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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

empiricism

A

acquiring knowledge through observation and experience

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2
Q

scientific method

A

process of systemically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions

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3
Q

features of science

A

systematic empiricism, empirical questions, public knowledge

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4
Q

systematic empiricism

A

learning based on observations systematically

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5
Q

empirical questions

A

questions about the way the world actually is and can be answered by systematically observing it

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6
Q

pseudoscience

A

activities and beliefs that are claimed to be scientific by their proponents and may appear so at first glance but are not

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7
Q

falsifiable

A

scientific claims must be expressed in a way that there are observations that would - if they were made - count as evidence against the claim

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7
Q

basic research

A

conducted primarily for the sake of achieving a more detailed and accurate understanding of human behavior without necessarily trying to address any particular practical problem

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7
Q

three goals of science

A

to describe, predict, and explain

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8
Q

applied research

A

conducted primarily to address some practical problem

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9
Q

folk pyschology

A

intuitive beliefs about peoples behavior, thoughts and feelings

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10
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

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11
Q

confirmation bia

A

we tend to focus on cases that confirm our intuitive beliefs and not on cases that dis-confirm them

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12
Q

skepticism

A

pausing to consider alternative and to search for evidence - especially systematically collected empirical evidence - when there is enough at stake to justify doing so

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13
Q

tolerance for uncertainty

A

accept there are many things they simply do not know

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14
Q

simple model of scientific research in psychology

A

research literature <–> research question –> empirical study –> data analysis –> conclusions –> research literature

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15
Q

professional journals

A

periodicals that publish original research articles

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16
Q

empirical research reports

A

describe one or more new empirical studies conducted by the authors

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17
Q

review articles

A

summarize previously published research on a topic and usually present new ways to organize or explain the results

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18
Q

theoretical article

A

when a review article is devoted primarily to presenting a new theory

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19
Q

meta-analysis

A

when a review article provides a statistical summary of all of the previous results

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20
Q

double-blind peer review

A

researchers submit a manuscript to the editor who sends it to 2 ro 3 experts on the topic which write a review - no one knows who each other are

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21
Q

scholarly books

A

books written by researchers and practitioners mainly for use by other researchers and practitioners

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22
Q

monograph

A

written by a single or small groups of authors and usually gives a coherent presentation of a topic much like an extended review article

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23
edited volumes
have an editor or small group who recruit many authors to write separate chapters on different aspects of the same topic
24
interestingness of a research question
the answer is in doubt, fills a gap in the research literature, and has important practical implications
25
feasibility of answering research questions
factors including time, money, equipment, materials, technical knowledge and skill, and access to research participants
26
theory
a coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena
27
hypothesis
a specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate
28
hypothetico-deductive method
researchers begin with a set of phenomena and either construct a theory to explain or interpret them or choose an existing theory to work with. then make a prediction about some new phenomenon that should be observed if the theory is correct.
29
characteristics of a good hypothesis
must be testable and falsifiable, logical and make a positive statement about the existence of a relationship/effect
30
variabel
a quantity or quality that varies across people/situation
31
quantitative variable
a quantity that is typically measured by assigning a number to an individual
32
categorical variable
a quality and is typically measured by assigning a category label to each individual
33
operational defintion
a definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured
34
simple random sampling
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
35
convenience sampling
the sample consists of individuals who happen to be nearby and willing to participate in the study
36
independent variable
variable the experimenter manipulates
37
dependent variable
variable the experimenter measured
38
extraneous variables
any variable other than the dependent variable
39
confounds
a specific type of extraneous variable that systematically varies along with the variables under investigation and therefore provides an alternative explanation for the results
40
internal validity
the degree to which we can confidently infer a causal relationship between variables
41
laboratory experiments typically have high _______ validity
internal
42
external validity
the degree to which we can generalize the findings to other circumstances or settings
43
field studies are high in _______ validity
external
44
inferential stats
allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample
45
type 1 error
false positive
46
type 2
false negative - missed opportunity
47
confederate
a helper who pretends to be a real participant
48
autonomy
right to make their own choice and actions free from coercion
49
informed consent
researchers obtain and document peoples agreement to participate in a study after having informed them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision
50
nuremberg code
earliest ethics codes
51
declaraction of helsinki
1964
52
seeking justice
the importance of conducting research in a way that distributes risks and benefits fairly across different groups at the societal level
53
respect for persons
acknowledges individuals autonomy and protection for those with diminished autonomy and translates to the need for informed consent
54
beneficence
underscores the importance of maximizing the benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants and society
55
institutional review board (IRB)
a committee that is responsible for reviewing research protocols for potential ethical problems
56
federal policy for protection of human subjects
laws that apply to research conducted, supported or regulated by the federal government
57
exempt research
lowest level or risk
58
expedited research
poses a somewhat higher risk than exempt but still exposes participants to risks that are no greater than minimal risk
59
greater than minimal risk research
must be reviewed by the full board of IRB members
60
deception
allowed when the benefits of the study outweigh the risk, the participants cannot reasonably be expected to be harmed and the research question cannot be answered without the use of deception and participants are informed the deception asap
61
debriefing
information research participants asap of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception and correcting any other misconceptions they might have as a result of participating
62
pre-screening
minimize risks, identify and eliminate participants who are at high risk
63
64
measuremnt
assignment of scores to individua so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals
65
psychometrics
psychological measurement
66
constructs
other variables studied by psychologists that are not so straightforward or simple to measure
67
conceptual definition
describes the behaviors and internal processes that make up that construct along with how it related to other variables
68
operational definition
a definition of a variable in terms of how precisely it is to be measured
69
self-report measures
participants report on their own thoughts, feelings and actions
70
behavioral measures
some other aspect of participants behavior is observed and recorded
71
physiological measures
recording any of a wide variety of physiological processes
72
converging operations
using multiple operational definitions of the same construct
73
nominal level
used for categorical variables - assigning scores that are categorical labels
74
ordinal level
assigning scores so they represent the rank order of individuals
75
interval level
assigning scores using numerical scales in which interval have the same interpretation throughout.
76
ratio level
assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity
77
reliability
the consistency of a measure
78
over time
test-retest reliability
79
across items
internal consistency
80
across different researchers
inter-rater reliability
81
test-retest reliability
be consistent across time with scores
82
internal consistency
consistency of peoples responses across the items on a multiple-item measure
83
split-half correlation
splitting the items into two sets, a score is computed and the relationship is viewed
84
Cronbach's a
a is the mean of all possible split-half correlations for a set of items
85
inter-rater reliability
the extent to which different observers are consistent in their judgments
86
validity
the extent to which scores from aa measure represent the variable they intend to
87
face validity
the extent to which a measurement method appears "on its face" to measure the construct of interest
88
content validity
the extent to which a measure "covers' the construct of interest
89
criterion validity
the extent to which peoples scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that one would expect them to be correlated with
90
criterion
any variable that one ahs reason to think should be correlated with the construct being measured
91
concurrent validity
when the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct
92
predictive validity
when the criterion is measured at some point in the future
93
convergent validity
when criteria include other measures of the same construct
94
discriminant validity
the extent to which scores on a measure are NOT correlated with measures of variables that conceptually distinct
95
socially desirable responding
people doing/saying things that they think is socially appropriate thing
96
demand characteristics
subtle cues that reveal how the research expects participants to behave

research methods (4 decks)

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