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research methods > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

one-group pretest-posttest design

A

dependent variable is measured one before the treatment is implemented and one after

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2
Q

one-group posttest only design

A

a treatment is implemented (or independent variable is manipulated) and then a dependent variable is measured one after the treatment is implemented

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3
Q

history

A

other things might have happened between the pretest and posttest that caused a change from pretest to posttest

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4
Q

maturation

A

participants might have changed between the pretest and posttest in ways that they were going to anyway because they are growing and learning

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5
Q

testing

A

when the act of measuring the dependent variable during the pretest affects participants responses at posttest

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6
Q

threats of internal validity of the one-group pretest- posttest design

A

history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, spontaneous remission

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7
Q

instrumentation

A

when the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument change over tie - participants might gain skill, become fatigued, etc

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8
Q

regression to the mean

A

an individual who sores extremely high/low on a variable on one occasion will tend to sore less extremely on the next occasion

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9
Q

spontaneous remission

A

a tendency for any medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment

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10
Q

interrupted time-series design

A

a time series
like this one is “interrupted” by a treatment

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11
Q

time series

A

a set of
measurements taken at intervals over a period of time

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12
Q

nonequivalent groups design

A

is a between-subjects design in which participants have not been
randomly assigned to conditions - multiple types

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13
Q

posttest only nonequivalent groups design

A

participants in one group are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not exposed to the treatment, and then the two groups are compared

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14
Q

pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design

A

there is a treatment group that is given a pretest, receives a treatment, and then is given a posttest. But at the same time there is a nonequivalent control group that is given a pretest, does not receive the treatment, and then is given a posttest

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15
Q

interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups

A

involves taking a set of measurements at intervals over a period of time both before and after an intervention of interest in two or more nonequivalent groups

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16
Q

pretest-posttest design with switching replication design

A

nonequivalent groups are administered a pretest of the dependent variable, then one group receives a treatment while a nonequivalent control group does not receive a treatment, the dependent variable is assessed again, and then the treatment is added to the control group, and finally the dependent variable is assessed one last time

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17
Q

switching replication with treatment removal design

A

the treatment is removed from the first group when it is added to the second group.

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18
Q

quasi

A

“resembling” - this is research that resembles experimental research but is not true experimental because it lacks random assignment to conditions or orders of conditions

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19
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

are most likely to be conducted in field settings in which random assignment is difficult or impossible.

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20
Q

Combination design

A

a type of quasi-experimental design that is generally better than either the nonequivalent groups design or the pretest-posttest design because it combines elements of both.

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21
Q

experiment

A

a type of empirical study in which an independent variable is measured while extraneous variables are controlled

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22
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which the design of a study supports the conclusion that differences in the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable

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23
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to people and situations beyond those actually studied

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24
Q

field experiment

A

an experiment that is conducted outside the laboratory

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25
Q

manipulate

A

systematically changing the level of the independent variable across groups or situations

26
Q

condition

A

one level of the independent variable in an experiment

27
Q

manipulation check

A

a measure of an independent variable – usually done at the end of the procedure – to confirm that the independent variable was successfully manipulated

28
Q

extraneous variable

A

any variable in the context of an experiment other than the independent and dependent variables

29
Q

control

A

holding extraneous variables constant

30
Q

confounding variable

A

an extraneous variable that is one that differs across the levels of the independent varoables

31
Q

between subjects experiment

A

an experiment in which each participant is tested in one condition

31
Q

random assignment

A

the assignment of participants to different conditions according to a random procedure

32
Q

block randomization

A

a method of randomly assigning participants that guarantees that the condition sample sizes are equal or almost equal. a random procedure is used to assign the first k participants into k conditions and then to assign the next k participants into the k conditions and so on until all have been assigned.

33
Q

treatment

A

an intervention intended to change people’s behavior for the better

34
Q

treatment condition

A

a condition in a study in which participants receive some treatment of interest

35
Q

control condition

A

a condition in a study in which participants do not receive the treatment of interest

36
Q

randomized clinical trial

A

an experiment designed to test the effectiveness of a psychological or medical treatment

37
Q

no-treatment control condition

A

a control condition in which participants receive no treatment whatsoever - not even a placebo

38
Q

placebo

A

a treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element that should make it effective

39
Q

placebo effect

A

the positive effect of a placebo

40
Q

placebo control condition

A

a control condition in which participants receive a placebo

41
Q

waitlist control condition

A

a control condition in which participants are put on a waitlist to receive the treatment after the study is completed

42
Q

within-subjects experiment

A

an experiment in which each participant is tested in all conditions

43
Q

carryover effect

A

when being tested in one condition effects participants’ behavior in later conditions

44
Q

fatigue effect

A

a carryover effect in which participants perform worse on a task in later conditions because they have become tired or bored

45
Q

practice effects

A

a carryover effect in which participants perform better on a task in later conditions because they have had a chance to practice

46
Q

context effect

A

an unintended effect of the context in which a response is made. In within-subjects experiments this can be an effect of being tested in one condition on how participants perceive stimuli or interpret their task and therefore how they respond in later conditions. in survey research, this can be an effect of the surrounding items or response scale on responses to a particular item

47
Q

counterbalancing

A

systematically varying the order of conditions across participants

48
Q

subject pool

A

a group of people who have agreed to be contacted about opportunities to be research particcipant

49
Q

experimenter expectancy effect

A

the effect of a researchers expectations on participants’ behavior

50
Q

double-blind design

A

an experimental research design in which both the participants and the experimenters are unaware of which condition the participant has been assigned to

51
Q

pilot test

A

a small sale study conducted primarily to be sure the procedure works as planned

52
Q

factorial designs

A

experiments that include more than one independent variable
each level of one independent variable is combined with each level of the others to produce all possible combinations

53
Q

between-subjects factorial design

A

all of the independent variables are manipulated between subjects

54
Q

mixed factorial design

A

possible to manipulate one independent variable between subjects and another within subjects

55
Q

non-manipulated independent variable

A

in many experiments there are at least one of these

56
Q

main effect

A

the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable - averaging across the levels of the other independent variable

57
Q

interaction effect

A

when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other

58
Q

spreading interactions

A
59
Q

cross-over interaction

A

An interaction in which one independent variable has opposite effects at different levels of another independent variable.

60
Q

simple effects

A

a way of breaking down the interaction to figure out what is going on by examining the effect of each independent variable at each level of the other

research methods (4 decks)

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