Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describe the characteristics of a group => mean, median, modee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

linear regression

A

the best line of fit from a scatterplot => y = aX + b where a = slope and b = intercept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is r squared

A

the proportion of variance in Y that is attributed to X (strength of the relationship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

p (rho)

A

corresponding population parameter => when r is sufficiently different from 0 wee conclude rho ≠ 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nonlinear regression

A

curved insteead of a straight line => pearson product cannot be used for thesee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

partial correlations

A

we can compute pairs of variables and partial out the effect of the third variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

spurious relationship

A

when 2 variables are correlated but not causally related => either coincidence or a third variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

confound

A

factor that covaries perfectly with the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

measurement

A

the process of assigning numbers or labels to observations to represnt amount or categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

measurement scale

A

set of numbers or labels that can be assigned to measured items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

magnitude

A

measurement can be arranged in a meaningful order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

equal unit size

A

a change in 1 is the same size anywhere else in the scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

absolute zero

A

a score of 0 means none of what is being measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ratio scale

A

magnitude, equal size, and absolute zero => tells us how much quantity is present
ex: weight, salary, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

interval

A

magnitude, equal size, no absolute zero => tellsus how much scores differ
ex: temperature, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ordinal

A

magnitude only, only tells relative standing not distance => crude information about quantity
ex: rankings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nominal

A

strictly categorical => difference in quality
ex: nationality, gender, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reliability

A

repeatability or consistency of a measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 components of a measurement?

A

true score and measurement error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

test-retest reliability

A

do our tests again to see if we get the same answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

alterate forms reliability/parallel forms reliability

A

test the equivalence between two different forms of the same test and compute a correlation beetween the two scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

internal consistency

A

measurement instrument has many items on it that measure the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

split half reliability

A

copute scores for the 2 halves of the test and compute a correlation between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

interrateer/interobserver reliability

A

when people are rating the behavior of people they are observing => compute correlations between observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

validity

A

the quality of the raw measurement as a good operational definiton of a construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

construct

A

an idea developed to permit categorization and description of some directly observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

construct validity

A

is our measurement as operationally defined really measuring what we think its measuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

face validity

A

on the face of the measurement does it seem reasonable and make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

convergent validity

A

when different measures of the same construct give the same result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

discriminant validity

A

measurement of 2 constructs are not related and allow us to discriminate between the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

criterion validity

A

the extent to which a measurement instrument accurately predicts behavior in a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

predictive criterion validity

A

giving a test at some point compared to future criterion behavior => predicting the future with current tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

concurrent criterion validity

A

giving a test and immediately evaluating criterion behavior => such as pencil and paper tests followed by a practical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

reactivity

A

when a subject changes behavior because they know they are being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how to fix reactivity

A

conceal observations, allow subjects to get used to observation, allow for anonymous responding, indirect obsrevation of behavior, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

convenience sampling

A

whoever is available and willing to participate in a research experiment => can affect generalizeability

37
Q

invasive measures

A

recording activity of neurons with microelectrodes

38
Q

self report measures

A

ask about beliefs, internal states, rating scales, yes/no responses, etc. => reliability and validity problems like unaware of true thought processes, inaccurate recall, future behaviors, social desireability

39
Q

ceiling effect and floor effect

A

C: task is so easy everyone does well, F: task is so hard no one does well

40
Q

demand characteristics

A

any cues or information about the experiment that will guide the participants behavior => solved with a placebo group or deception

41
Q

solutions to expectancy problems

A

train experimenters, print out instructions, automate procedurees, use experiments that are doubly blind

42
Q

double blind experiment

A

neighter experimenter or participants know what conditions participants are assigned to

43
Q

pilot study

A

a trial run of an experiment with a small number of subjects

44
Q

manipulation check

A

measure if the IV had its intended effects on participants

45
Q

where to report results of research

A

professional meetings/ conferences and per review journals

46
Q

6 steps in constructin ga questionnaire

A

decide desired information, choose a format (self administered, interview, etc.), write a first draft, reexamine and revise, pretest, edit the specialty guidelines for its use

47
Q

simplicity

A

using understandable wording in a survey

48
Q

double varrel item

A

asking two questions in one sentence

49
Q

leading item

A

asking questions suggesting particular resonses

50
Q

loaded items

A

terms suggesting a socially desirable response

51
Q

negative wording

A

opposite response of what your question is asking => especially no double negatives

52
Q

yea and nay saying

A

phrasing questions so people will consistently agree or disagree

53
Q

multiple choice items shoud follow what 2 things?

A

mutually exclusive and exhaustive (no overlap)

54
Q

questionnaires

A

inexpensive and easy to distribute but hard to motivate participants

55
Q

interviews

A

more expensive but higher response rate and less chance of response bias but interviewer bias is more likely

56
Q

population of interest

A

everyone being studied in our given category

57
Q

population parameter

A

the statistic we find estimating our population

58
Q

statistics

A

the measurements computed from a sample

59
Q

sampling

A

selecting a sample to draw conclusions about the population

60
Q

confidence interval

A

choosing a sample, calculating a mean, and constructing an interval around it => “we are 95% confident the true population value is between x and y”

61
Q

representative sample

A

sample characteristics closely match the population characteristics

62
Q

simple random sampling

A

list of everyone in the population and randomly selecting participants from the list

63
Q

stratified random sampling

A

dividing the population into strata and then sampling randomly

64
Q

cluster sampling

A

identifying naturally occurring groups and randomly selecting participants

65
Q

3 types of probability sampling

A

simple, stratified, and cluster

66
Q

4 types of nonprobability sampling

A

haphazard, purposive, snowball, and quota

67
Q

haphazard sampling

A

convenient sampling by selecting whoever comes along => limits external validity

68
Q

purposive sampling

A

choosing who happens to be convenient with certain criteria

69
Q

quota sampling

A

combination of stratified random sampling and haphazard sampling

70
Q

snowball sampling

A

recruit participants and ask them to identify other potential participant

71
Q

response rate

A

% of sample that responds

72
Q

quantitative approaches

A

numerical descriptions of behaviors being observed

73
Q

qualitative approaches

A

providing a verbal summary of behaviors that occurred without statistical analysis

74
Q

narrative record

A

record of behavior as it occurred

75
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing behavior without any attempt to intervene and record whats going on => high external validity

76
Q

participation

A

researchers may become a member of the group that is undergoing observations

77
Q

concealment

A

disguised vs undisguised observations

78
Q

systematic observations

A

study of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting

79
Q

coding system

A

process of data collection

80
Q

interrater reliability

A

extent to which observations of different observers agree

81
Q

time sampling

A

observation of a sample behavior only during certain time intervals

82
Q

situation sampling

A

sampling behaviors in many different situations

83
Q

demographic information

A

describe characteristics of the subjects

84
Q

3 sections of methods

A

participants, materials, procedure

85
Q

case study

A

detailed observation of a single person or situation

86
Q

subliminal seduction

A

things are hidden in messages that cause people to behave in certain ways

87
Q

naturalistic observation

A

type of case study focusing on a particular situation => inability to rule out alternative explanations

88
Q

hedged bets

A

seeking conventional treatment with questionable treatment

89
Q

worried well

A

those who seek treatment for illnesses they don’t have

Research Methods (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions