 3 types of homologies that are seen among species?

A
  • anatomical
  • developmental
  • molecular
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16
Q

Explain a gene pool.

A

refers to the total collection of genetic information (alleles) present in a population of interbreeding organisms

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16
Q

What does endemic mean and provide an example?

A
  • species or organism that is native to a specific geographic area and is found naturally nowhere else in the world.
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17
Q

What are the ultimate sources for all genetic variation?

A

mutation and recombination, are the primary drivers of genetic variation within populations and are essential for the evolution of organisms over time.

18
Q

What is the symbol for the dominant allele frequency in a population? What about the recessive?

A

So, in a population with two alleles at a given gene locus, let’s say A and a, where A is the dominant allele and a is the recessive allele:

19
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula? How can it be used?

A

Estimate allele frequencies:
Test for genetic equilibrium:

20
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • no new mutations
  • no natural selection
  • no migration
  • random mating
  • population large enough that allele frequency doesn’t change due to genetic drift
21
Q

What is genetic drift? How can it influence allele frequencies in a population? What size populations are most susceptible to genetic drift?

A

random process that can cause changes in allele frequencies within a population
- occurs more prominently in smaller populations

22
Q

what is gene flow? Does it increase or decrease genetic differences between populations?

A

movement of genes between different populations of organisms, typically through the migration
- increased genetic diversity

23
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A
  • Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies and traits within a population over relatively short periods of time
  • Macroevolution, involves evolutionary changes that occur on a much larger scale, typically over geological time spans and involving the origin of new species
24
Q

What are the different species concepts and how do they differ from each other?

A

Biological species concept -, members of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, while reproductive barriers prevent gene flow between species.

Evolutionary lineage concept -
defines a species based on evolutionary history and lineage, considering a species as a lineage of populations that share a common evolutionary trajectory and are distinct from other lineages.

Morphospecies concept - defines a species based on morphological differences, such as differences in size, shape, or other physical characteristics

25
Q

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? Be able to identify and give examples of each.

A
  • allopatric speciation involves geographic isolation leading to reproductive isolation and speciation,
  • sympatric speciation occurs within the same geographic area due to other factors that promote reproductive isolation and divergence.
26
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers?

A

habitat iso- species live in diff habitats so they never meet

temporal iso- Species mate or flower at different times, preventing interbreeding

behavioral iso- Species have different courtship rituals or behaviors that prevent mating

mechanical iso- Structural differences in reproductive organs prevent mating or hinder successful fertilization.

gametic iso- Sperm from one species may be unable to fertilize eggs of another species due to biochemical barriers

27
Q

What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago?

A

cyanobacteria with its process of aerobic metabolism

28
Q

Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth.

A

13.7 bya - big bang
4.6 bya - solar system
4.55 bya - earth is formed
4 bya - earth cooled enough for outher layers to solidify and oceans to form
3.5 bya -first life emerged as single celled microbes.

29
Q

What is the Cambrian Explosion?

A

rapid increase in the diversity of life

30
Q

Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, what organelles provide evidence for and be able to define endosymbiosis.

A

eukaryotic cells evolved through a sequential process involving the fusion of two distinct prokaryotic cells. This hypothesis suggests that the first stage involved the engulfment of a primitive aerobic bacterium (similar to a modern-day mitochondrion) by an ancestral host cell, resulting in the formation of a symbiotic relationship. The second stage involved the engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by the early eukaryotic cell, leading to the evolution of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts).

30
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

fossil record refers to the collection of all the preserved remains and traces of past life found in sedimentary rock layers on Earth. These remains can include bones, shells, teeth, tracks, burrows, and impressions left by organisms that lived in the past

31
Q

We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias, be able to identify and explain these factors.

A

anatomy
siz4
number
enviromenbt
time
geological processes
paleontonolgy

32
Q

How many mass extinctions have been identified in the fossil record?

A

5 extinctions

33
Q

convergent evolution

A

traits that arise due to adaption to similar environment
like sharks and dolphins

34
Q

stabilizing Selection

A

individuals with intermediate phenotypes are favored over extreme phenotypes. This results in a reduction of genetic variation in the population and the maintenance of the average phenotype

35
Q

Directional Selection

A

occurs when individuals with one extreme phenotype are favored over others, causing the allele frequency to shift towards that extreme phenotype.

36
Q

Disruptive Selection:

A

favors individuals with extreme phenotypes while selecting against those with intermediate phenotypes.

37
Q

Balancing Selection:

A

maintains genetic diversity within a population by favoring the heterozygous genotype or multiple phenotypes.

38
Q

what are the post-zygotic barriers

A

Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryos fail to develop properly and die before birth or shortly after.

Hybrid sterility: Hybrids survive to maturity but are sterile and unable to produce viable offspring

Hybrid breakdown: Hybrids are initially viable and fertile, but subsequent generations show reduced viability or fertility. T

39
Q

4 eons in order

A

headeon
archaeon
proteroxioc
phanerozioc

40
Q

the eras in phancrozoic

A

paleozoic
mesozoic
cenozoic

41
Q

what was precambrian like

A

life is unicellular
oxygen is absent
photosynthetic bacteria provide atmospheric oxygen

Bio 182 (4 decks)

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