Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 225 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the Steps of how Action Potential is translated by the Brain (3)

A
  1. Sensor Stimulation
  2. Stimulus is translated to AP this is the common language of the nervous system
  3. Action Potential is translated by the Brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When the Optic Nerve is stimulated with Photons, how is the Action Potential Perceived?

A

As Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When the Auditory Nerve is Stimulated with Sound waves, how is the Action Potential Perceived?

A

As Sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Common Language of the Nervous System? and needs to be translated by the?

A

Action Potentials, Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to? and examples include? (2)

A

Chemicals
Taste and Smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to? and examples include? (4)

A

Mechanical Manipulation
Mammalian Ear, Lateral line in Fish, Stretch Receptors in Muscles, Touch Receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Photoreceptors respond to? and a example include?

A

Photons
Photoreceptors in the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Sensitivity to Cold and Hot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nociceptors are?

A

Pain Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When there is a Intense Stimulation of a receptor, this can be preceived as?

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Electroreceptors respond to? and what animal has these types of receptors?

A

Electrical fields
Sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Itch receptors respond to?

A

Chemicals like Histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Magnetoreceptors respond to How are these used in animals?

A

Magnetic fields
Birds and Turtles navigate using the earth’s magnetic field.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What opens a channel that releases neurotransmitters before generating AP? Taste buds or Smell Receptors?

A

Taste Buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What uses Olfactory receptors which is a neuron. When something is smelled it creates an AP that goes directly from the neuron to the brain.
Taste buds or Smell Receptors?

A

Smell Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What responds to deep pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What responds to Light Pressure?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of receptor has Ion channels that open and close due to pressure used against them?

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are Hormones produced?

A

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glands and Hormones-
Exocrine produces what type of products and from where? WHat does it Not Produce?

A

Seat Glands, Salivary Glands
Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endocrine releases the Hormones where and has No….

A

Circulatory System and Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes features? (7)

A

Triploblastic, Bilateral,
Have NO Skeletal Circulatory and Respiratory system.
Are parasitic and free-living.
Protostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When a animal Lacks a head but have sensors on the side of their body to make up for the lack of a head is called?

A

Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When a animal is Triploblastic this means it has? (3)

A

Mesoderm, Endoderm, and Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do planarians ingest their food?

A

When the Pharynx elongates it will squeeze the muscles around the pharynx to suck up food particles into the Gastrovascular cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the Flame Cell do?

A

The Flame Cell regulates the bodies fluid through Osmoregulation/Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Oral Sucker used for?

A

To Pump Bile into the Mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the Uterus store?

A

Fertilized Eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the Ovary produce?

A

Eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the Vitellaria (Yolk Gland) produce?

A

Yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do the Seminal Receptacles store and from where?

A

Sperm from the Fluke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the Testis store?

A

Sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the Gonophore Store? and aids in what type of Fertilization?

A

Stores both Eggs and Sperm as well as Sperm from Fluke for Cross-Fertilization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Diverticular Disease- Uncommon in people before the age of?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Diverticular Disease is seen more than 50% of people over the age of? and where?

A

60 The U.S.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define Diverticulitis and what it can causes? (3)

A

Inflammation of the Diverticula- Rupture, Bleeding and Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define Diverticulosis-

A

Formation of Diverticula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are (3) Physical Features Rotifers and Nematodes share?

A

Space for Reproductive Organs
Have Hydrostatic Organ
Complete Digestive System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the Hydrostatic Organ do?

A

Adjusts the fluid in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a True Coelom completely surrounded by?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define Scolex

A

The head region with suckers with a mouth surrounded by hooks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define Proglottids, type of fertilization and Reproduction

A

Male and Female reproduction structure asexual cross-fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define Strobila

A

Section of Proglottids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Rotifers and Nematodes have these (3) Characteristics

A

Have space for Reproductive Organs
Have a Hydrostatic Organ
Have a complete Digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Rotifers and Nematodes are also (2)

A

Pseudocoel and Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Explain the difference between a True Coelom and a Pseudocoel.

A

A true Coelom is completely surrounded by the Mesoderm and the

Pseudocoel is in-between the Endoderm and Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Rotferia have these (5) Characteristics

A

Benthic (Bottom Dwellers)

Space for Reproduction Organs

Hydrostatic Organ

Complete Digestive System

Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The Rotifera has these (3) structures for Feeding

A

Corona, Mastax and Cloaca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a Cloaca?

A

Combined opening for both Urine and Fecal Matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the Reproduction of Rotifera?

A

Amictic and Mictic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the General information about Nematoda’s? (3)

A

500,000 species
Found Everywhere
Many parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Form and Function of Nematodes (Worms)- (5)

A

Cylindrical

Cuticle made up of Collagen

Movement through thrashing due to Longitudinal muscles

Dioecious (Male and Female)

In internal fertilization, the sperm moves via pseudopods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define Amictic Reproduction-

A

No mixing of Genetics all Female Diploid cells pop. Creates Copies of themselves and still produce eggs. Involves Parthenogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Define Mictic Reproduction-

A

Forms two Haploid Cells through Meiosis. Males are Haploid Cells, and the Females are Diploid Cells. This is called Haplo-Diploid gender Determination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Rotifers can have either _______ or ________ Reproduction

A

Asexual or Sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the Mantle Cavity used for?

A

Respiration and Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the Mantle used for?

A

Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Polyplacophora (Chitons) have theses (4) things

A

Dorsoventrally flattened

8 Plates

Cling to Intertidal Rocks

Water Flows over the Gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the (6) Characteristics of Gastropoda? (Snails)

A

Nudibranchs (Naked Gills)

Eat Cnidaria (Jellys)

Has Nematocysts in cnidocytes

Has Radula Tooth w/Poison

Harpoon Prey

Some Gastropoda are lethal to us (Cone Snail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the (3) Characteristics of Bivalvia? (Clams)

A

2 Valves in the Shell, closes shell with an adductor

Opens via hinge Ligament

Opens Valve to draw water in through the incurrent siphon to cross over the gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the Physcial Structure of Bivalvia? (5)

A

Foot with Gonads and intestines the foot is used for movement

Gills

Mantle and Cavity

Shell has Valves

Filter Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the Reproduction of Bivalvia for External Fertilization?

A

Gametes out via excurrent siphon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the Reproduction of Bivalvia in Freshwater Internal Fertilization?

A

Specialized Veliger, (Glochidia= Parasitic Larva) Is developed in the Gills and then is attached to the gills of a fish. Which will drop off in a few weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the 4 Animals classified as Cephalopoda? Also regarding if they have a shell

A

Octopus- No Shell

Squid- No Shell

Nautilus- Shell

Cuttlefish- (Cuttle “Bone”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where does the Nautilus in? Also where does it live in it’s shell?

A

Lives in the last Chamber

Found in Oceans Indonesia and Australia

66
Q

What is a pulmonate Snail?

A

Pulmonate snails have highly vascularized tissue instead of Lungs to extract oxygen.

67
Q

What is the Radula of a Cone of a Pulmonate Snail?

A

Radula is a highly modified tooth is used to attack and paralyze Prey.

68
Q

What is the Rasping tongue used for?

A

To scrape algae off the rocks.

69
Q

How does a pearl form?

A

Pearls are formed by a piece of sand or material placed under the mantle.

70
Q

What is the problem with Zebra Mussels?

A

Zebra Mussels Clog the water intake pipes and attack native species.

71
Q

Describe filter feeding in a Bivalve.

A

Food particles get trapped on the Gills and is moved to the mouth via cilia.

72
Q

What is the function of the Siphuncle in Cephalopods?

A

Removes fluid, and Replaces it with Gas to Provide Buoyancy.

73
Q

Describe how a snail moves its odontophore/radula (muscles and
structures involved).

A

The snail has a Radula Protractor that moves the Radula forward.

The Odontophore retractor to moves the Radula Inward. Both use Protractor Muscles.

74
Q

How does a cephalopod fill and empty its mantle cavity? (muscles
used).

A

Water is moved into the mantle cavity and out by using the circular muscles and is expelled out through the funnel.

75
Q

Describe the effect of some of the toxins that some Mollusca have
(what structures do they block).

A

The Blue-Ringed Octopus has a toxin that Blocks Volatage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels, which is produced in the saliva glands. There are no known antidotes, only treatment is a heart message and artificial respiration.

76
Q

What are Chromatophores?

A

Cells that contain Pigments

77
Q

How do Chromatophores work?

A

There are muscles attached to the cells and when contracted the pigments become condensed.

78
Q

What animals have Chromatophores? (2)

A

Cephalopods, Cuttlefish

79
Q

What are Iridophores?

A

There are Crystals Inside iridophores cells that produce pigments

80
Q

What animals has Iridophores?

A

Chameleons

81
Q

Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton fall under what type of Skeletons structure?

A

Rigid Skeletons

82
Q

Where are Exoskeletons found?

A

Found in Molluscs and Arthropods.

83
Q

Where are Endoskeleton found?

A

Found in Vertebrates and Echinoderms

84
Q

What is the Endoskeleton made of?

A

Bone and Cartilage

85
Q

What are Rigid Skeletons used for? (4)

A

Structure and Support, Muscle Attachment and to Protect Organs.

86
Q

How does the Earthworms Hydrostatic Skeleton work?

A

The Circular muscles move the worm forward and the Longitudinal muscles move behind the worm when contracted. Uses their body fluid to move around.

87
Q

What are the two ways bones are formed?

A

Endochondrial and Intramembranous

88
Q

Define Endochondrial

A

Replacement- Replaces the Cartilage

89
Q

What is Cartilage made out of?

A

Osteoblasts

90
Q

Define Intramembranous

A

Dermal Bones develop directly such as plates, face and cranium bone

91
Q

What are the Three Different Motor Molecules?

A

Motor, Microtubules and Dynein

92
Q

What are the Motor Molecules made of?

A

Actin and Myosin

93
Q

What are the Microtubules Motors made of?

A

Kinesin

94
Q

What do the Microtubules Motors do?

A

Walks towards the Periphery cell

95
Q

What is the main Overview of hearing?

A

Hearing travels through the Tympanum, then to the middle ear bone then to the Cochlea.

96
Q

What is the first Canal that Sound travels through in the Ear?

A

Additory Canal

97
Q

What is the 1st Chamber in the Ear?

A

Additory Canal

98
Q

The Ear Drum is also known as?

A

The Ear Drum

99
Q

What happens to the Tympanic Membrane when sound hits it?

A

It causes Vibrations.

100
Q

What are the Middle Bones of the Ear called?

A

Malleus, Incus and Strapes

101
Q

What does Sound Travel through First?

A

Additory Canal

102
Q

What does Sound Hit in the Ear?

A

Tympanic Membrane
(Ear Drum)

103
Q

What are the Middle Ear Bones?

A

Malleus, Incus and Strapes

104
Q

How does Sound Hit Here?

A

Through the vibrations caused by the Ear Drum.

105
Q

Malleus, Inus and Strapes) move sound to the?

A

Oval Window

106
Q

Sound passes through the Oval Window which is an open canal to the?

A

Cochlea

107
Q

What is Used for Balance and Coordination?

A

Semicircular Canals

108
Q

What relieves Pressure off of the Canal for Cochlea?

A

Round Window

109
Q

What puts pressure on both sides on the Tympanic membrane?

A

Eustachian Tube

110
Q

What contains Hair Cells in the Ear?

A

Ampullae

111
Q

What does Low Pitch cause?

A

Vibration deep in the Cochlea farthest from the Oval Window.

112
Q

What does Medium Pitch cause?

A

Sound Vibrations to be a little closer to the Oval Window

113
Q

What does High Pitch Sounds cause?

A

Sound Vibrations Close to the Oval Window which causes
Vibrations to travel early to the Cochlea and Tympanum to
Vibrate excessively

114
Q

Define Disarticulation and what it leads to?

A

The Separation of the Middle Ear Bones which then leads to Conductive Hearing Loss.

115
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Cornea

A

Light comes in

116
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Pupil

A

Opening to eye

117
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Iris-

A

Creates Pupils

118
Q

Where is Light Sent to after it passes through the Pupil?

A

Lens

119
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Retina

A

Focus the Light coming in through the eye

120
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Rods

A

Shades of gray or black and white vision at low light intensities.

121
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Cone

A

Has Color Vision and has higher light intensities

122
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Fovea

A

Blind Spot and has the greatest density of cones.

123
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Aqueous Humor located?

A

Between the Lens and the Cornea

124
Q

What is the Tapetum lucidum and briefly describe how it works.

A

Tapetum lucidum is used for nocturnal sight it Reflects light through the cones and is found in the back of the eye past the neurons and tissues.

125
Q

What Secretes products, but not Hormones through ducts such as sweat and salivary glands?

A

Exocrine System

126
Q

What releases Hormones in the circulatory system has no ducts and are slow acting.

A

Endocrine System

127
Q

What does Curare Bind to? What does this cause and Prevent in the Muscles

A

Ach Receptors preventing Sodium from flowing in the Muscles and Contracting

128
Q

What do Insecticides Bind to and block? and Cause in the Muscles?

A

Achase blocking it and cause Uncontrolled Muscle Twitching

129
Q

What does C. botulinum block and cause in the Muscle?

A

Muscle Contraction by blocking Arch Release

130
Q

How do you get C. botulinum?

A

Eating Contaminated Food

131
Q

Clostridium tetani is also known as?

A

Tetanus

132
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) found?

A

In the guts of farm Animals (Horse) (Cow) and in the soil

133
Q

What does Tetanus block?

A

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

134
Q

What happens to the Muscles when you are affected by Tetanus?

A

Muscles become Overstimulated

135
Q

What does the Pineal Gland Produce?

A

Melatonin

136
Q

What is Melatonin derived from?

A

Tryptophan

137
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH

138
Q

The Hypothalamus also produces what type of Hormone? and controls what gland?

A

CRTH, Pituitary Gland

139
Q

What does the Anterior Gland produce? (2)

A

ACTH and Growth Hormone

140
Q

What hormones are involved in our stress response? (2)

A

ACTH and CRTH

141
Q

What does the Post Pituitary Gland Store and Release? and what does it not Produce?

A

Hormones, Hormones

142
Q

What Hormones does the Post Pituitary Gland store and release?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

143
Q

How does the Hypothalamus control the Anterior? Through what Portal?

A

Pituitary Portal System

144
Q

What cell is the Action Potential generated when going from the Hypothalamus to the Post Pituitary?

A

Neurosecretory Cells

145
Q

What carries the Hormones from the Hypothalamus to the Post Pituitary?

A

Cytoskeletal Motor Molecules

146
Q

What hormone is being transported by the Cytoskeletal Motor Molecules? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH

147
Q

The Post Pituitary is controlled by what System?

A

Nervous System

148
Q

The Pituitary is controlled by?

A

Hormones

149
Q

What Hormone does the Thyroid Produce? (3)

A

Thyroxine, Parathyroid and Calcitonin

150
Q

Thyroxine is also found in the?

A

Metabolism

151
Q

Calcitonin helps with the form of?

A

Bone

152
Q

What does Parathyroid aid in?

A

Bone Resorption

153
Q

What does the Adrenal Glands Produce? (3)

A

Epinephrine, Cortisol and Aldosterone

154
Q

What 2 Hormones are involved in the Flight or Fight Response?

A

Epinephrine and Cortisol

155
Q

What Hormones does the Pancreas release? (2)

A

Insulin and Glucagon

156
Q

What Hormones do the Ovaries Produce? (2)

A

Estrogen and Progestogen

157
Q

What are found in the Fish Muscles with infected with Clonorchis?

A

Metacercarial Cyst

158
Q

Where does the Blood Fluke mature and reproduce?

A

Bladder and Intestine

159
Q

What is found in the muscle of Cows infected with T. Saginata- (Beef Tapeworm)?

A

Cysticercus

160
Q

What is a Symptom of T. Saginata- (Beef Tapeworm)?

A

Decreased Nutrition

Biology 225 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions