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EBM > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical parts of the stallions repro tract

A

Scrotum, testis, epididymis, vas deferense, accessory sex glands, urethra, and penis

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2
Q

What is the location, type, and function of the scrotum

A

External from the rest of the body, pendulous, and protect the testis

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3
Q

When does testicular descent occur

A

Last 30 days of gestation to 10 days of age

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4
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

One or two testis that does not fully descend into the scrotum

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5
Q

What is a ridgling

A

A cryptorchid but a thoroughbred

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6
Q

What is a bilateral cryptorchid

A

Both testis are undescended making the horse sterile but still behaves like a stallion

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7
Q

What is a unilateral cryptorchid

A

One testis is undescended and is still fertile but not as much spermatozoa is produced

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8
Q

What is the function of the testis

A

Sperm and testosterone production

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9
Q

What are physical characteristics of stallion testis

A

Oval shaped at a horizontal orientation and the tail of the epididymis should be facing the tail of the stallion

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10
Q

What are unique characteristics of equine sperm

A

Tail is offset and swim in large arcs

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11
Q

How does the size of the testis vary on season

A

Like in females a decrease in melatonin produced in long seasonal days increases their hormone production directly increasing the size of the testis and how much sperm they are producing

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12
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

Maturation and storage (tail)

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13
Q

What is a physical characteristics of the epididymis

A

Convoluted tubules

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14
Q

What are the methods of thermoregulation

A

Pampiniform plexus, tunica dartos, skin, and cremaster muscle

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15
Q

What is pampiniform plexus

A

Convoluted organization of an artery coming from the body is wrapped by the veins that returns blood to the body cooling the blood coming from the body

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16
Q

What is the tunica dartos

A

One of the external muscles that goes around the whole scrotum and contracts/relaxes based on temp. Heat = relaxes Cold = contraction

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17
Q

What is the temp regulation in the skin of the scrotum

A

There are temperature sensitive sweat glands that helps w/ evaporative cooling

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18
Q

What is the cremaster muscle

A

Fight or flight based muscle that contracts anytime the stallion is nervous or tense

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19
Q

How does the cremaster muscle differ from the tunica dartos

A

The cremaster is not temp based. The cremaster is longer and stronger compared to the tunica dartos but it does not have as much stamina

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20
Q

What does the accessory sex glands produce

A

Seminal plasma

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21
Q

What forms ejaculate/semen

A

Spermatozoa mixed w/ seminal plasma

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22
Q

What are the accessory sex glands

A

Ampullae, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

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23
Q

What is the function of the ampullae

A

Produces secretion that is used as a buffer to protect the sperm from changes in pH and temp

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24
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles

A

Produces post ejaculate gel fraction

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25
Q

What is the function of gel fraction

A

Keeps sperm from another stallion from being able to swim as easily inside the mare

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26
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

Produces post ejaculate that cleanses the urethra after sperm passes

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27
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands

A

Produces the pre sperm fraction that cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation

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28
Q

What is the relationship between teasing and seminal plasma produced by the accessory sex glands

A

The more you tease the more seminal plasma he produces

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29
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

It is the common passage way of urine and semen

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30
Q

What is a unique management step that must be done w/ the urethra

A

Smegma gets collected around the urethra opening keeping from being able to urinate or ejaculate well so this is cleaned out once a year

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31
Q

What does cleaning a urethra more frequently than annually cause

A

The amount of good bacteria naturally present could decrease increasing the likelihood of infection

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32
Q

What is the prepuce

A

Base of the penis

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33
Q

What is the sheath

A

Tissue that surrounds the penis

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34
Q

What is the function of the sheath

A

Protects the penis

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35
Q

What is a unique management step for the sheath

A

Cleaning should occur once a year when the smegma is removed

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36
Q

What type of penis does the stallion have

A

Musculo cavernous meaning that it is all muscle based so it will get engorged when erected

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37
Q

What is the head of the penis called

A

Glans penis

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38
Q

What is the function of the penis

A

Ejaculate semen into the mares cervix

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39
Q

What is an unique aspect of the penis

A

It is bell shaped allowing it to lock into and stretch the cervix

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40
Q

What happens in the mare after ejaculation to deliver the sperm to the oviduct

A

The mare receives an oxytocin release contracting the uterus to deliver the sperm and if she is around the stallion for a second time and is still in estrus she will experience another oxytocin release to contract any fluid out of the uterus

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41
Q

What is the HPT

A

Hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis

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42
Q

What occurs w/in the HPT axis

A

LH and FSH trigger production of testosterone from the testis and converts estrogen into testosterone

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43
Q

What happens if you exogenously give testosterone

A

The production of testosterone actually decreases

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44
Q

What are the two cell types in the testis

A

Leydig and sertoli

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45
Q

Where are leydig cells

A

In the interstitium which is in between the tubules

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46
Q

What hormone affects leydig cells and what is their function

A

LH triggers the production of testosterone

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47
Q

Where are sertoli cells located

A

In the seminiferous tubules

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48
Q

What hormone affects sertoli cells and what is their function

A

FSH triggers spermatogenesis producing spermatoza

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49
Q

What hormone is produced when FSH production has hit its threshold

A

Inhibin

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50
Q

What does testosterone do

A

Secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior, maintenance of spermatogenesis, and negative feedback on GnRH

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51
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics

A

Crusty neck, muscling, larger jowls, and shine on hair coat

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52
Q

What does estrogen do

A

Synthesized from testosterone by sertoli cells

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53
Q

What are seasonal effects in stallions

A

Plasma hormone concentrations is lowered, less libido, testicular size is lowered and weight, sperm production and output

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54
Q

How does size of the testicle change the daily sperm production

A

The larger the testis the larger DSP

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55
Q

What is daily sperm output

A

DSO average during breeding season is 3.35 billion range of 2.6 to 6.6 billion

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56
Q

What is a general practical application of sperm production

A

Assume DSO is 27% of number of sperm collected during 1st collection of the season

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57
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm cells

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58
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

In the seminiferous tubules

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59
Q

How does spermatogenesis move in the seminiferous tubules

A

Large amounts are produced starting at the outer edge of the membrane and gradually move inwards towards the lumen

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60
Q

What is the blood testes barrier

A

Gap junctions that act as a convertor belt as a closed system moving w/ developing spermatocytes separating the basal and luminal compartments protecting the sperm

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61
Q

How long does it take for spermatogenesis to occur

A

Takes about 60 days for one sperm cell to get from bottom to top

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62
Q

How does heat stress affect spermatogenesis

A

Stops all forms of development for that time period

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63
Q

How long will it take a stallion to produce healthy sperm after experiencing true heat stress

A

2 months

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64
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis

A

What is happening near the basement membrane cell is producing daughter cells that is identical to the original cell

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65
Q

When during spermatogenesis does the blood testes barrier close behind cells

A

During meiosis

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66
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Sperm cells that are 1/2 of the stallions genetic material and the cytoplasm forms the droplet that falls off

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67
Q

Where is the DNA stored in the sperm

A

The nucleus that is in the head piece

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68
Q

Where is mitochondria located in the sperm and what is its function

A

It is located in the midpiece and provides the sperm with energy for swimming

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69
Q

What locations of defects greatly decrease achieving fertilization

A

Defects located in the head or midpiece

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70
Q

How do we want to protect when collecting and evaluating semen

A

Hot temps, cold temps, and UV lights

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71
Q

What all is evaluated w/in a semen evaluation

A

Visual assessment, volume, progressive motility, concentration, and morphology

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72
Q

What is measured during the visual assessment

A

Color, opacity, consistency, and contamination

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73
Q

What is included in the total volume

A

Presperm, sperm rich fraction, and gel rich fraction

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74
Q

Does volume equal amount of sperm cells

A

NO

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75
Q

When looking at the motility what type of samples are needed

A

One raw sample and one w/ extender

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76
Q

What are you looking for when evaluating motility of sperm

A

Looking for how many can get from point A to point B

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77
Q

How do you count sperm for motility

A

Multiply sets of 10

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78
Q

When should you evaluate the motility of raw semen

A

Since it is just the ejaculate you should look at it first to compare and determin if there is an issue with the stallion or the human

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79
Q

What is extended semen

A

When you mix raw semen with extender diluting sperm cells

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80
Q

Why do we use extended semen for percentage progressive motility

A

Because it is the most accurate way to represent motility do to the more dilute concentration of the sperm cells

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81
Q

What are two measurement tools used to measure concentration of sperm

A

Hemocytometer and densimeter

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82
Q

What is the dilution ratio for using a hemocytometer

A

1:100 fomalin

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83
Q

What are the two ways to set up a hemocytometer

A

Unipette and hemocytometer resupply kit

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84
Q

How is unipette used

A

A vial that has prescribed amount of formalin in the bottom and a hole is punctured in the top then a capillary tube sucks up a small amount of semen to be squeezed into the formalin

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85
Q

How is a hemocytometer resupply kit set up

A

There is a little formalin vial w/ two pipette tips a long one and a short one. The short one goes in the vial w/ semen and is shaken to mix

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86
Q

How do you count the sperm once it is concentrated and set up on both stages

A

Sperm is counted in the 4 corners and the center box then that total is multiplied by 5

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87
Q

How long does counting sperm on the hemocytometer take

A

About 20 minutes

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88
Q

How is the densimeter used to count sperm

A

You put formalin in the machine to zero it then take the red pipette tip to put sperm in the sample then mix it place it in the machine and hit count.

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89
Q

How accurate is the densimeter

A

Pretty accurate w/ 100-200 ml concentration but can be overestimated if there is a contamination in the sample

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90
Q

How long does the densimeter take to count sperm

A

About 4 mins but you can only use raw semen

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91
Q

How do you evaluate morphology

A

Mixing one drop of eosin-nigrosin stain w/ either extended or raw semen

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92
Q

What happens to the sperm cells when mixed w/ stain

A

The sperm cells that are pink were damaged or dead when the stain was applied

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93
Q

How do you count sperm to get a percentage of morphology

A

You count 100 random sperm cells and keep track of what defects they have

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94
Q

What is a primary defect

A

A defect that is the result of spermatogenesis that effects the head & midpiece

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95
Q

What is a secondary defect

A

A defect that occurs to storage or handling and involves the tail

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96
Q

When is percentage of morphology typically done

A

At the beginning of the season, spot checks if he has a good initial evaluation or if there are low pregnancy rates

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97
Q

What is a normal pH for sperm

A

7.2-7.7

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98
Q

When is a pH abnormally high

A

When there is an infection or contamination

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99
Q

What does a computer assisted sperm analyzer measure

A

Motility, concentration, morphology, and velocity

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100
Q

What does isperm measure

A

Motility, concentration, morphology, and kinetics

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101
Q

When are male horses bred

A

When they have high quality genetics or adequate promoting/competition

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102
Q

What are valuable genetic qualities

A

Conformation, performance, and genetic progress

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103
Q

What are two things that the industry wants us to be thinking about when breeding

A

Valuable genetic qualities and purpose for the foal/possible market

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104
Q

What are other things to consider when breeding

A

Economic benefit vs sentimental reasons, ability to manage pregnant mares, and ability to manage and train young foal

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105
Q

What is a maiden mare

A

A mare that has never had a foal before or has never been bred before

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106
Q

What is a foaling mare

A

Mare that is having a foal this year then cycling back and being bred again

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107
Q

What is a not bred mare

A

Had a foal before but it wasnt attempted to bred them the next year

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108
Q

What is an aborted “slipped” mare

A

Lost a foal but we often dont know when they lost the foal this is primarily for lost prior to the third trimester and is not gestationally appropriate

109
Q

What is a barren mare

A

Had a foal before we tried to get the mare pregnant but she was not able to get pregnant

110
Q

Whats the relationship between a barren mare and pregnancy rates

A

The longer the mare is barren the harder it is for her to get pregnant

111
Q

What two types of mares have the highest pregnancy rates

A

Maiden mares and foaling mares

112
Q

What are the two breeding methods

A

Natural service/live cover or AI

113
Q

What are different ways to accomplish natural service or live cover breeding

A

Pasture breeding or hand breeding

114
Q

What are different was to accomplish AI

A

Fresh extended semen/on site AI, cooled transport semen/cool stored/cooled semen, or frozen semen/frozen thawed semen

115
Q

Describe pasture breeding

A

Stallion is turned out w/ one or multiple mares for a period of time. This is a hands off approach but you could track the mares cycle to determine when to turn out the stallion. Provides less opprotunity to mess things up

116
Q

What is a benefit of pasture breeding

A

Allows for natural courting behavior

117
Q

What is a stallions natural courting behavior and its hands off

A

Approaching from the side of the shoulder and touching the nose first then moving it to the flank, several false mounts or misplaced mounts to test if the mare is in heat, Chest bump on the flank, finally rearing up and mounting the mare

118
Q

What is a sign of ejaculation in a stallion

A

Tail flagging because some muscles that control ejaculation pulses also control tail movement

119
Q

What is the disadvantage of pasture breeding

A

We dont know the breeding date unless you put them in for a small amount of time

120
Q

Describe hand breeding

A

The stallion and mare are both caught and brought together in the breeding shed involving multiple individuals and various equipment for both the mare and stallion

121
Q

What are requirements for a breeding shed

A

Predictability, good footing, escape routes, free of distractions, and strategy for height discrepancy

122
Q

How many people are necessary for hand breeding

A

Two

123
Q

What are other personal roles involved in hand breeding

A

Tail man, roll man, leg man, inserter, and dismount sample collecter

124
Q

What is stallion equipment that is used in hand breeding

A

Halter and a lead rope, lead shank, and breeding bridle

125
Q

What is a leading shank for

A

It is a longer lead that is long enough to rear up and can be helpful for the stallion to predict when it is time for breeding

126
Q

What is mare equipment that can be used when hand breeding

A

Halter, lead/shank, twitch, shroud, boots, and leg restraing or hobbles

127
Q

What does the lip twitch do in the mare

A

Releases endorphins to decrease the likelihood of the mare hurting the stallion or handlers

128
Q

What is a shoulder shroud

A

Equipment that has bite straps on the mare over the mane to protect the mare and give stallion something to hold onto

129
Q

What are leg restraints

A

Holds the mares leg up to keep her from kicking the stallion and is released once the stallion is mounted

130
Q

What are boots for

A

Helps the mare brace herself so she doesnt get knocked off the ground

131
Q

What are breeding pads/bars used for

A

As a brace for the mares chest

132
Q

What are mare specific requirements

A

Endometrial culture, CEM culture, EVA vaccination, and EHV vaccination

133
Q

What is done w/ mare processing

A

Identification, tail wrap, perineal cleaning, lubrication, stallion identifier, teasing box, set up and restrain, and test mount

134
Q

Why is the stallions penis hygiene after breeding

A

Rinse off w/ water in case he was contaminated with something by the mare

135
Q

What is impregnation or reinforcement breeding

A

Take dismount sample and mix it w/ semen extender and infuse it into the uterus to increase pregnancy rates by about 12% in some stallions and mares

136
Q

What other post breeding processes are done w/ hand breeding

A

Monitor PBE and confirm ovulation

137
Q

When should breeding occur in hand breeding

A

12-48 hrs before ovulation

138
Q

What are two methods to breed 12-48 hrs pre ovulation

A

Breeding every other day while in heat starting on day 3 if she comes into estrus naturally or ultrasound to determine when to breed and induce ovulation

139
Q

How many times should a stallion ideally bred a mare during an estrus cycle

A

Once

140
Q

What is doubling

A

When you bred a mare twice in one estrus cycle this is extremely discouraged

141
Q

What are advantages of natural service or live cover

A

Optimizes semen quality, mare receives high sperm count, no semen processing error, cervical dilation, uterine contractions, and often less expense than AI

142
Q

What are disadvantages to natural service or live cover

A

Need to transport mare +/- foal, stallion scheduling, potential for venereal disease transmission, less ideal for PBE mares, and low risk of injury

143
Q

What are used for semen collection

A

Artificial vagina or condoms

144
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial vagina

A

Mimics the feeling and temp of natural breeding and is used w/ a breeding dummy or phantom or for ground collection

145
Q

What is the purpose of a condom

A

Goes around the penis when he has an erection and he is able to ejaculate in the mare but the ejaculation is collected

146
Q

What are the three types of artifical vaginas

A

Missouri, Nishikawa, Colorado

147
Q

What is are characteristics of Missouri AV

A

Allows for additional pressure to be applied but does not maintain temp very well is light and flexible

148
Q

What are characteristics of Nishikawa AV

A

A firm metal casing that has latex liner inside that holds water between the metal and the latex has a point where the collection apparatus is attached and the penis can completely get stuck resulting in cutting off the AV

149
Q

What are characteristics of the Colorado AV

A

Has a big PVC outer liner w/ a latex liner that folds over the PVC and a soft liner inside then is filled w/ water the latex is replaced w/ every use holds a good temp but is heavy and cant be manipuated easily

150
Q

What are the steps for on site AI or fresh extended semen

A

Collect, evaluate, and add extender for breeding dose

151
Q

What is the standard PMS dose

A

> 500 million PMS/mare

152
Q

What is the volume range for a breeding dose

A

10-80 mL

153
Q

What is the min extender to semen dilution

A

1:1 but you can always add extender

154
Q

What is the window to inseminate mares after collection for on site breeding

A

w/ in 3 hours and it needs to slowly cool down to room temp

155
Q

What are the steps of AI

A

Loading breeding dose into syringe, wrap/tie up tail, hygiene perineum w/ ivory soap, Inseminate, monitor PBE, and confirm ovulation

156
Q

When do you want to bred w/ AI

A

12-48 hrs before ovulation

157
Q

What are the two methods to bred a mare w/ AI prior to ovulation

A

Breed every other day while in heat and ultrasound to determine when to bred and induce ovulation

158
Q

What are advantages of AI

A

Decreased risk of injury to mare and stallion, allows for breeding of size mismatched mare and stallion, semen eval more accurately accomplished, can breed multiple mares w/ 1 ejaculate, decrease risk of disease transmission, and beneficial for mares susceptible to endometritis

159
Q

What are disadvantages of AI

A

Requires advanced knowledge and skills, semen processing, mare movement, may increase cost to mare owner due to intensity of breeding management, and more rapidly and widely propagares venereal and heritable diseases

160
Q

What are the processing steps for cooled transported or cooled semen

A

Collect, evaluate, and add extender for breeding

161
Q

Where can cooled semen be transported to

A

Anywhere if can be delivered w/in 24 hrs

162
Q

How much PMS should be in each cooled semen breeding dose

A

1 billion PMS/mare

163
Q

What is the volume of each cooled semen breeding dose and why

A

40-60 mL total volume because that is how much each shipping container is designed to carry

164
Q

What is the extender:semen ratio for a cooled shipped dose

A

3:1 so sperm live longer

165
Q

What is the sperm/mL range

A

25-50 million sperm/mL fluid

166
Q

What happens if the semen volume is denser or looser packed

A

If semen is densely packed its going to increase the cooling time while if its loosely packed its going to decrease the cooling time

167
Q

What is the breeding dose formula for cooled semen

A

M PMS/(m/mL)(PM) sum + amount of extender then * m/mL

168
Q

What is the breeding dose formula for on site AI

A

M PMS/(m/mL)(PM)

169
Q

How do you round your breeding dose w/ on site AI

A

Always round up

170
Q

How many doses goes in each package of cooled semen

A

2 doses incase something happens to one syringe

171
Q

What are the two ways cooled semen stays cooled when shipping

A

The equitaner or a disposable styrofoam container

172
Q

What are timing strategies when using cooled shipped semen

A

Tease or ultrasound to determine start of estrus, Track w/ ultrasound to determine timing to order semen should be 24 hrs prior to desired breeding only on MWF, Induce ovulation and breed, ultrasound to confirm ovulation, and Keep in mind semen availability when short cycling

173
Q

What are two things that you must keep in mind when deciding when to order semen

A

follicles grow 2.3-3 mm/d and Edema max 24 hrs prior to ovulation

174
Q

What are advantages of using cooled shipped semen

A

Increase genetics available and no transportation of stallion or mare

175
Q

What are disadvantages of cooled shipped semen

A

Short sperm longevity, semen availability constraints, and problems w/ shipments

176
Q

What are the processing for frozen semen

A

Collect, evaluate, add extender & centrifuge, re suspend in freezing extender, package in straws, and freeze in liquid nitrogen

177
Q

Is there an industry standard on frozen semen breeding doses

A

No

178
Q

What are the typical breeding doses

A

Single 0.5 ml straw to eight straws but usually it is four to eight straws

179
Q

What do you do w/ frozen semen breeding doses if acceptable pregnancy rate is not achieved

A

Increase number of PMS

180
Q

Time strategies for frozen semen timing

A

Frozen thawed sperm survive as briefly as 6-8 hrs, oocyte lives 12 hrs, and highest pregnancy rates w/ insemination 12 hr before to 6 hr after ovulation

181
Q

What is the timed protocol for frozen semen timing strategies

A

Induce ovulation when >35mm and edema, AI w/ thaw semen 24 hrs later, AI w/ thaw semen 24 hrs later, monitor PBE, and confirm ovulation

182
Q

What does the time protocol assume

A

The gametes live 8 hrs and uses 2 frozen semen doses

183
Q

What are the two ways to monitor ovulation w/ frozen semen

A

Timed protocol and induce ovulation monitor PBE every 6 hours after but uses 1 dose

184
Q

What are the types of AI w/ frozen semen

A

Thaw frozen semen and insemination w/ either deep horse insemination at horn or deposit semen in the body

185
Q

What are advantages of AI frozen semen

A

International shipping, breeding to deceased stallions, and semen may be shipped well in advance in breeding

186
Q

What are disadvantages of AI w/ frozen semen

A

Semen is often expensive, semen often sold by the dose w/ no live foal gaurantee, lower pregnancy rates than by other methods even if same number of PMS inseminated, and not ideal for older maiden, barren mares, or those w/ breeding problems

187
Q

What are the three things that go into successful breeding

A

Breeding management, mare factors, and stallion factors

188
Q

What are aspects of breeding management that goes into successful breeding

A

Experience of breeder and veterinarian, selection of breeding method, estrus detection, and, ID and treatment of problem mares

189
Q

What are mare factors that go into successful breeding

A

Health and breed, age (mid teens), parity, previous problems, and interval since last foaling (shorter intervals = higher preg rate)

190
Q

What are stallion factors that go into successful breeding

A

Health and breed, age, semen processing, breeding routine, and booking

191
Q

How much does reinforcement breeding increase pregnancy rates

A

About 12% if used >200 m sperm

192
Q

What is the general rule when using frozen semen

A

Per cycle expect 50% of the typical pregnancy rate of the stallion to be achieved using frozen semen from the same stallion

193
Q

What are the goals of assisted repro technologies

A

Produce offspring from deceased horses, increase number of foals from genetically valuable individuals, decrease intergenerational interval, obtain foals from mares w/ non repro and select repro health problems, and facilitate breeding of sub fertile animals

194
Q

With embryo transfer what are the characteristics of the donor mare

A

Produces the embryo, potentially a performance mare that has an ongoing career, younger the better the outcome, and must not have reproductive issues but they can be reproductively unsound

195
Q

What are the requirements for a donor mare

A

Must be able to ovulate, have a healthy uterine environment, and must be able to support EED

196
Q

With embryo transfer what are characteristics of the recipient mare

A

Mare receives the embryo, optimal age 3-10yrs, has had previous foals, close to the size of the donor, and have good reproductive function

197
Q

Why should the receipt mare be around the same size as the donor mare

A

Because the size of the uterus determines the size of the foal so if the receipt mare has a smaller uterus then the foal will have a smaller BW and will likely not live up to its genetic potential

198
Q

What are the management steps for a donor mare

A

Routine breeding management, +/- super ovulation, and remember 50% embryos are recovered/ovulation

199
Q

What are breeding steps for a recipient mare

A

The recipient mare should ovulate 1-2 days after the donor so either there needs to be access to a large recipient herd or 2 recipients need to be synchronized w/ the donor

200
Q

When do you recovery an embryo

A

If you are using cryopreservation it is 6 days post ovulation if you are immediately transferring it is 7-8 days post ovulation

201
Q

During embryo transfer recovery why is one arm inserted into the rectum

A

The embryo likes to stick to the side of the uterus so during recovery we pat the sides of the uterus

202
Q

What are the two options for trans cervical transfer of the embryo

A

Deep horn or regular insertion into the uterus

203
Q

What are the two ways to preserve an embryo

A

Either ship it cooled w/in 24 hrs of transfer or freeze by vitrification in liquid N

204
Q

What are the outcomes of embryo transfer

A

On average 3 attempts yields 1 live foal, multiple ovulations increase chances, and pregnancy loss rate is 10% more than typical AI

205
Q

What are other ART options

A

Oocyte retrieval, ICSI, cloning, sex sorted semen, and epididymal sperm

206
Q

What are characteristics of oocyte retrieval

A

Requires an unovulated oocyte, can harvest from deceased mares, utilizes transvaginal follicular fluid aspiration, and you can use the gametes for oocyte transfer or ISCI

207
Q

How does transvaginal follicular fluid aspiration work

A

One hand is in the rectum w/ ultrasound viewing the follicles and guiding the other hand that is in the repro tract w/ a syringe needing to poke each follicle and suck up the oocyte

208
Q

What is the process of intracytoplasmic sperm (ICSI)

A

Inject sperm into oocyte, sperm plasma membrane is broke, oocyte zona pellucida is punctured, sperm is injected into the ooplasm, embryo cultured for growth, and transcervical transfer of about 7 day embryo

209
Q

What is the overall success rate of ICSI

A

10%/oocyte recovered

210
Q

What are the comparisons between ICSI and ET

A

Pregnancy rate of ICSI is 10% less than ET, Pregnancy loss is about 10% more than ET, Produces more embryos than ET, ovulations both have to be lined up, and ICSI is more successful than IVF

211
Q

How are clones made

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer by taking recipients egg and removing the nucleus then injecting it into donors cell

212
Q

Is a clone an exact duplicate

A

No the mitochondrial DNA is the same but epigenetic changes do occur along w/ differences in post natal environment and training

213
Q

When and who was the first born equine clone

A

Prometea was born in 2003

214
Q

What species do we typically clone

A

Mules because you cant transfer the genetics any other way

215
Q

Will any breed associations allow clones to register

A

No but multiple disciplines do not require registration and allow clones to compete

216
Q

How is sex sorted sperm seperated

A

X and Y chromosome sperm physically separated by flow cytometry and electrically charged dye

217
Q

What type of dose is sex sorted sperm

A

low dose of fresh or frozen insemination

218
Q

What is epididymal sperm

A

Harvesting non ejaculated sperm for vas deferens and tail of the epididymis after testes are removed either at death or castration

219
Q

What are the pregnancy rates when using epididymal sperm

A

30%-45%

220
Q

What are the three components of a breeding soundness exam

A

Physical health, free from hereditary defects, and repro health

221
Q

When are BSE preformed

A

Purchasing and not currently pregnant, before expensive ART, and history of repro problems

222
Q

What are repro problems that indicate the need of an BSE

A

Not conceiving, repeat embryonic death, dystocia, and endometritis

223
Q

How do BSEs vary w/ maidens

A

They are typically abbreviated to maintain the pristine uterine environment unless there are health concerns or it is an older maiden

224
Q

What is the overview of the BSE process w/ a mare

A

General physical exam and health, external repro tract exam, rectal palpation, transrectal ultrasound, cervical examination, endometrial culture and cytology, and endometrial biopsy

225
Q

What parts of the mare BSE are typically skipped unless there is a concern found during the other portions of the exam

A

Endometrial culture and cytology and endometrial biopsy

226
Q

What is two health concerns that will keep mares from being used as broodmares

A

Lameness and arthritis (front legs are worse)

227
Q

When does repro efficiency decrease

A

In their teens

228
Q

What are all aspects of the mares general health BSE

A

Age, medications/supplements, and chronic medical conditions

229
Q

What are things to look at in the repro history aspect of the mare BSE

A

Baren, foaling, or maiden, breeding methods, and last parity

230
Q

What are hereditary defects looked at during the mares BSE

A

Bilateral cataracts, malocclusions, and genetic diseases

231
Q

What are looked for/at during the mares external repro exam and rectal palpation

A

Pneumovagina, vulva alignment, and abnormal size of tract

232
Q

What are looked for during the transrectal ultrasound during a mares BSE

A

Ovarian abnormalities such as a granulosa cell tumor and uterine abnormalities such as air in uterus, uterine fluid, and uterine cysts

233
Q

What is the grade system for identifying uterine fluid

A

1-4, 4 being the least severe

234
Q

How are uterine cysts formed

A

From fluid not degrading after edema is formed in the endometrium must map these at the beginning of every breeding season

235
Q

When are uterine cysts a problem

A

When they develop in a nest affecting the embryos ability to complete MR and effects placentation

236
Q

What are the two ways a cervical examination can be done during a mares BSE

A

Palpation is done mostly to avoid additional contamination but a speculum is used if there is trauma or scarring recognized

237
Q

What is searched for during a mares cervical exam

A

Fibrosis, infection, urovagina, adhesions, and lacerations

238
Q

What is a urovagina

A

Urine gets trapped in front of the cervix in a pool

239
Q

When is an endometrial cytology and culture done during a mares BSE

A

When endometritis is observed or suspected looking for WBCs in the cytology and bacteria, fungus, or yeast in the culture

240
Q

What is looked for w/ and endometrial biopsy

A

Endometrial fibrosis in the glands which is where the microvilli of the chorion develop

241
Q

What does a biopsy look like when endometrial fibrosis is present

A

There are large areas where there are no glands present

242
Q

What is the grade system for endometrial fibrosis

A

1-3, 3 being the most severe

243
Q

When is a stallion BSE preformed

A

Prepurchase, prior to stud career, onset of breeding season, and subfertility

244
Q

What are the reasons for a subfertility BSE

A

ID causes and mgmt to optimize fertility

245
Q

What is the goal of stallion BSE

A

Selection of high quality breeding stock in terms of repro efficiency however results are suggestive of the stallions fertility only on the day of the exam and the conditions the test was preformed w/

246
Q

What are the standards for stallions

A

To be able to bred 40 mares natural cover or 120 by AI at a 75% seasonal preg rate

247
Q

What is the overview of a stallion BSE

A

General physical exam and history, evaluation of teasing behavior, exam of external genitalia, microbial cultures, evaluation of breeding behavior, 1st semen collection and eval, exam of scrotal contents, ultrasound of internal aspects, 2nd semen collection and eval, and additional diagnostics as desired

248
Q

What are looked at in terms of general health during a stallion BSE

A

Age, chronic medical conditions, meds/supplements, and housing/work

249
Q

What repro history is looked at during a stallion BSE

A

Breeding methods, handling routine, frequency of breeding, types of mares bred, and breeding success

250
Q

What hereditary defects are looked at in a stallion BSE

A

Bilateral cataracts, malocclusions, cryptorchidism, and genetic disorders

251
Q

What are dominant genetic diseases

A

HYPP, PSSM1, MYHM, and MH

252
Q

What are recessive genetic disorders

A

GBED, HERDA, and OLWS

253
Q

What are looked at when evaluating the teasing behavior of a stallion

A

Time to erection (<2 min), handleability, juvenile behavior (pay close attention to mare but forget about the handler), and libido

254
Q

What is looked for when examining the stallions external genitalia

A

Need to see the penis erected to evaluate for swollen sheath, carcinomas, blood in the urethra, and blisters

255
Q

Where are microbial cultures collected and when are they collected

A

Urethra, urethral fossa, urethral sinus, penile shaft and prepuce swabs are taken prior and after collection

256
Q

What goes into evaluating breeding behavior

A

TIme to erect, mounting coordination, coupling/thrusting, ejaculation, and dismount

257
Q

What is the goal for the first semen collection and eval

A

> 1 billion PM morphologically normal sperm

258
Q

What is per cycle pregnancy rate correlated w/

A

% PM sperm, total number of PM sperm, % MN sperm, and total number MN sperm

259
Q

What is looked at and identified during the examination of the scrotal contents

A

Testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, and skin are looked at we identify cryptorchid and measure the scrotum

260
Q

How can you measure the scrotum

A

Via ultrasound or calibers

261
Q

What is looked at internally w/ an ultrasound during a stallion BSE

A

Accessory sex glands, internal inguinal rings, and terminal aorta

262
Q

When is the 2nd semen collection done and what is the goal for the semen

A

1 hr after 1st collection and the goal is also >1 billion PMMN but will be harder to achieve

263
Q

What are additional diagnostics that are done as desired w/ stallions

A

Semen can be tested for EVA, have a chromatin analysis done, and an electron microscopy, a contagious equine metritis culture, and endoscopy

264
Q

What are the interpretation categories for stallions based on BSE findings

A

Satisfactory prospective breeder, specifically qualified satisfactory prospective breeder, unsatisfactory prospective breeder, and classification deferred

265
Q

What qualifies a stallion for specifically qualified satisfactory prospective breeder

A

Does not meet spermiogram criteria for 40 mares w/ natural service or 120 mares by AI but acceptable preg rates can be achieved under certain management conditions

266
Q

What qualifies a stallion for unsatisfactory prospective breeder

A

Fails to produce at least 1 billion PMMN sperm in each of two ejaculates AND either suffers from a heritable defect, fails to demenstrate normal breeding behavior that will not improve w/ training, has an infection in the repro tract that is unlikely to get cured, does not posses two normal testes and epididymides, or has a scrotal width of less than 9 cm

267
Q

What qualifies a stallion for classification deferred

A

Used when it is believed that sperm quality will improve over 60 days

268
Q

How do you get the stallion at DSO prior to evaluation

A

Collect the stallion BID for 5 days

269
Q

What is the best measure of a stallions fertility

A

Foaling rate

EBM (3 decks)

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