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Research Methods > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Null hypothesis

A

assumes there is no difference between the populations from which the samples were drawn => aka no effect, means both = to one another

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2
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

says there is a difference between the populations aka the IV had an effect on the DV => reject the null if less than alpha

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3
Q

t-test

A

tests significance between the sample means

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4
Q

p-value

A

probability of obtaining the value of the statistic or a more extreme value if the null is true => also = to alpha

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5
Q

type 1 error

A

reject the null but the null is true => saying the IV had an effect but it didn’t (false positive)
–> also equal to alpha

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6
Q

type 2 error

A

dont reject the null but the null is false => saying the IV had an effect but we conclude it didnt (Miss)
–> equal to beta

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7
Q

power

A

the probability of correctly deciding the null is false => 1 - Beta
–> setting alpha relatively low sets Beta higher

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8
Q

T/F we can calculate Beta directly

A

false we cannot because its based on the alternative hypothesis and we dont know its exact probability

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9
Q

effect size

A

how much scores may differ due to the experimental condition

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10
Q

power analysis

A

given the effect size and level of significance, we can determine the sample size needed to detect the effect

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11
Q

multiple hypothesis testing

A

performing multiple tests increases the probability of committing a type 1 error

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12
Q

quasi experiments

A

lack internal validity due to lack of random assignment to conditions in the experiment

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13
Q

only one group posttest only design

A

single group of participants has a treatment and then behavior is assessed

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14
Q

one group pretest-posttest design

A

single group tested before and after on material => look to see for changes

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15
Q

history effects

A

events that occur during theparticipation that affects behavior

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16
Q

maturation

A

changes due to the passage of time that affect behavior

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17
Q

testing

A

taking a test may affect subsequent testing if you cannot separate the effects of repeated testing from the IV

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18
Q

instrument decay

A

changes in measuring instruments over time => includes observers

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19
Q

regression toward the mean

A

extreme scores are likely to be followed by more moderate scores

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20
Q

subject attrition (mortality)

A

participants selectively drop out of experiment => the only people left are the ones interested in the study and can perform the task

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21
Q

selection

A

when control and experimental groups are chosen in a way that they aren’t equivalent

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22
Q

nonequivalent control group design

A

uses an experimental group and control group but they aren’t equivalent (natural groups)

23
Q

nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

A

shows if there is a difference in the groups at the beginning => we can use pretest scores and look for a change between groups

24
Q

interrupted time series design

A

look at behavior before a treatment and then look at a behavior and measure it for some period of time after the treatment => look for changes in behavior

25
Q

control series design

A

multiple group time series design => involves a control group

26
Q

singe case experimental design (ABAB design)

A

researchers manipulates an independent variable and behavior is recorded during a baseline before the condition is changed => not a case study

27
Q

multiple baseline design

A

used in stiuations where it would be difficult or unethical to remove the treatment after a period of time

28
Q

multiple baseline across situations

A

measure baseline in several situations

29
Q

multiple baseline across subjects

A

measure behavior of several subjects over time and introduce treatments at different times for different subjects

30
Q

contamination

A

communication betweeen participants

31
Q

experimenter expectancy/observer bias

A

treating participants differently

32
Q

novelty effect (Hawthorne effect)

A

reactivity when participants behave differently because they know they are being studied

33
Q

twin study

A

pheromone study where one twin wore pheromone but poorly controlled for confounding variables

34
Q

developmental research designs

A

studies changes in behavior associated with age

35
Q

cross sectional design

A

randomly select participants from different age groups and measure their behavior

36
Q

ad/disvantages of cross sectional designs

A

Advantage: relatively fast
disadvantage: cohort effects

37
Q

cohort

A

group of people born at the same time

38
Q

cohort effects

A

due to unique circumstances of a particular generation rather than age itself

39
Q

longitudinal methods of design

A

single group of participants over time being tested repeatedly

40
Q

ad/disvantages of longitudinal effects

A

advantage: no cohort effects
disadvantage: can take a really long time, people may try to be consistent over time, reactivity

41
Q

mortality/attrition effects

A

people dropping out of a study

42
Q

multiple observation effects

A

improved performance can be from practice effects

43
Q

sequential method

A

combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design

44
Q

complex/factorial designs

A

2 or more IV levels are manipulated simultaneously within a single experiment => requires factorial ANOVA

45
Q

main effect

A

deciding whether or not one IV has an effect on the DV

46
Q

interaction

A

the effect of one IV on the other IV

47
Q

mixed factorial design

A

one Iv is a repeated measures design and the other is an independent design

48
Q

when you have a 2x2 factorial, how many F and P values do you get?

A

3 of each

49
Q

external validity

A

the experiment is generalizable for other populations

50
Q

internal validity

A

the experiment is logically designed so results tell us the truth

51
Q

exact replication

A

repeat a previous experiment in an identical matter with only a different sample

52
Q

conceptual replication

A

replication of the conceptual relationship between variables
- Different procedures and types of participants

53
Q

meta analysis

A

set of statistical procedures that allow you to compare results across different studies

Research Methods (3 decks)

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