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BIO 108 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ecology?

A

the study of organismal interactions

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2
Q

what resources are utilized in a niche?

A

food, shelter, water, space

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3
Q

what functions do a niche provide?

A

producer or consumer, engineer: affecting structres

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4
Q

what interactions do niches do?

A

nutrient flow, selective pressures, movement, behavior

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5
Q

niche overlaps

A

overlap in one dimension does not necessarily imply strong competition, minimal niche overlap; little potential for competition

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6
Q

consequences of competition

A

population regulation, logistic growth model, character displacement, species can evolve to minimize niche overlap

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7
Q

logistic growth model

A

wherein the instantaneous change in the population is a function of proximity to an environmentally dictated carrying capacity

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8
Q

phenotypic placidity

A

the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions, natural selection effect on phenotype is not heritable, “programming” based on environmental conditions, environmental effect on phenotype is not heritable

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9
Q

life history theory

A

how organisms budget available energy to competing demands over the course of their lifetimes to maximize their total lifetime reproductive success, tradeoffs between survival and reproduction, terminal investment: putting all energy into reproduction instead of energy to live in last week of life

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10
Q

parity

A

how often to reproduce

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11
Q

iteroparous

A

producing offspring at multiple times in life

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12
Q

semelparous

A

only producing offspring once in life

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13
Q

negative competition

A

both parties loose out

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14
Q

competition

A

mutually detrimental

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15
Q

mutualism

A

both participants experience benefits (reciprocity)

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16
Q

exploitation

A

predation and parasitism, one party gains at expense of the other

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17
Q

commensalism

A

one party experiences net benefit, other no effect

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18
Q

amensalism

A

one party experiences detriment, other no effect

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19
Q

what do behavioral ecologists study

A

a behavior is a way that animals can solve problems in their life. it is usually studied with in the context of a stimulus and a response

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20
Q

behavior is

A

a phenotype, heritable, shaped by evolution, situationally flexible

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21
Q

most behaviors caused by two forces

A

genetics and learning

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22
Q

applications of a behavioral ecologist

A

conservation, agriculture, wildlife management, climate change adaptation, insight into human behavior, evolution, and disease

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23
Q

genetically programmed behaviors

A

genes influence behaviors through effects on neuron development and physiology, thus behaviors can have a heritable component

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24
Q

innate behaviors

A

performed in response to a cue without prior experience, fixed action patterns

25
Q

fixed action patterns

A

consist of a series of actions triggered by a key stimulus. the pattern will go to completion even if the stimulus is removed

26
Q

learned response

A

behavior modified based on previous experience, habituation

27
Q

habituation

A

is a simple learned behavior in which an animal gradually stops responding to a repeated stimulus

28
Q

classical vs operant conditioning

A

a type of learned response from the association of cause and effect

29
Q

key behaviors of interest

A

movement, optimal foraging, communication, interactions with others

30
Q

local movement

A

in response to a stimulus, organisms can change movement randomly (kinesis) and non randomly (taxis), migration and navigation

31
Q

optimal foraging

A

big prey or small prey, where/when to look for prey, decision based on how much energy, time, and risks of gettin food

32
Q

information flow

A

one animal transmits information to another animal causing some kind of change in the animal that get the information

33
Q

signal/cue (communication)

A

chemical, visual, auditory, tactile

34
Q

community ecologist

A

study the processes that drive community patterns

35
Q

richness

A

how many species

36
Q

diversity

A

what is the frequency of each species in a sample of individuals

37
Q

dynamics

A

how does richness and diversity change overtime

38
Q

added species

A

speciation (genetic drift/non random selection), migration (random)

39
Q

species lost

A

extinction (genetic drift or non-random selection

40
Q

area hypothesis

A

larger areas host more species

41
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

species richness depends on area and distance between habitats

42
Q

productivity hypothesis

A

species richness correlates positively with primary productivity

43
Q

richness is also affected by

A

disturbance and habitat heterogeneity, but in complex ways that depend on the community

44
Q

succession

A

process of change in community composition, structure and function over time. mediated by habitat transformation and interspecific interactions

45
Q

redundancy hypothesis

A

increasing diversity increases the likelihood that niches and functions are fulfilled

46
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

a system of physical, chemical, and biological processes active “within a space-time unit of any magnitude”

47
Q

ecosystem function

A

ecosystem components (abiotic and biotic) exchange and transform energy and chemicals

48
Q

net primary productivity

A

measure of carbon fixed by photosynthesis minus energy used during cellular respiration

49
Q

biomass production

A

secondary production is limited by primary production

50
Q

energy flow

A

trophic efficiency represents efficiency of transfer of energy between trophic levels

51
Q

trophic cascade

A

bottom up, top down

52
Q

bottom up

A

physical and chemical processes

53
Q

top down

A

physical and human factors

54
Q

biocgeohemical cascades

A

biological, geological, and physical transport mechanism move chemicals through ecosystems and around the globe

55
Q

geological cycles

A

formation and weathering of rocks

56
Q

physical cycles

A

water and air currents, precipitation, wind

57
Q

biological

A

assimilation and decomposition

58
Q

carbon cycle

A

autotrophs acquire CO2 from the atmosphere and C is assimilated into biomass

BIO 108 (3 decks)

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