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Applied Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Monoamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA

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3
Q

Peptides

A

endorphins

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4
Q

Acetylcholine function

A

learning and memory, neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

Acetylcholine synthesis

A

Comes from fat we eat (enzyme takes product in fat and combines it with chemicals)

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6
Q

Acetylcholine Elimination

A

Acetylcholinesterase clears it; it is found in the synapse

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7
Q

Acetylcholine distribution

A
  • brain, spinal cord, muscles
  • large group of neurons project from the basal forebrain and brain stem
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8
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A
  • muscarinic
  • nicotinic
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9
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

metabotropic and excitatory

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10
Q

Nicotinic receptors are

A
  • ionotropic and excitatory
  • receptor type on skeletal muscles
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11
Q

Psilocybin mimics what

A

the actions of serotonin

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12
Q

Dopamine function

A

controls voluntary movement, motivation, reward, addiction

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13
Q

Dopamine Distribution

A
  1. substantia nigra to caudate putamen (parkinson’s)
  2. VTA to NAc
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14
Q

Dopamine synthesis

A

from the amino acid tyrosine which is in proteins we eat

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15
Q

Dopamine elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the dopamine transporter
  2. Degradation via monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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16
Q

Dopamine receptors

A
  • 5 types, all metabotropic
  • both inhibitory and excitatory
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17
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function

A

stress, arousal, wakefulness & attention, learning and memory

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18
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis

A

dopamine

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19
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine distribution

A

locus coeruleus and adrenal glands

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20
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the norepinephrine transporter (NET)
  2. Degradation via MAO
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21
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors

A

all metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors

alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, beta3

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22
Q

Serotonin function

A

regulates mood, learning and memory, sleep, appetite

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23
Q

Serotonin distribution

A

project from raphe nuclei all over the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Serotonin synthesis

A

from the amino acid, tryptophan which comes from proteins we eat

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25
Q

Serotonin elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the Serotonin transporter
  2. degradation via MAO
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26
Q

Serotonin receptors

A
  • at least 14 types, most metabotropic
  • inhibitory and excitatory
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27
Q

Glutamate function

A

learning and memory, basically every brain function and behavior

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28
Q

Glutamate synthesis

A

from glutamine which comes from proteins we eat

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29
Q

Glutamate elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the Glutamate transporter
  2. Degradation via glutamate dehydrogenase
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30
Q

Glutamate distribution

A

everywhere in the brain

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31
Q

Glutamate receptors

A
  • all excitatory
  • 8 metabotropic
  • 3 ionotropic: AMPA, NMDA, kainate
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32
Q

Metabolism of alcohol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) -> Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) -> acetic acidH

33
Q

GABA Synthesis

A

From Glutamate

34
Q

GABA Elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the GABA transporter
  2. Degradation via GABA amino transferase
35
Q

GABA distributino

A

everywhere in the brain

36
Q

GABA receptors

A

all inhibitory, 3 main types ionotropic and metabotropic

37
Q

Beta-endorphin function

A

pain relief, runners high

38
Q

Beta-endorphin synthesis

A

from proteins we eat

39
Q

Beta-endorphin elimination

A

enzymatic degradation, chemical breakdown

40
Q

Beta-endorphin distribution

A

neurons project from hypothalamus to all regions of the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Beta-endorphin receptors

A

3 kinds: mu, kappa, delta
All inhibitory and metabotropic

42
Q

How do psychoactive drugs work?

A

Altering chemical neurotransmission via different mechanisms

43
Q

5 ways psychoactive drugs work

A
  1. mimic neurotransmitter (agonist)
  2. block receptors (antagonists)
  3. block reuptake transporters
  4. block enzymatic degradation
  5. increase synthesis of neurotransmitter
44
Q

Heroin

A

Agonist at opioid receptors, stimulates them

45
Q

Marijuana

A

Agonist at cannabinoid receptors

46
Q

Naltrexone

A

competitive antagonist at opioid receptors

47
Q

SSRIs block

A

serotonin transporters

48
Q

Ritalin blocks

A

dopamine transporter

49
Q

Ecstasy blocks

A

serotonin transporter

50
Q

Cocaine blocks

A

dopamine transporter

51
Q

Example of a psychoactive drug that blocks the enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI)

52
Q

Methamphetamine reverses

A

Dopamine transporter protein

53
Q

Nicotine

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist

54
Q

Alcohol

A

GABA agonist, glutamate agonist, many others

55
Q

Valium

A

GABA agonist

56
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

mechanism of action of a drug

57
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the timing of the drug effect

58
Q

Drugs of abuse

A

depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana

59
Q

Therapeutic drugs

A

anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-psychotic meds

60
Q
A
61
Q

Heavy drinking effects

A

liver damage, fetal alcohol syndrome, brain damage, withdrawal

62
Q

Depressant drugs

A

alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates

63
Q

Stimulant drugs

A

cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ritalin, caffeine, nicotine

64
Q

Narcotic drugs

A

heroin, opium, morphine, codeine

65
Q

Hallucinogenic drugs

A

magic mushrooms, LSD

66
Q

Drug Addiction Definition

A

A chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by the compulsion to seek and take the drug, the loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is withdrawn

67
Q

3 Features of drug addiction

A
  1. tolerance
  2. dependence
  3. loss of control
68
Q

Tolerance definition

A

Decreased effect with repeated use, need to take more to produce the same effect

69
Q

Dependence definition

A

the “need” for a drug. Withdrawal symptoms occur upon cessation of use

70
Q

Acute functional tolerance

A

tolerance which occurs within a signle drug exposure

71
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

a long-lasting change that occurs in the brain in response to a stimulus (in this case a drug) which tends to reverse the mechanism of action of the drug

72
Q

Experiences that produce pleasure increase dopamine in the

A

Nucleus Accumbens

73
Q

Reinforcement

A

Learning process that leads to repetition of a behavior

74
Q

Reinforcer

A

Object or experience that follows a behavior and leads to an increase in that behavior

75
Q

Operant conditioning

A

method used to demonstrate reinforcement. animal learns behavior in order to get a reward

76
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

reward follows behavior

77
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removing an aversive stimulus follows the behavior

78
Q
A

Applied Neuroscience (4 decks)

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