Exam 3

Question 1

what is physiology

Answer 1

study of organismal structure and function (how cells, tissues, and organs work together to generate a response, behavior, or trait)

Question 2

nutrients

Answer 2

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals

Question 3

proteins

Answer 3

polypeptides: morphology, signaling and trafficking, enzymatic reactions, energy

Question 4

carbohydrates

Answer 4

polysaccharides: morphology, stored energy, mobilized energy

Question 5

lipids

Answer 5

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids: morphology, stored energy, biological membranes, messaging

Question 6

vitamins

Answer 6

organic coenzymes for metabolic reactions

Question 7

minerals

Answer 7

inorganic ions required to make proteins and normal functions

Question 8

how do organisms acquire nutrients

Answer 8

direct absorption, intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion

Question 9

how do animals acquire nutrients

Answer 9

incomplete digestive systems, complete digestive systems

Question 10

incomplete digestive systems

Answer 10

radially symmetric organisms, ingestion and elimination are through the same opening

Question 11

complete digestive systems

Answer 11

bilaterally symmetric animals, ingestions and elimination are through different openings

Question 12

process of digestion

Answer 12

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecular parts, requires energy and a large amount of water, specialized enzymes, microbes, and morphology depending on diet

Question 13

process of absorption

Answer 13

proteins and carbohydrates: facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport, move through transporters of epithelial cells, enter blood levels regulated by liver, lipids: emulsified into droplets by bile salts and phospholipids, slowly diffuse as small chain into epithelial cells then coated with water soluble proteins, enter lymph drain into blood find adipose tissue

Question 14

role of microbiome

Answer 14

1. secrete enzymes to break down fiber, proteins, carbohydrates
2. regulate mucosal immune system, stimulate mucus secretion, and reduce allergic reactions
3. synthesize a wide variety of vitamins
4. produce antimicrobial substances and compete with infectious agents

Question 15

diet and intestinal forms

Answer 15

high quality food correlated with less digestive infrastructure, in comparison an herbivores life involves constant eating and defecation, slow digestion facilitated by microbial symbionts

Question 16

energy balance

Answer 16

metabolism, metabolic rate, aerobic cellular respiration

Question 17

metabolism

Answer 17

the sum of all bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life, heat is a byproduct

Question 18

metabolic rate

Answer 18

rate of energy use, which determines the amount of nutrients required for chemical reactions

Question 19

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 19

energy transformation is not 100% efficient, much is lost as heat

Question 20

endotherm absorptive state

Answer 20

right after eating, anabolism, circulation, aerobic cellular respiration, not stored as proteins only if currently synthesized, generates nitrogenous wastes

Question 21

endotherm post absorptive state

Answer 21

no glycose absorption from alimentary canal, catabolism, glycogenolysis lipolysis, glucose spared from CNS

Question 22

endotherm gluconeogenesis

Answer 22

process to create glucose when post absorptive state lasts longer than livers storage of glycogen, keto acids from anaerobic decomposition for glucose from skeletal muscles are secreted into blood, enzymes break down stored fat in adipose tissue into fatty acids and glycerol, liver takes up glycerol and keto acids to convert into glucose for the brain, other cells use glycerol or fatty acids