Exam 2 Flashcards
Monoamines
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Amino acids
glutamate, GABA
Peptides
endorphins
Acetylcholine function
learning and memory, neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine synthesis
Comes from fat we eat (enzyme takes product in fat and combines it with chemicals)
Acetylcholine Elimination
Acetylcholinesterase clears it; it is found in the synapse
Acetylcholine distribution
- brain, spinal cord, muscles
- large group of neurons project from the basal forebrain and brain stem
Acetylcholine receptors
- muscarinic
- nicotinic
Muscarinic receptors are
metabotropic and excitatory
Nicotinic receptors are
- ionotropic and excitatory
- receptor type on skeletal muscles
Psilocybin mimics what
the actions of serotonin
Dopamine function
controls voluntary movement, motivation, reward, addiction
Dopamine Distribution
- substantia nigra to caudate putamen (parkinson’s)
- VTA to NAc
Dopamine synthesis
from the amino acid tyrosine which is in proteins we eat
Dopamine elimination
- re-uptake via the dopamine transporter
- Degradation via monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Dopamine receptors
- 5 types, all metabotropic
- both inhibitory and excitatory
Epinephrine and norepinephrine function
stress, arousal, wakefulness & attention, learning and memory
Epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis
dopamine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine distribution
locus coeruleus and adrenal glands
Epinephrine and norepinephrine elimination
- re-uptake via the norepinephrine transporter (NET)
- Degradation via MAO
Epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors
all metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors
alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, beta3
Serotonin function
regulates mood, learning and memory, sleep, appetite
Serotonin distribution
project from raphe nuclei all over the brain and spinal cord
Serotonin synthesis
from the amino acid, tryptophan which comes from proteins we eat
Serotonin elimination
- re-uptake via the Serotonin transporter
- degradation via MAO
Serotonin receptors
- at least 14 types, most metabotropic
- inhibitory and excitatory
Glutamate function
learning and memory, basically every brain function and behavior
Glutamate synthesis
from glutamine which comes from proteins we eat
Glutamate elimination
- re-uptake via the Glutamate transporter
- Degradation via glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate distribution
everywhere in the brain
Glutamate receptors
- all excitatory
- 8 metabotropic
- 3 ionotropic: AMPA, NMDA, kainate