Exam 1 Flashcards
illusory correlation
perceiving a relationship between 2 events that occur simultaneously when there isn’t one
How do we fool ourselves?
wanting to understand causation, traumas staying in our memory, false recollection of memories
research methods
constructs groups for the independent variable so causal relations can be found
Components of a written message
connect (ideas), style -appearance- (APA), and format -tone- (APA)
behaviors
responses based on different events and situations
characteristics
a feature of the quality of a subject => gender, ethnicity, height, level of introversion, etc.
variable
a general characteristic we measure
descriptive statistics
describe people in the real world
inferential statistics and p-value
drawing conclusions about everyone in the world; p-value is the probability of obtaining results if theres no difference between groups
correlations
tells us if there is a relationship between the variables
psychology
the study of all aspects of human and non human behavior and application of scientific methods to understand the behavior
intuition
logically explaining what we see => not reliable
authority
based on our prior knowledge
scientific approach components
empiricism, testafaiable, falsifiable, open exchange of ideas, and peer review
gamblers fallacy
after a series of losses, thinking the possibility of winning is higher => we give too much weight to confirmator information and cling to ur beliefs
idea
an assertion about the world that can be tested and measured (objective reality)
belief
personal decision about the truthfulness of an idea
argument
the evidence and logic used to support truth or falseness
life cycle of knowledge
present at a scientific conference, prepare a manuscript for publication, peer review and revision, replication;verification, references in other journal articles, references in books
goals of scientific study:
describe behavior, predict behavior, determine the causes of behavior
components of determining causes of behavior:
temporal (change in one before the other), covariation of cause and effect (noticeable correlation), and elimination of plausible alternative explanations (no 3rd variables)
correlational research does _____
describes behavior and predicts it
experimental research does _____
determine cause and effect and explains behavior
basic research
gathers knowledge for the sake of collecting information
applied research
for when practical applications are wanting to be met
sources of research ideas
common sense, observing behavior, past research, practical problems, theory
hypothesis
assertion about what is true in a particular situation
Barnum effect
people will start with a general statement and refine it based on your feedback
primary articles
first report of an experiment (what we want to use)
secondary articles
review or summary of the existing literature
Main parts of an essay
title page, intro, method, results, discussion, references
Belmont report
ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research: beneficence, autonomy, and justice
APA ethics code
beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justics, respect for rights and dignity
institutional review board
committee that oversees research conducted at an institution
debriefing
the subject must be informed after the experiment after deception is used
situational variable
describes the situation or an environment where is performed
response variable
the responses or behaviors of the individual
participant/subject variable
characteristics of the individual
operational definition
defining a variable in terms of the operations or technology a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it
internal validity
extent to which we can conclude there is a causal relationship
external validity
how much we can generalize our results to the rest of the population
Construct validity
extent to which our operational definition of a variable really measures that variable
Statistical Validity
extent to which our statistical conclusions are giving us the right answer
nonexperimental research (correlational method)
research where we observe or measure variables of interest;
Behavior is observed as it naturally occurs
experimental research
involves direct manipulation and control of variables;
Measure the effect manipulation has on behavior
confounding variable
3rd variable influencing the two variables being measured
independent group design/between subject design
comparing 2 groups that are treated differently ⇒ look at effects on behavior
repeated measures design/within subjects design
comparing one group to itself before and after a treatment/in different conditions
mortality
how many people drop out of the study
solomon four group design
assesses the effects of taking a pretest; if thre is no impact from the pretest the posttest scores will be the same
confound
factor that vary systematically with the IV and provide alternate explanations
practice effect
when performance gets better over time not due to the IV
fatigue effect
if performance worsens not due to the IV
order effect/interference effect
behavior in one condition affecting the subsequent behavior
counterbalancing
varying the order of presentation
complete counterbalancing
all possible orders are presented
incomplete counterbalancing
not all orders are presented
latin square design
each condition at each ordinal position precedes/follows every other condition
