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Applied Neuroscience > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Stress definition

A

the physiological response to a physical, mental, or emotional challenge, or perceived challenge that activates the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis

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2
Q

Physical stress examples

A

exercise, malnutrition, injury/illness, dehydration, temperature

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3
Q

Psychological stress examples

A

Worrying, anxiety, fear, pressure to succeed

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4
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

Parasympathetic actions

A

slows heart beat, stimulate digestion, constrict lungs, penile erection, vaginal lubrication

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6
Q

sympathetic actions

A

adrenalin rush, increase heart beat, inhibit digestion, dilate lungs, ejaculation, orgasm

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7
Q

Glucocorticoids are

A

stress hormones

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8
Q

Cortisol is

A

the most well known glucocorticoid

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9
Q

Steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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10
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Energy mobilization
ie. glycogen to glucose

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11
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes cells to absorb glucose

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12
Q

T1DM

A

congenital, autoimmune disease. Immune system kills cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin, insulin dependent

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13
Q

T2DM

A

late onset, insulin receptors on cells become resistant to insuling, associated with obesity. Insulin resistant

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14
Q

How does stress complicate diabetes?

A
  1. stress puts more glucose into the blood
  2. stress promotes insulin resistance
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15
Q

T1DM stress effect

A

difficult to balance blood sugar

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16
Q

T2DM stress effect

A

worsens syndrome

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17
Q

True or false: Stress shuts down digestion

A

True; because it requires lots of energy

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18
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms

A
  1. stomach pain relieved by defectation
  2. diarrhea or constipation
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19
Q

How does stress increase the risk of getting IBS?

A

repeated turning on and off of the digestive system results in loss of coordination of the components of the system

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20
Q

Ulcer definition

A

a hole in the wall of an organ

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21
Q

Peptic ulcer definition

A

ucler of the stomach of the portion of the esophagus or intestine immediately bordering the stomach

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22
Q

bacteria that causes peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

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23
Q

How does stress increase the risk of getting a peptic ulcer?

A

Weakening of the stomach walls and suppressed immune system

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24
Q

How does severe stress stunt growth?

A
  1. reduced release of GHRH from hypothalamus
  2. Increased release of GHIH
  3. Reduced sensitivity to growth hormone
  4. Fail to absorb nutrients
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25
Q

What is the critical variable in child neglect that leads to stunted growth?

A

active touching

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26
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of heritable phenotypic changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.

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27
Q

LH works synergistically with FSH

A

releases testosterone and produces sperm in males. In females, it regulates periods, stimulates ovaries to release estrogen and produce and release eggs

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28
Q

How does stress affect the reproductive system?

A

less LHRH(GnRH). increased endorphins released into the hypothalamus shuts off LHRH cells

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29
Q

Sexual side effects of stress

A

too much sympathetic action, no erection, no lubrication, premature ejaculation

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30
Q

More effects of stress on sex

A

reduced libido, miscarriage

31
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils

A

white blood cells that phagocytose dead or foreign material and release alarm signals

32
Q

Lymphocyes

A

white blood cells that recognize, remember and respond to foreign invaders

33
Q

Innate parts of immune system

A

inflammation, vasodilation, cytokines, neutrophils, macrophages

34
Q

Acquired (adaptive) parts of immune system

A

antibodies, antigens, lymphocytes

35
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that produce antibodies and release cytokines (chemical alarm signals)

36
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

lymphocytes that kill infected or targeted cells

37
Q

Helper T cells

A

lymphocytes that recognize and remember antigens and signal other cells to their presence

38
Q

2 ways immune systems fail

A
  1. not repair the damage
  2. autoimmune diseases
39
Q

How does stress affect the immune system?

A

acute stress enhances immunity while prolonged chronic stress shuts it down

40
Q

Synthetic glucocorticoids are used to treat

A
  • autoimmune diseases
  • reduce inflammation
  • after organ transplant
41
Q

How does stress affect cancer?

A
  1. compromised immune system allows cancer to spread
  2. glucocorticoids provide energy for cancer cells
42
Q

Short term memory

A

remembered for seconds, minutes, or hours then lost
not dependent on gene expression

43
Q

Long term memory

A

remembered for days, weeks, years, a lifetime
dependent on gene expression

44
Q

Memory trace

A

biochemical change in the brain which encodes an experience, which lasts beyond the stimulus

45
Q

Consolidation

A

stabilization of the memory trace

46
Q

Reconsolidation

A

stabilization of the memory after bringing it back into awareness

47
Q

Retrieval

A

bringing the memory into awareness

48
Q

Extinction

A

learning that a context is no longer associated with a stimulus

49
Q

Forgetting

A

loss of the memory trace

50
Q

Implicit, procedural memory

A

things like riding a bike, walking, or driving

51
Q

Explicit, declarative memory

A

things like remembering who was the president, the smell of your grandmother’s cupcakes

52
Q

Cerebellum and dorsal striatum are

A

coordinators of movements. critical for habit learning, procedural and skill learning

53
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • integrator of sensory information
  • binds information about events, time and space
  • critical for forming new declarative memories
54
Q

Acute stress enhances memory due to

A

increased glucose in the blood and increased blood flow to the hippocampus

55
Q

Chronic stress _____ cognitive performance

A

impairs

56
Q

4 ways chronic stress impairs memory

A
  1. neuron damage, shrinking of neurons, weakening memories
  2. neuron vulnerability
  3. neuron death
  4. reduced hippocampal neurogenesis
57
Q

Chronically elevated glucocorticoid signaling is associated with

A

a small hippocampus

58
Q

Smaller hippocampus is associated with

A
  1. cushing’s disease
  2. ptsd
  3. major depression
  4. normal aging
  5. synthetic glucocorticoids
59
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is

A

hypertrophy of the adrenal glands

60
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is associate with

A

memory impairments

61
Q

Chronic exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids is associated with

A

memory impairments

62
Q

Why do high levels of glucocorticoids make neurons vulnerable?

A

chronically elevated glucocorticoids eventually cause neurons to starve for energy which causes reduced storage of energy in astrocytes and neurons

63
Q

Older people have higher resting levels of glucocorticoids which causes

A

it to take them longer to decrease levels of glucocorticoids after stress

64
Q

Displaced aggression

A

when you get treated poorly by your superior, you treat your subordinates poorly

65
Q

Meditation

A

Opposite of stress. Parasympathetic activity is high, glucocorticoids low, breathing is slow, heart rate is slow

66
Q

How can exercise help people cope with stress if it is a stressor itself?

A
  1. exercise is an acute stressor
  2. when you exercise you use stress response adaptively
  3. exercise causes other physical stressors to be less stressful
    4.exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis which makes psychological stress less stressful
67
Q

How does exercise stress make psychological stress feel less stressful?

A

increasing the number of neurons in the hippocampus causes the sensor sensitivity in the negative loop to increase thus lowering glucocorticoids

68
Q

Stress predictability effect

A

If we know when to expect a stressor, it is less stressful

69
Q

Depression

A

failure to cope with stress, loss of control, helplessness, hopelessness, cup is always half empty

70
Q

Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids increases

A

risk for depression

71
Q

Cushing’s disease is associate with

A

increased depression

72
Q

Depression is more common in

A

older people

73
Q

Glucocorticoids kill hippocampal neurons and reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This impairs the sensor in the negative feedback loop resulting in

A

Greater accumulation of glucocorticoids, which cause more damage to the hippocampus, resulting in negative spiral

Applied Neuroscience (4 decks)

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