exam 3 Flashcards
Stress definition
the physiological response to a physical, mental, or emotional challenge, or perceived challenge that activates the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis
Physical stress examples
exercise, malnutrition, injury/illness, dehydration, temperature
Psychological stress examples
Worrying, anxiety, fear, pressure to succeed
2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic
Parasympathetic actions
slows heart beat, stimulate digestion, constrict lungs, penile erection, vaginal lubrication
sympathetic actions
adrenalin rush, increase heart beat, inhibit digestion, dilate lungs, ejaculation, orgasm
Glucocorticoids are
stress hormones
Cortisol is
the most well known glucocorticoid
Steroid hormones
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
What do glucocorticoids do?
Energy mobilization
ie. glycogen to glucose
Insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes cells to absorb glucose
T1DM
congenital, autoimmune disease. Immune system kills cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin, insulin dependent
T2DM
late onset, insulin receptors on cells become resistant to insuling, associated with obesity. Insulin resistant
How does stress complicate diabetes?
- stress puts more glucose into the blood
- stress promotes insulin resistance
T1DM stress effect
difficult to balance blood sugar
T2DM stress effect
worsens syndrome
True or false: Stress shuts down digestion
True; because it requires lots of energy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms
- stomach pain relieved by defectation
- diarrhea or constipation
How does stress increase the risk of getting IBS?
repeated turning on and off of the digestive system results in loss of coordination of the components of the system
Ulcer definition
a hole in the wall of an organ
Peptic ulcer definition
ucler of the stomach of the portion of the esophagus or intestine immediately bordering the stomach
bacteria that causes peptic ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
How does stress increase the risk of getting a peptic ulcer?
Weakening of the stomach walls and suppressed immune system
How does severe stress stunt growth?
- reduced release of GHRH from hypothalamus
- Increased release of GHIH
- Reduced sensitivity to growth hormone
- Fail to absorb nutrients
What is the critical variable in child neglect that leads to stunted growth?
active touching
Epigenetics
the study of heritable phenotypic changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
LH works synergistically with FSH
releases testosterone and produces sperm in males. In females, it regulates periods, stimulates ovaries to release estrogen and produce and release eggs
How does stress affect the reproductive system?
less LHRH(GnRH). increased endorphins released into the hypothalamus shuts off LHRH cells
Sexual side effects of stress
too much sympathetic action, no erection, no lubrication, premature ejaculation