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Biology 225 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda? (4)

A

Joint footed

Over 1,100,000 species

Bilateral

Protostomes

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2
Q

Name 4 characteristics that are reasons for why arthropods are so diverse and
Abundant?

A

Versatile Exoskeletons
Efficient Locomotion
Great Sensory System
O2 Delivery

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3
Q

How would you distinguish trilobites from chitons?

A

Trilobites have Legs

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4
Q

Name the 2 major body parts of spiders

A

Cephalothorax and Abdomen

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5
Q

Name the two spiders from the US that are dangerous to humans and the type of venom they each have.

A

Black Window- Neurotoxic
Brown Recluse- Hemolytic

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6
Q

What might happen if you get bitten by a Lone Star Tick?

A

May develop an Allergic Reaction to Meat

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7
Q

What is a Symptom of Lyme Disease?

A

Bullseyes Rash

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8
Q

Are Harvestmen Dangerous?

A

No

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9
Q

Where do you find Demodex?

A

Hair

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10
Q

What animals are known as Crustaceans? (5)

A

Shrimp, Crabs, Lobsters, Krill, Hermit Crab

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11
Q

Name the appendages of chelicerates (Spiders) and their function? (6)

A

4 Pairs of Walking Legs
2 Pair of Pedipalps which are used for Sensing Objects

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12
Q

What do Spiders use silk for?

A

Silk is used to create a Web to capture Prey and their Egg Sacs and for Drag Lines in their webs.

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13
Q

What does the Neurotoxin in the Black Window cause?

A

A Massive release of Acetylcholine resulting in Uncontrolled Muscle Contractions.

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14
Q

What does the Brown Recluse Hemolytic causes?

A

Necrosis of the Red Blood Cells.

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15
Q

What is a Symptom of the Rocky Mountain Disease and it’s Vector?

A

A Spotty Rash and the Dog Tick

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16
Q

What are the Vectors of Lyme Disease?

A

Deer Tick and the Black-Legged Tick

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17
Q

What Stage do Chiggers Infect people?

A

Larvae Stage

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18
Q

Do Chiggers Burrow in the Skin?

A

No

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19
Q

What do Chiggers leave in the Skin, once a person is infected?

A

A Tube

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20
Q

Are Harvestmen Spiders? and if not why?

A

No, they are Not Spiders, because they only have one body segment.

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21
Q

Where can you find Demodex?

A

Hair Follicles

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22
Q

Name 3 characteristics that distinguish Diplopoda from Chilopoda (think of how many legs, diets and whether they have venom).

A

Diplopoda- 2 pairs of Legs, Herbivores/Slow, and some are Poisonous if eaten.

Chilipoda- 1 Pair of Legs, Carnivores/Fast, and Venomous

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23
Q

What are the Characteristics of Crustacea? (3)

A

2 Pair of Antennae

At Least 10 Walking Legs

Antennal Gland acts like a Kidney

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24
Q

What are Soft Claws?

A

Soft Claws are recently Molted Crayfish.

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25
Q

When a Crayfish Molts is the Exoskeleton Discarded?

A

No, the Old Exoskeleton is Not discarded but part of it is recycled

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26
Q

Why do Arthropod’s Molt? and what is the process called?

A

Arthropods molt due to growing Hormones; this process is known as Ecdysis.

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27
Q

Are pill bugs crustaceans?

A

Yes, Pill Bugs are land-dwelling crustaceans.

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28
Q

What are the Three Main body parts of Hexopoda? (insects)

A

Head, Thorax, and Abdomen

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29
Q

What are the Two Main Flight Mechanisms used in Flight?

A

Direct (Synchronous) and
Indirect (Asynchronous)

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30
Q

How does Synchronous (Direct Flight) work?

A

Through Nerve Impulse Stimulates Direct Flight Muscles

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31
Q

How does Asynchronous (Indirect Flight) work?

A

Periodic Nerve Impulse, antagonistic muscle which the contraction stimulates other muscles.

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32
Q

What Insect uses Asynchronous (Indirect Flight)?

A

Fruit Flies

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33
Q

What Insects uses Synchronous (Direct Flight)? (2)

A

Butterflies and Dragonflies

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34
Q

What Muscles do Both Indirect and Direct Flight use?

A

Sternotergal Muscles

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35
Q

Where is the Foregut Found (3) and its Function

A

Mouth, Crop and Gizzard- Preliminary Digestion

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36
Q

Where is the Midgut Found (2) and its Function

A

Stomach and Cecae- Main site for Digestion and Absorption

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37
Q

Where is the Hindgut Found (2) and its Function

A

Intestine and Rectum- Water Absorption and Feces Formation

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38
Q

What is the opening of the tracheal system called?

A

Spiracles

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39
Q

What Diffuses through the Spiracles?

A

Oxygen

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40
Q

How do diving beetles stay under water so long?

A

Diving Beetles have a Hydrophobic covering on their body which forms an Air Bubble under their shell, which pulls Oxygen from the water.

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41
Q

What ‘Visual Structures’ are insect compound eyes made of? and what are they called?

A

Facets and each Facet is called an Ommatidia.

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42
Q

What are the Parts of the Ommatidium of the Compound Eye? (3)

A

Lens, Crystalline Cones and Pigment Cells

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43
Q

What are the Stages of Holometabolous Development? (4)

A

Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult

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44
Q

Define Holometabolous Development?

A

Complete Metamorphosis

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45
Q

Define Hemimetabolous Development

A

Incomplete Metamorphosis

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46
Q

What are the Stages of Hemimetabolous Development? (3)

A

Egg, Nymph, (Lavae) Adult

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47
Q

What is Maggot Therapy used for?

A

Disinfected Maggots are used to eat the dead tissue of the skin of a wound that is not healing.

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48
Q

What are the castes found in honeybees? (3)

A

Drones, Workers, and Queen Bee

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49
Q

What is the Function of Drone Bees? and their Gender?

A

Sexually Mature Males Produce with Queen.

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50
Q

How do Drone Bee’s develop? Are they Haploid or Diploid? What type of Determination is this?

A

Are Haploid, are developed Parthenogenetically, Haplo-Diploid Sex Determination

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51
Q

What is the Function of Worker Bees? and their Gender? Are they Haploid or Diploid?

A

Sexually Inactive Females. Are Diploid, do everything in the hive, and don’t live long.

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52
Q

How do Worker Bee’s become Sexually Inactive?

A

They are fed Worker’s Jelly

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53
Q

What is the Queen Bee? and what can she do with the sperm from Drone Bee’s?

A

Sexually Active Female can store sperm for life from Drones.

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54
Q

What Happens when the Queen Pheromone is High?

A

The Females Worker Bee are fed the Worker Jelly and they don’t Mature.

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55
Q

What Happens when the Queen Pheromone is Low?

A

The Female Workers’ Bee’s produce Royal Jelly, which is fed to the larvae. The workers then become Sexually Active and then can become a Queen.

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56
Q

What are the Parts to the Kidney? (5) In order

A

Renal Corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct

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57
Q

What are the Two parts that make up the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule

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58
Q

What tissue is the Glomerulus made out of?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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59
Q

What type of tissue is the Bowman’s Capsule made of?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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60
Q

What is the function of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Rapid Filtration of Blood, Water, Urea and Ion Nutrients

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61
Q

What Type of Tissue is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule? (PCT)

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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62
Q

What is the Function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Function First location of the Reabsorption of Water, Ions and all Nutrients back to the Blood.

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63
Q

How many Parts does the Loop of Henle have?

A

2 Ascending and Descending Loops

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64
Q

What Tissue is the Ascending Loop made out of?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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65
Q

What Type of Tissue is the Descending Loop made out of?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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66
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

A

Water Reabsorption

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67
Q

What tissue is the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) made of?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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68
Q

What is the function of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

A

Reabsorption of NaCI (Salt)

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69
Q

The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is under what control?

A

Hormonal Control

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70
Q

What Type of Tissue is the Collecting Duct Made out of?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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71
Q

What does the Collecting Duct do? (2)

A

Forms Urine and aids in the resorption of Water

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72
Q

What control is the Collecting Dust under?

A

Hormonal Control

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73
Q

What layer is the Bowmans Capsule made out of?

A

Partial Layer

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74
Q

What layer is the Glomerulus made out of?

A

Visceral Layer

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75
Q

What are to Large to pass from through the Fanistrated Capillary and stay in the Blood system? (2)

A

Red Blood Cells and Large Plasma Proteins

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76
Q

What can pass through the Fanistrated Capillary? (5)

A

Water, Glucose, Amino Acids, Salts and Urea

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77
Q

After Water, Glucose, Amino Acids, Salts and Urea goes through the Fanistrated Capillary it then goes to the?

A

Basel Lamina

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78
Q

After going through the Basel Lamina, the blood goes to the Third Layer which is made up of?

A

Podocytes

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79
Q

What do the Podocytes make up for the Basel Lamina?

A

Filtration Slits

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80
Q

What must the blood go through Before becoming the fluid in the Kidneys? In order (3)

A
  1. Fanistrated Capillary
  2. Basel Lamina
  3. Filtration slits of Podocytes
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81
Q

Where is Blood Pressure applied to in the Kidneys?

A

The Capillary, (Glomerulus)

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82
Q

What pushes blood out of the Capillary System (Glomerulus) to the Kidneys in to the Bowmans Capusle?

A

The Capillary, (Glomerulus)

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83
Q

What is the Extracellular Fluid in the Bowmans Capsule?

A

Water

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84
Q

What is the blood in the The Capillary, (Glomerulus)?

A

Proteins Suspended in Water (Colloid).

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85
Q

Having Low Blood Pressure is a Sign of?

A

Kidneys not Functioning.

86
Q

Having High Blood Pressure can damage the?

A

Glomerulus

87
Q

What causes High Blood Pressure?

A

Through the Vasoconstriction of the Efferent Arteriole.

88
Q

What leads to increased Blood Pressure?

A

Vasodilate of the Afferent and Vasoconstrict of the Efferent Arteriole

89
Q

What does the Dilation and Constriction of Arteries and Veins?

A

Smooth Muscles

90
Q

Where does Blood Pressure push fluids to? (2)

A

Glomerulus and the Bowmans Capsule to be filtered

91
Q

Blood Pressure has to be Higher than _______ ________ _________ for Filtration to occur

A

Colloidal Osmotic Potential

92
Q

Where are the Two Locations where Blood Pressure is Maintained?

A

Glomerulus and Large Arteries like Carotids

93
Q

What in the Glomerulus maintains blood pressure?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

94
Q

When the Kidney drops in Blood Pressure or the Osmolarity becomes too High, what helps with the pressure?

A

The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus releases the pressure

95
Q

The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus increases the what enzyme?

A

Renin

96
Q

Renin leads to the Cascade of what?

A

Angiotensin 2 activation

97
Q

Angiotensin 2 activation stimulates what Hormone?

A

Aldosterone

98
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from the?

A

Adrenals on top of the Kidneys

99
Q

What are the Two things that Angiotensin 2 do?

A

Stimulates Thirst and increases blood pressure,

100
Q

How does Angiotensin 2 Increase Blood Pressure?

A

Constrict Peripheral Blood vessels

101
Q

When the Peripheral Blood vessels are constricted this increases what Hormone and where?

A

ADH in the Collecting Ducts

102
Q

When Aldosterone is released by the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus this causes the the Kidneys to increase what and where?

A

Reabsorption of Na+ in the DCT and water reabsorption

103
Q

When Reabsorption of Na+ in the DCT occurs this increases?

A

Blood Volume

104
Q

How do Large Arteries like Carotids decrease Blood Pressure?

A

Stretches Receptors

105
Q

What does the Stretch Receptors decrease the Signal to?

A

Hypothalamus

106
Q

When the signals are decreased to the Hypothalamus this causes the release of what Hormone?

A

ADH

107
Q

What are the Short-Term Effects of the release of ADH from the Hypothalamus? and Where?

A

Affects the insertion of Aquaporins proteins in the Collecting Ducts

108
Q

What are the Long-Term Effects of the release of ADH from the Hypothalamus? What does it Affect? and Where?

A

Affects Expression of Aquaporin gene in Collecting Duct

109
Q

What is the definition of Flicks Law?

A

Rate of Diffuse, Increase Surface Area, the Rate of Diffusion will also increase.

110
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in the Nephrons? (3)

A

PCT

Descending Loop of Henley

Collecting Duct

111
Q

How much filtrate is retained or reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)? by the?

A

60% Sodium Potassium Ion Pump.

112
Q

What is the Cell Surface of (Simple Cuboidal Tissue) in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) called?

A

Microvilli

113
Q

In the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)? Where is the Actively Transported? and where?

A

NA+ and Peritubular Capillary

114
Q

In the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)? Where is the
CO-Transported? and where

A

Amino Acids, Glucose, CI, to the Peritubular Capillary.

115
Q

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) has what type of pump?

A

Sodium Potassium Ion Pump

116
Q

How does the Sodium Potassium Ion Pumps what in and what out?

A

Pumps 3 Sodium out for 2 Potassium in.

117
Q

Does the Sodium Potassium Ion Pump that diffuse Sodium back into the Bloods Actively or Passively?

A

Passively

118
Q

What type of system is the Loop of Henle? and what type of feedback?

A

Multiplier System, Positive Feedback

119
Q

What goes through the Loop of Henle?

A

Water and Salts

120
Q

What is put back in the Loop of Henle?

A

Glucose and Amino Acids

121
Q

The Loop of Henle has High?

A

Osmolarity

122
Q

What causes the High Osmolarity in the Loop of
Henle? and where?

A

Sodium Chloride being pulled out by the Ascending Loop

123
Q

The Loop of
Henle of 2 Sections called the?

A

Descending Limb and Ascending Limb

124
Q

What type of tissue is the Descending Limb mad out of?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium Tissue

125
Q

What Diffuses out of the Descending Limb? Through?

A

Water through Aquaporins.

126
Q

What is the Descending Limb Impermeable to?

A

Salt

127
Q

What flows across the Descending Limb?

A

Water

128
Q

Why does water leave the Descending Limb?

A

Because the Osmolarity and the extracellular fluids are Higher than the Osmolarity of the filtrate.

129
Q

What is the Water Movement in the Descending Limb?

A

Hyperosmotic

130
Q

Why is the Descending Limb Hyperosmotic?

A

Salts are being pulled out in the Ascending Limb leading to increased Osmolarity.

131
Q

The Ascending Limb has Two parts?

A

Thin and Thick Part

132
Q

What tissue is the Thin Part made out of? which results in?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium Tissue, Faster Diffusion

133
Q

What is the Thin Part Permeable to? (2)

A

Salt and Urea

134
Q

What does the Thin Part of cause the movement of?(2)

A

Salt and Sodium Chloride

135
Q

What is the Thick Part Permeable to? but requires what type type of transport through?

A

Salt and Active Transport through Ion pumps.

136
Q

What is the Thick Part Impermeable to?

A

Water

137
Q

Why is the Thick Part Impermeable to Water?

A

NO Aquaporins

138
Q

What type of Tissue is the Thick Part made out of?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

139
Q

When the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is dehydrated what does it release? and from where?

A

Aldosterone, Adrenals

140
Q

The release of Aldosterone by the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) causes the increased reabsorption of?

A

Sodium

141
Q

The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is under what Control?

A

Hormonal Control

142
Q

The Colleting Duct is Permeable to? and has?

A

Water has Aquaporins

143
Q

The Colleting Duct is under what Type of Control?

A

Hormonal Control

144
Q

What type of hormone is the Collecting Duct under?

A

ADH

145
Q

ADH in the Collecting Duct increases the number of?

A

Aquaporins

146
Q

Aquaporins in the Collecting Duct helps the body to retain more of?

A

Water

147
Q

The Collecting Duct is also Permeable too?

A

Urea

148
Q

What does the Urea in the Collecting Duct do?

A

Helps pull more Water out of the Urine and back to the Bloodstream.

149
Q

The Collecting Ducts have receptors for what type of Hormone?

A

ADH

150
Q

ADH ONLY Affects this area of the Neophron?

A

Collecting Duct

151
Q

Define Osmoregulation

A

Ability to Regulate Solutes and Water Concentrations in the Body.

152
Q

Define Osmoconformers-

A

Don’t Osmoregulate, live in a Stable Environment

153
Q

Define Hyperosmotic Regulators

A

Osmoregulate, keeps body fluids Higher than in Surroundings.

154
Q

Define Osmotic Regulation

A

Regulating Solute Concentration through the Gain and Loss of Water.

155
Q

Saltwater Fish are?

A

Hypo-osmotic Regulators

156
Q

Saltwater Fish have Lower_____ Concentrations in Tissues than environment.

A

Salt

157
Q

What is lost by Osmosis in Saltwater Fish?

A

Water

158
Q

What is the problem does the Saltwater Fish Face?

A

Keeping Extra Water

159
Q

How do Saltwater Fish
retain Water?

A

Low volume of Urine that is very concentrated

160
Q

What is a another way Saltwater Fish get Water?

A

Gain water by drinking Seawater.

161
Q

How are Saltwater Fish able to drink Saltwater?

A

Have Chloride Ion pumps that pump salt from their tissues out back into the environment.

162
Q

Fresh Water Fish are?

A

Hyperosmotic Regulators

163
Q

How is Water gained in Fresh Water Fish?

A

Through Osmosis, through the tissues of the Mouth and Gills.

164
Q

What problem do Fresh Water Fish Face? (2)

A

Keeping Salts and removing Extra Water.

165
Q

Hoe do Fresh Water Fish retain their Salt?

A

Releases high volume of Dilute
Urine with Lots of Water and little Salt.

166
Q

How do Freshwater Fish Gain Salt?

A

through a Chloride Ion Pump found in their Gills.

167
Q

Sharks deal with their Salty environment through retaining?

A

Urea

168
Q

Urea is?

A

Osmotically Active

169
Q

Define Osmotically Active?

A

A Solute that pulls Water towards it.

170
Q

Sharks have?

A

Osmotic Potential

171
Q

Define Osmotic Potential?

A

Solute concentration Inside their Bodies is Higher than Outside of their Bodies

172
Q

What does Urea do?

A

Lower Salt Concentration

173
Q

What do Sharks have to rid of? (2)

A

Salt and Water

174
Q

How do Sharks get rid of extra Water?

A

Excrete Urine at High Volume

175
Q

How do Sharks get rid of extra Salt?

A

Salt Gland which helps Excretes Extra Salt in the Urine

176
Q

Green Glands or Antennal Glands work as? Found in?

A

Work like Kidneys found in Arthropods

177
Q

What do Malpighian Tubules do? and are found in?

A

Makes a Concentrated Waste- Insects

178
Q

What animal is Protonephridia found in?

A

Flatworms

179
Q

Is Protonephridia a Closed or Opened System? and is?

A

Open System and Flame Cells

180
Q

Is Metanephridia a Open or Closed System?

A

Open System

181
Q

What is Metanephridia? and it’s function?

A

Kidney like Structure, filters blood.

182
Q

What animal is Metanephridia found in?

A

Earthworms

183
Q

What does Nephridia do? and help keeps? (3)

A

Removes Extra Water, excretes waste and help to keep Sugars, Amino Acids and Salts.

184
Q

What animal is Nephridia found in?

A

Rotifers

185
Q
A
186
Q

How does a Contractile Vacuole work?

A

Salt and Solutes are actively transported into the vacuole then Water follows filling up the Vacuole and is expelled through an Open Pore.

187
Q

How does the Kangaroo Rat Gain water in the desert?

A

Through Metabolic Water

188
Q

How does the Kangaroo Rat prevent Water loss?

A

Highly Concentrated Urine

189
Q

The Kangaroo Rats are able to a Highly Concentrated Urine through having a?

A

Long Loop of Henle

190
Q

Direct contact with a surface causes the loss of heat energy because the body temperature is Higher than the environment is called?

A

Conduction

191
Q

Losing or Gaining Heat energy through air flow such as wind and a breeze is called?

A

Convection

192
Q

Breathing in cold air and breathing out warm air, causing the body to lose heat is called?

A

Evaporation

193
Q

The body giving off Heat Energy is called?

A

Shortwave Radiation

194
Q

Gaining Heat Energy through Sunlight is called?

A

Longwave Radiation

195
Q

Define Ectotherms

A

Cold-blooded, body temperature depends on the environment.

196
Q

How do Ectotherms produce Heat?

A

Through Shivering

197
Q

Define Endotherms and how they produce Heat

A

Warm-blooded (Homotherms) Heat production through the metabolism by break
down of foods and muscle contractions through exercise.

198
Q

Who goes through Hypothermia?

A

Small Birds and Animals

199
Q

How long does Hypothermia last?

A

A Few Hours a day to a couple of Months

200
Q

Define True Hibernation

A

Respiration and Heat Rate drops

201
Q

Define Winter Sleep

A

Drops Heat Rate NOT Body Temperature NOT Toper State.

202
Q

Define Topper and what it does

A

Hypothermic State daily or for a few hours. Putting body in a Low energy state.

203
Q

What animal goes through Topper?

A

Hummingbird

204
Q

How do Endotherms (Homotherms) handle the Hot environment (desert)? (2)

A

Being Nocturnal and Living Underground (Fossorial)

205
Q

How do large Animals like Camels deal with their Hot Environment?

A

The fur on their Hump Reflects Heat Energy

206
Q

How do Camels store Water?

A

Through the Metabolic Water stored in the Fat stored in their Hump

207
Q

How do Camels retain water? (2)

A

Through producing little Urine and they do not sweat

208
Q

Camels can tolerate what percentage of water loss?

A

20%

209
Q

How do Endotherms (Homotherms) in cold Environments retain Heat?

A

Through Counter Current Heat exchange

210
Q

What is Count Current Heat Exchange?

A

Blood flows in opposite directions where the heat in warmer blood is exchanged to the Cooler Blood

211
Q

What is another name for Diabetes Insipidus

A

Tasteless Diabetes

212
Q

Diabetes Insipidus causes damage to the? and the side-effects

A

Post-Pituitary which reduces the ADH, leading to Larger amount of Urine causing Dehydration

Biology 225 (6 decks)

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