Exam 3 Flashcards
Outward Trappings
A Complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals, values, and any other enduring capabilities and habits and habits established by a society or community
!Why is it important to learn about different cultures
-Essential for communication and working together
-Avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings
-Increased understanding and appreciation of other cultures development of perspective, tolerance
-From a scientific viewpoint, necessary for a more valid and complete understanding of human behavior.
!The upsides of encountering people from different backgrounds
Learning, broader understanding
!Downsides of encountering people from different backgrounds
awkward, stressful, unproductive.
!Why do interactions with people from other groups seem to be awkward, stressful or unproductive
Learning Curve
- Cultural differences
- difficulty communicating effectively
- misunderstandings
- stereotypes
!Everyday Racial Microaggressions
-Different from outwardly discriminatory behaviors
-Everyday slights, insults, indignities, and denigrating messages sent to racial minorities.
-Unconscious biases and prejudices leak out in many interpersonal situations and decision points.
-On the surface, microaggressions often appear like a compliment or seem quite innocent and harmless but nevertheless they contain a demeaning message :)
-Cumulative impact on minorities
!High Context cultures
Cultures in which people pay close attention to nonverbal forms of communication
!Low Context Cultures
Cultures in which people do not take a shared context for granted, and instead emphasize direct verbal communication.
Say what you mean, mean what you say
!Individualism
Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes and prized above duty and relations
-weaker/fewer outgroup relationships
-suffer from loneliness/lack of social support
-selfish, self absorbed, conceited
!Collectivist
Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships and harmony with the group is prized above individual plan
-ingroup dependency
-cronyism and nepotism
-seen as coy/dishonest.
-Cliquish, conformist
-stiff, inexpressive, lacking spontaneity
!Individualism vs Collectivism
Who is more:
1. Conforming?
2. Obedient?
3. Outspoken?
4. Modest?
- Col.
- Col.
- Ind.
- Col
Because it supports the goals of the group, which they are dependent on.
! 3 Common mistakes/misassumptions in thinking about culture
- Stereotyping (overgeneralization)
- Underestimating commonalities and exaggerating differences
- Assuming cultural differences underlie group differences in performance or status.
!What are 3 social/ economic explanations for success of Asian Americans?
1 Selective Migration
2 Had more resources
3 Stereotype threat
!What Judgmental Error deals with the tendency to assume (w/out evidence) that culture is responsible for a group’s behavior or performance?
Fundamental Attribution Error
!Social Facilitation
The tendency of people to perform simple or well learned tasks better when others are present
!What happens when people are present during complex tasks?
Performance is impaired
!Why Is performance affected by presence of other people
Heightened arousal
!Social Loafing
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
!When does facilitation occur vs when loafing occurs
Facilitation: Working as individuals in the presence of others
Loafing: Working as a group toward a common goal
!How to get around loafing
-Increase salience of individual performance
-Make the task challenging, fun or involving
-Keeping groups small
-Strengthening relationships
-Increase perceived personal relevance of group outcome.
!Deindividuation
Loss of sense of self and confirming to group norms
!Factors that contribute to deindividuation
Group Size and Physical Anonymity
!What are 3 common group decision making tools?
Majority Wins
Compromise seeking
Dictatorship
!What are the Factors that contribute to the unproductivity and counterproductivity of groups (3)
Biased Sampling - Discussion of shared info not new info
Biased Processing - Processing info in a consistent way with group preferences and expectations
Conformity Pressures - Suppress dissenting views and reward conforming views
!Group Polarization effect
When a majority of members initially favor a particular position, discussion moves the group toward an even more extreme position.
!What is GroupThink
The mode of thinking that characterizes group when the desire to maintain harmony and minimize conflict becomes dominant.
!What are the Characteristics of Groupthink
-Failure to consult outside sources and experts
-Conformity Pressures
-Biased sampling and processing
-Failure to consider alternatives and to question prevailing views
!Ways to prevent groupthink
-Devil’s Advocate
-Consult outsiders
-Individual brainstorming
!How do Relationships increase mental health?
Higher Self-esteem and Happiness
What are the characteristics of successful relationships? (5)
Rewards and Costs
Trust
Similarity
Familiarity/Knowledge
Respect
!Social Exchange Theory (reward theory of attraction)
Human interactions and relationships aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs
!Comparison Level
The average overall outcome an individual expects in a relationship
!Rusbult
Investment model of interpersonal relations.
!3 Factors of Rusbult model
Rewards & Cost
Alternatives
Investment
1Equity Theory
If the PERCEIVED contributions isn’t similar or equal then parties won’t be satisfied with the relationship.
!Communal Relationship
Partners expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each others needs
!Exchange Relationship
Partners expect and desire strict reciprocation in their interactions
Equity is more important for an exchange relationship
!Ambivalent Relationship
Relationship is both rewarding and costly, often most stressful, challenging,etc.
!When what traits are similar (not physical) are we more attracted to someone (4)
Attitudes
Values
Personality
Religious Orientation
!Trust
Belief that a partner can be counted on to be faithful and devoted,
Essential for commitment and intimacy in a relationship,
slow to build,
quick to lose
!What 3 ways do relationships deteriorate when mistrust sets in
Partners becoming less supportive,
Biases perception of behavior,
Less commitment
!Why is Partner knowledge important?
Exposure increases liking when they have qualities you like.
!What are Gottman’s 4 horseman predictors
Criticism
Defensiveness
Stonewalling
Contempt (Strongest)
!2 factors of initial attraction/liking
Characteristics of:
Person
Social Interaction
!What 3 things do we find attractive in a person
Positive personality attributes
Status
Physical Appearance
!Matching Phenomenon
People pair up with people who are about as attractive as they are.
!Welcome Week Computer Dance Study
U of Minn freshman put on blind date and and after the only factor predictive of whether participants were attracted to their partner and whether they wanted to date them again.
!Social/Psychological Explanations of Physical Appearance being so important
Increases Self-Esteem
Stereotypes of Attractive people
!Stereotypes of physical attractive people
Positive Qualities
More Sex Type
!What are actual qualities of Good looking people
Socially skilled, outgoing, successful
!What are universal standards of beauty
Symmetry
Average sized facial features
Features that convey health and vigor
Men’s dominance
Women’s femineness
!Subjective/Variability in perceived beauty (3)
-Culture (weight)
-Likeableness and love
-Context
!What are the important factors in social interaction and attractiveness (6)
Cost & Rewards
Proximity
Social Anxiety
Liking
Playing hard to get
Self- Disclosure
!PROXIMITY in Social interaction and attractiveness
Availability
Familiarity
Similarity
!SOCIAL ANXIETY in Social interaction and attractiveness
Affects willingness to interact with others
Fail to shoot their shots
Affects the favorableness of interaction with others
Modesty, sensitivity, lack of egotism, etc
!LIKING in Social interaction and attractiveness
Liking begets liking
Flattering
Implies relationship will be positive in future
!PLAYING HARD TO GET in Social interaction and attractiveness
Heuristic that operates: Scarcity = Value
NOt always effective
Perception that you are a snob/not available
Works when you show exclusivity to the person you like
!Why does Self-disclosure increase liking?
Self- Disclosure conveys liking and trust. Liking and trust implies the relationship will be positive.
Familiarity helps people get a long better.
!When Do people self-discolse?
- When distressed, elated, in need of support
- Reciprocity of self-disclosure
- When they seek to increase closeness
!Passionate Love
A state of intense longing for union with another
!Companionate Love
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
!Sternberg’s Triangle Model
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment
!Sternberg- INTIMACY
Familiarity and disclosure between partners
Develops Quickly, Rate of increase diminishes over time
!Sternberg - PASSION
Strong emotions driven by intense desire
Develops quickly, dissipates overtime
!Sternberg - COMMITMENT
Dedication, Devotion
Limited at first, steadily increases over time
!Why do we need to love? (3 reasons)
-Procreations and perpetuation of the species
-Necessity of childcare
-Need the support and assistance of other for survival
!What are 3 reasons that love based marriages end in divorce more than arranged
- Societies where marriages are love-based, there are weaker sanctions against divorce
- Arranged marriages are more likely to be based on similarities in background, religion, and values
- In individualist societies, partners expect more passion and personal fulfillment in marriages.
!3 Types of Attachment Styles
Secure
Anxious/Ambivalent
Avoidant
!Secure Attachment Style
Easy to get close to, few worries about abandonment
Positive image of self/others
Parent was available and responsive
7/10 people
!Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
Positive image of others, doubts about self
Clingy, needy, Uneasy in relationships, less trusting more possessive and jealous
Parents weren’t consistent in responsiveness.
!Avoidant Attachment styles
Negative views of others
Less invested in relationships, quick to leave
Parents were unresponsive and rejecting
!What determines Attachment style?
Genetics
Parental responsiveness
!Gender Differences in romantic Behavior
Men: More promiscuous. Looks for appearance
Women: More committed. look for intelligence, resources and dominance
!Why does conflict increase in relationships?
Less effort to impress
Higher expectations
Greater interdependence
!Why does Conflict diminish over time in enduring relationships?
The relationship will end
You learn how to communicate and work together
!Why does overcoming problems strengthen relationships?
Investment model (justifying effort cost)
Fosters belief that can overcome future problems
!Jealousy
Jealousy: A complex emotional response to the loss of a partner or the threat of loss of a partner
!2 types of jealousy
- Loss of rewards enjoyed in a relationship
- Loss of self-esteem from the rejection
Is Jealousy unhealthy and destructive
it can be
!In 2015, what did the Supreme Court rule about the fundamental rights and responsibilities of couples of same-sex marriages?
Same-sex couples have the fundamental right to marry on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples
!What has research shown about the benefits and costs of same-
sex vs. opposite-sex marriages?
Same-sex marriages show the same substantial psychological, social, and health benefits as opposite-sex marriages
!What have studies shown about the health of the children of same-sex patents?
Research shows that a parent’s sexual orientation is unrelated to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment.
Prosocial Behavior
Behavior that helps others
Altruism
Prosocial behavior that is not motivated by self-interest
How do evolutionary psychologists explain altruistic behavior?
ALtruism increases the survival of others who share the same genes.
Why do we engage in prosocial behavior (3)
- Rewarding
- Norm
- Empathy
Empathy
The vicarious experience of another’s feelings
How does empathy affect the likelihood of prosocial behavior?
Empathetic emotion increases the likelihood of action to reduce another’s distress
When are we usually empathetic
When we are/have:
- Aware of their circumstance
- been in a similar circumstance
-Not preoccupied with your own concerns
- Care about them
When do people help?
-Ingroup members
-Attractiveness, similarity, gender
-mood
-Personal concerns
-Emergencies
How does mood affect the likelihood of prosocial behavior?
People in a good and bad mood are likely to help
Good mood activate positive thinking and behaviors
Bad mood people will help to get out of the bad mood (but not in children).
Steps of the decision process
- Notice the event
- Interpret the event as an emergency
- Assume responsibility
- Decide on appropriate action
- Implement action
Why does the presence of others diminish the likelihood of a bystander helping?
- Less likely to interpret the event as an emergency if others aren’t helping
- Diffusion of responsibility (Social loafing)
- Increased evaluation apprehension.
Why do people not want help sometimes?
- Help may create a sense of indebtedness and inequity in relationship
- Self-presentational concerns
- Threat to self-esteem (pride)
How do men and women differ in the extent to which they convey
understanding, express agreement, interrupt, and openly argue?
Men interrupt and are quick to argue
Women are more likely to listen and aggree
How do gender differences in communication affect perceptions of competency and power?
Social influence and persuasion? Relationships?
Men speak in a way to achieve dominance and power, knowledge.
Women speak in a way to build relationships and persuade
Which gender is most reluctant to ask questions that convey a lack of knowledge?
Men
What are three causes of gender differences in communication?
Status Differences
Sex role norm and expectations
Stereotypes
Motivations
Why don’t men ask for directions?
Want to show they are knowledgeable and informed
Why are women more likely than men to use grammatical devices such as disclaimers, qualifiers, and tag endings?
To avoid conflict/disagreement and preserve relationships.
What is aggression?
Behavior intended to harm others - Can be physical or verbal
What is the relation between frustration and aggression?
Frustration leads to Anger and Anger leads to aggression
According to your text, what are three common aversive events or incidents that may trigger aggression
- Pain
- Uncomfortable Heat
- An Attack
- Overcrowding
What’s the difference between incentive motivated (instrumental) & angry aggression (hostile)
Instrumental: Harming another to obtain something of value.
Hostile: Impulsively harming another because of strong negative feeling
Why are people not always willing to aggress when they are angry?
Inhibition
- Norms
- Fear of retaliation and punishment
- Concern for others
What is displacement?
The redirection of aggression to a substitute target (something that is disliked or incapable of retaliation)
What is passive aggressive behavior?
Harmful or hurtful behavior which does not appear to be aggressive.
What factors disinhibit people from aggressing?
Lowering of the inhibition or suppression of an impulse or inclination
Why does drinking increase the likelihood of aggression?
Alcohol is a disinhibitor
- lowers self awareness
- Less cognizance of consequences and costs
What effect does watching or engaging in aggression have on the subsequent willingness to act aggressively?
We are more likely to be aggressive if we are engaged or watch aggressive behavior.
Which gender is more likely to aggress? Why
Men
They seek to establish dominance
What is relative deprivation
The perception that one is less well off than other with whom one compares oneself
According to work on relative deprivation, why might individual Americans who are well off express frustration about their economic situation?
They feel being rich is just out of reach instead of being ok where one is at.
What is the rape myth and how is it affected by the viewing of sexual violence?
Women will be aroused and end up enjoying being sexual assault.
By viewing sexualized violence in porn men think that arousal will be the result of sexual assult.
What are three explanations provided by the text for why viewing violence on television affects aggressive behavior?
Arousal
Disinhibition
Imitation of media
What are three effects of television viewing on thinking discussed in the text?
Desensitization
Distorts our perceptions
Prime aggressive thoughts
Under what conditions do people aggress? (5)
frustrated
Capable of aggressing
Aggression has been learned
Cost is low
Group pressure
What are some keys ways of reducing violence? (4)
Reduce frustration and stress
Reduce access to means of violence
Teach norms and develop inhibitions
Increasing costs of aggression
Is violent crime increasing or decreasing in the United States?
Why do we think it is increasing?
Decreasing
Because we see it more in media outlets
zero-sum conflict vs non-zero sum conflict.
Zero-sum: Games or situations in which the outcome is zero Someone will not get the thing
Non-Zero: when outcomes don’t equal zero.
What is a social Dilemma
To get what you want, everyone gets hurt
Identify (3-5) factors that reduce or resolve social dilemmas such as the tragedy of the commons
*Regulation (Tax)
*Small Groups
*Communication
Changing Payoffs
Appealing Altruistic Norms
What is the false consensus effect?
The tendency to
overestimate the commonality of ones
opinions and one’s undesirable behaviors.
How does the False consensus effect affect the likelihood of a competitive or cooperative response in mixed-motive conflict situations?
People tend to see their own motivations in others. Which heightens one’s motivation to act cooperatively or competitively.
Why does conflict often escalate over time? (3)
Entrapment
Increase of threats
Concern for losing face
Why does the use of threat often decrease the likelihood of conflict resolution?
increase of distrust and hostility Threats begat threats
What is face saving and why are parties in conflict often concerned with saving face?
Concern with appearances, especially concerns about appearing strong, competent, and tough.
When are parties especially likely to remain in a conflict in order to
save face? (3)
When future conflict is likely
The conflict is public
Lots of investment
What is entrapment and how does it contribute to conflict?
Commitment to failing course is increased to justify investment
To avoid entrapment, what factors should be considered in making a decision about whether to remain in a conflict?
The decision to remain in a conflict should be based not on the costs that have been expended in the past, but on the costs and rewards that are expected in the future.
