Exam 3 Flashcards
what is physiology
study of organismal structure and function (how cells, tissues, and organs work together to generate a response, behavior, or trait)
nutrients
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals
proteins
polypeptides: morphology, signaling and trafficking, enzymatic reactions, energy
carbohydrates
polysaccharides: morphology, stored energy, mobilized energy
lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids: morphology, stored energy, biological membranes, messaging
vitamins
organic coenzymes for metabolic reactions
minerals
inorganic ions required to make proteins and normal functions
how do organisms acquire nutrients
direct absorption, intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion
how do animals acquire nutrients
incomplete digestive systems, complete digestive systems
incomplete digestive systems
radially symmetric organisms, ingestion and elimination are through the same opening
complete digestive systems
bilaterally symmetric animals, ingestions and elimination are through different openings
process of digestion
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecular parts, requires energy and a large amount of water, specialized enzymes, microbes, and morphology depending on diet
process of absorption
proteins and carbohydrates: facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport, move through transporters of epithelial cells, enter blood levels regulated by liver, lipids: emulsified into droplets by bile salts and phospholipids, slowly diffuse as small chain into epithelial cells then coated with water soluble proteins, enter lymph drain into blood find adipose tissue
role of microbiome
- secrete enzymes to break down fiber, proteins, carbohydrates
- regulate mucosal immune system, stimulate mucus secretion, and reduce allergic reactions
- synthesize a wide variety of vitamins
- produce antimicrobial substances and compete with infectious agents
diet and intestinal forms
high quality food correlated with less digestive infrastructure, in comparison an herbivores life involves constant eating and defecation, slow digestion facilitated by microbial symbionts
energy balance
metabolism, metabolic rate, aerobic cellular respiration
metabolism
the sum of all bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life, heat is a byproduct
metabolic rate
rate of energy use, which determines the amount of nutrients required for chemical reactions
aerobic cellular respiration
energy transformation is not 100% efficient, much is lost as heat
endotherm absorptive state
right after eating, anabolism, circulation, aerobic cellular respiration, not stored as proteins only if currently synthesized, generates nitrogenous wastes
endotherm post absorptive state
no glycose absorption from alimentary canal, catabolism, glycogenolysis lipolysis, glucose spared from CNS
endotherm gluconeogenesis
process to create glucose when post absorptive state lasts longer than livers storage of glycogen, keto acids from anaerobic decomposition for glucose from skeletal muscles are secreted into blood, enzymes break down stored fat in adipose tissue into fatty acids and glycerol, liver takes up glycerol and keto acids to convert into glucose for the brain, other cells use glycerol or fatty acids