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Applied Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Six most important chemical elements

A

CHNOPS

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2
Q

Big 4 molecules of life

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Starch

A
  • chains of sugar molecules
  • plants store energy this way
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4
Q

Glycogen

A
  • tons of glucose molecules connected
  • humans store energy this way
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5
Q

Cellulose

A
  • sugar found in the cell wall of plants
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6
Q

Saturated fats

A

completely full of H atoms

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7
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

2 H atoms going opposite ways

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8
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • hydrophobic
  • used to produce important hormones
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9
Q

Ribosome

A
  • site of translation (protein synthesis)
  • link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA
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10
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • respiration and energy production occur here
  • double membrane w inner layer folded to make layers
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11
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material within membrane

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages products made in the cell into vesicles for release or storage

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13
Q

lysosome

A

contains degradative enzymes used to break down material or apoptosis

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14
Q

Do all neurons contain myelin?

A

No

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15
Q

Do inhibitory synapses have dendritic spines?

A

No

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16
Q

3 ways to classify neurons

A
  1. shape and polarity
  2. the neurotransmitters or chemicals they contain or release
  3. location or where they project to
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17
Q

Responsible for supporting the neurons and surrounding brain tissue

A

Glial cells

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18
Q

Cell that makes up 50% of the cells in the nervous system

A

Glial cells

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19
Q

T or F. Glial cells cannot generate or transmit nerve signals

A

True

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20
Q

5 types of non-neuronal cells in the brain

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
  5. Stem Cells
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21
Q

Star-shaped cell that provides glucose and removes waste from neurons while regulating chemical environment

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

What makes up the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Purpose of myelin sheaths

A

to allow rapid communication between cells

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24
Q

Myelination

A

Oligodendrocytes wrap extensions of their cell membranes around section of the exon

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25
Q

Sense chemical changes in blood and remove pathogens and debris from the brain

A

Microglia

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26
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • line ventricles of the CNS
  • secrete cerebrospinal fluid, detect chemical signals
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27
Q

Stem cells

A
  • make new neurons and glia
  • immortal or long-lasting self-renewal
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28
Q

T or F. Stem cells can make microglia

A

FALSE

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29
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A
  • located on the ion channel protein
  • fast acting
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30
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A
  • NOT located on ion channel
  • can activate nearby channels & second messengers
  • slower acting
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31
Q

Dopamine receptor

A
  • metabotropic
  • ligand gated: dopamine
  • g protein coujpled
32
Q

How many times does dopamine cross the cell membrane?

A

seven

33
Q

Excitatory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential

A

increases

34
Q

Inhibitory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential

A

decreases

35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

speech

36
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor control

38
Q

Spinal cord

A

carries sensory & motor information

39
Q

Brain stem

A

regulates autonomic processes

40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

memory, understanding language

41
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Perception, making sense of the world, artithmetic, spelling

42
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

speak, read, and write, but cannot understand language. their communication is nonsensical

43
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

understand but not speak well or at all

44
Q

Motor cortex

A

contracting muscles

45
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordination, procedural learning

46
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary control of movement, and reward

47
Q

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

A

reward

48
Q

Dorsal striatum (caudate putamen)

A

movement
- Parkinson’s results when these cells die

49
Q

dAnterior cinculate cortex

A

attention and arousal. active when thinking about literally anything

50
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

most elaborated part of frontal cortex. important for behavioral inhibition

51
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

highly elaborated. behavioral inhibition

52
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory

53
Q

dentate gyrus

A

motivated behavior, emotion

54
Q

CA1-CA3 fields

A

the faster you exercise, the faster and stronger the synapses

55
Q

hypothalamus

A

autonomic functions

56
Q

preoptic area

A

reproduction. controls gonads

57
Q

paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

A

stress

58
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

feeding

59
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuecleus

A

sleep wake cycles, circadian rhythm

60
Q

Where do all dopamine neuron cell bodies reside?

A

The midbrain

61
Q

Substantia nigra

A

voluntary control of movement

62
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

dopamine reward region

63
Q

Reward circuit

A

VTA to NAC

64
Q

Hindbrain nuclei

A
  1. dorsal raphe
  2. locus coeruleus
65
Q

Dorsal Raphe

A

where serotonin neuron cell bodies reside

66
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

where norepinephrine neuron cell bodies reside

67
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic differences (basically a proportion of variation)

68
Q

Does heritability go up or down when you remove variation?

A

Down because you are taking away the genetic options

69
Q

Gene

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA molecule

70
Q

Two main dopamine projections

A
  1. Substantia nigra to caudate putamen (Parkinson’s)
  2. VTA to NAC (reward, motivation, addiction)
71
Q

D1-like (D1 and D5) dopamine receptors

A

cause signaling that causes excitability

72
Q

D2-like (D2, D3, D4) dopamine receptors

A

opposite of D1 like

73
Q

Promotor

A

where transcription factor binds

74
Q

Junk DNA

A

introns. can be important for variation and the expression of genes

75
Q

Epigenetics

A

Life experiences can be passed down to your children

Applied Neuroscience (4 decks)

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