Exam 1 Flashcards
Six most important chemical elements
CHNOPS
Big 4 molecules of life
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Starch
- chains of sugar molecules
- plants store energy this way
Glycogen
- tons of glucose molecules connected
- humans store energy this way
Cellulose
- sugar found in the cell wall of plants
Saturated fats
completely full of H atoms
Unsaturated fats
2 H atoms going opposite ways
Cholesterol
- hydrophobic
- used to produce important hormones
Ribosome
- site of translation (protein synthesis)
- link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA
Mitochondrion
- respiration and energy production occur here
- double membrane w inner layer folded to make layers
Nucleus
contains genetic material within membrane
Golgi apparatus
packages products made in the cell into vesicles for release or storage
lysosome
contains degradative enzymes used to break down material or apoptosis
Do all neurons contain myelin?
No
Do inhibitory synapses have dendritic spines?
No
3 ways to classify neurons
- shape and polarity
- the neurotransmitters or chemicals they contain or release
- location or where they project to
Responsible for supporting the neurons and surrounding brain tissue
Glial cells
Cell that makes up 50% of the cells in the nervous system
Glial cells
T or F. Glial cells cannot generate or transmit nerve signals
True
5 types of non-neuronal cells in the brain
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal Cells
- Stem Cells
Star-shaped cell that provides glucose and removes waste from neurons while regulating chemical environment
Astrocytes
What makes up the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Purpose of myelin sheaths
to allow rapid communication between cells
Myelination
Oligodendrocytes wrap extensions of their cell membranes around section of the exon
Sense chemical changes in blood and remove pathogens and debris from the brain
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
- line ventricles of the CNS
- secrete cerebrospinal fluid, detect chemical signals
Stem cells
- make new neurons and glia
- immortal or long-lasting self-renewal
T or F. Stem cells can make microglia
FALSE
Ionotropic Receptor
- located on the ion channel protein
- fast acting
Metabotropic Receptor
- NOT located on ion channel
- can activate nearby channels & second messengers
- slower acting
Dopamine receptor
- metabotropic
- ligand gated: dopamine
- g protein coujpled
How many times does dopamine cross the cell membrane?
seven
Excitatory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential
increases
Inhibitory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential
decreases
Frontal lobe
speech
Occipital lobe
vision
Cerebellum
motor control
Spinal cord
carries sensory & motor information
Brain stem
regulates autonomic processes
Temporal lobe
memory, understanding language
Parietal Lobe
Perception, making sense of the world, artithmetic, spelling
Wernicke’s Aphasia
speak, read, and write, but cannot understand language. their communication is nonsensical
Broca’s Aphasia
understand but not speak well or at all
Motor cortex
contracting muscles
cerebellum
motor coordination, procedural learning
basal ganglia
voluntary control of movement, and reward
Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
reward
Dorsal striatum (caudate putamen)
movement
- Parkinson’s results when these cells die
dAnterior cinculate cortex
attention and arousal. active when thinking about literally anything
Prefrontal cortex
most elaborated part of frontal cortex. important for behavioral inhibition
orbitofrontal cortex
highly elaborated. behavioral inhibition
hippocampus
learning and memory
dentate gyrus
motivated behavior, emotion
CA1-CA3 fields
the faster you exercise, the faster and stronger the synapses
hypothalamus
autonomic functions
preoptic area
reproduction. controls gonads
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)
stress
arcuate nucleus
feeding
Suprachiasmatic nuecleus
sleep wake cycles, circadian rhythm
Where do all dopamine neuron cell bodies reside?
The midbrain
Substantia nigra
voluntary control of movement
Ventral tegmental area
dopamine reward region
Reward circuit
VTA to NAC
Hindbrain nuclei
- dorsal raphe
- locus coeruleus
Dorsal Raphe
where serotonin neuron cell bodies reside
Locus coeruleus
where norepinephrine neuron cell bodies reside
Heritability
proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic differences (basically a proportion of variation)
Does heritability go up or down when you remove variation?
Down because you are taking away the genetic options
Gene
a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA molecule
Two main dopamine projections
- Substantia nigra to caudate putamen (Parkinson’s)
- VTA to NAC (reward, motivation, addiction)
D1-like (D1 and D5) dopamine receptors
cause signaling that causes excitability
D2-like (D2, D3, D4) dopamine receptors
opposite of D1 like
Promotor
where transcription factor binds
Junk DNA
introns. can be important for variation and the expression of genes
Epigenetics
Life experiences can be passed down to your children
