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research methods > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

empiricism

A

acquiring knowledge through observation and experience

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2
Q

scientific method

A

process of systemically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions

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3
Q

features of science

A

systematic empiricism, empirical questions, public knowledge

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4
Q

systematic empiricism

A

learning based on observations systematically

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5
Q

empirical questions

A

questions about the way the world actually is and can be answered by systematically observing it

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6
Q

pseudoscience

A

activities and beliefs that are claimed to be scientific by their proponents and may appear so at first glance but are not

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7
Q

falsifiable

A

scientific claims must be expressed in a way that there are observations that would - if they were made - count as evidence against the claim

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7
Q

basic research

A

conducted primarily for the sake of achieving a more detailed and accurate understanding of human behavior without necessarily trying to address any particular practical problem

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7
Q

three goals of science

A

to describe, predict, and explain

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8
Q

applied research

A

conducted primarily to address some practical problem

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9
Q

folk pyschology

A

intuitive beliefs about peoples behavior, thoughts and feelings

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10
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

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11
Q

confirmation bia

A

we tend to focus on cases that confirm our intuitive beliefs and not on cases that dis-confirm them

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12
Q

skepticism

A

pausing to consider alternative and to search for evidence - especially systematically collected empirical evidence - when there is enough at stake to justify doing so

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13
Q

tolerance for uncertainty

A

accept there are many things they simply do not know

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14
Q

simple model of scientific research in psychology

A

research literature <–> research question –> empirical study –> data analysis –> conclusions –> research literature

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15
Q

professional journals

A

periodicals that publish original research articles

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16
Q

empirical research reports

A

describe one or more new empirical studies conducted by the authors

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17
Q

review articles

A

summarize previously published research on a topic and usually present new ways to organize or explain the results

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18
Q

theoretical article

A

when a review article is devoted primarily to presenting a new theory

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19
Q

meta-analysis

A

when a review article provides a statistical summary of all of the previous results

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20
Q

double-blind peer review

A

researchers submit a manuscript to the editor who sends it to 2 ro 3 experts on the topic which write a review - no one knows who each other are

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21
Q

scholarly books

A

books written by researchers and practitioners mainly for use by other researchers and practitioners

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22
Q

monograph

A

written by a single or small groups of authors and usually gives a coherent presentation of a topic much like an extended review article

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23
Q

edited volumes

A

have an editor or small group who recruit many authors to write separate chapters on different aspects of the same topic

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24
Q

interestingness of a research question

A

the answer is in doubt, fills a gap in the research literature, and has important practical implications

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25
Q

feasibility of answering research questions

A

factors including time, money, equipment, materials, technical knowledge and skill, and access to research participants

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26
Q

theory

A

a coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena

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27
Q

hypothesis

A

a specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate

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28
Q

hypothetico-deductive method

A

researchers begin with a set of phenomena and either construct a theory to explain or interpret them or choose an existing theory to work with. then make a prediction about some new phenomenon that should be observed if the theory is correct.

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29
Q

characteristics of a good hypothesis

A

must be testable and falsifiable, logical and make a positive statement about the existence of a relationship/effect

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30
Q

variabel

A

a quantity or quality that varies across people/situation

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31
Q

quantitative variable

A

a quantity that is typically measured by assigning a number to an individual

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32
Q

categorical variable

A

a quality and is typically measured by assigning a category label to each individual

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33
Q

operational defintion

A

a definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured

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34
Q

simple random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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35
Q

convenience sampling

A

the sample consists of individuals who happen to be nearby and willing to participate in the study

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36
Q

independent variable

A

variable the experimenter manipulates

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37
Q

dependent variable

A

variable the experimenter measured

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38
Q

extraneous variables

A

any variable other than the dependent variable

39
Q

confounds

A

a specific type of extraneous variable that systematically varies along with the variables under investigation and therefore provides an alternative explanation for the results

40
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which we can confidently infer a causal relationship between variables

41
Q

laboratory experiments typically have high _______ validity

A

internal

42
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which we can generalize the findings to other circumstances or settings

43
Q

field studies are high in _______ validity

A

external

44
Q

inferential stats

A

allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample

45
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive

46
Q

type 2

A

false negative - missed opportunity

47
Q

confederate

A

a helper who pretends to be a real participant

48
Q

autonomy

A

right to make their own choice and actions free from coercion

49
Q

informed consent

A

researchers obtain and document peoples agreement to participate in a study after having informed them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision

50
Q

nuremberg code

A

earliest ethics codes

51
Q

declaraction of helsinki

A

1964

52
Q

seeking justice

A

the importance of conducting research in a way that distributes risks and benefits fairly across different groups at the societal level

53
Q

respect for persons

A

acknowledges individuals autonomy and protection for those with diminished autonomy and translates to the need for informed consent

54
Q

beneficence

A

underscores the importance of maximizing the benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants and society

55
Q

institutional review board (IRB)

A

a committee that is responsible for reviewing research protocols for potential ethical problems

56
Q

federal policy for protection of human subjects

A

laws that apply to research conducted, supported or regulated by the federal government

57
Q

exempt research

A

lowest level or risk

58
Q

expedited research

A

poses a somewhat higher risk than exempt but still exposes participants to risks that are no greater than minimal risk

59
Q

greater than minimal risk research

A

must be reviewed by the full board of IRB members

60
Q

deception

A

allowed when the benefits of the study outweigh the risk, the participants cannot reasonably be expected to be harmed and the research question cannot be answered without the use of deception and participants are informed the deception asap

61
Q

debriefing

A

information research participants asap of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception and correcting any other misconceptions they might have as a result of participating

62
Q

pre-screening

A

minimize risks, identify and eliminate participants who are at high risk

63
Q
A
64
Q

measuremnt

A

assignment of scores to individua so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals

65
Q

psychometrics

A

psychological measurement

66
Q

constructs

A

other variables studied by psychologists that are not so straightforward or simple to measure

67
Q

conceptual definition

A

describes the behaviors and internal processes that make up that construct along with how it related to other variables

68
Q

operational definition

A

a definition of a variable in terms of how precisely it is to be measured

69
Q

self-report measures

A

participants report on their own thoughts, feelings and actions

70
Q

behavioral measures

A

some other aspect of participants behavior is observed and recorded

71
Q

physiological measures

A

recording any of a wide variety of physiological processes

72
Q

converging operations

A

using multiple operational definitions of the same construct

73
Q

nominal level

A

used for categorical variables - assigning scores that are categorical labels

74
Q

ordinal level

A

assigning scores so they represent the rank order of individuals

75
Q

interval level

A

assigning scores using numerical scales in which interval have the same interpretation throughout.

76
Q

ratio level

A

assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity

77
Q

reliability

A

the consistency of a measure

78
Q

over time

A

test-retest reliability

79
Q

across items

A

internal consistency

80
Q

across different researchers

A

inter-rater reliability

81
Q

test-retest reliability

A

be consistent across time with scores

82
Q

internal consistency

A

consistency of peoples responses across the items on a multiple-item measure

83
Q

split-half correlation

A

splitting the items into two sets, a score is computed and the relationship is viewed

84
Q

Cronbach’s a

A

a is the mean of all possible split-half correlations for a set of items

85
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

the extent to which different observers are consistent in their judgments

86
Q

validity

A

the extent to which scores from aa measure represent the variable they intend to

87
Q

face validity

A

the extent to which a measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest

88
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a measure “covers’ the construct of interest

89
Q

criterion validity

A

the extent to which peoples scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that one would expect them to be correlated with

90
Q

criterion

A

any variable that one ahs reason to think should be correlated with the construct being measured

91
Q

concurrent validity

A

when the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct

92
Q

predictive validity

A

when the criterion is measured at some point in the future

93
Q

convergent validity

A

when criteria include other measures of the same construct

94
Q

discriminant validity

A

the extent to which scores on a measure are NOT correlated with measures of variables that conceptually distinct

95
Q

socially desirable responding

A

people doing/saying things that they think is socially appropriate thing

96
Q

demand characteristics

A

subtle cues that reveal how the research expects participants to behave

research methods (4 decks)

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