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EBM > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the expected time length for stage 3 of parturition

A

Should be w/in 3 hours

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2
Q

What is the primarily accomplishment of stage 3 of parturition

A

Delivery of the placenta

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3
Q

What is an active management step we do suring stage 3 of parturition

A

Tying the placenta to allow gravity to help deliver it and keep the mare from stepping on it and tearing it

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4
Q

What is one red flag we monitor for during stage 3 of parturition

A

Retained placenta

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5
Q

About what percentage of the foals body weight should equal the weight of the placenta

A

About 10%

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6
Q

What is an abnormally heavy placenta an indication of

A

Placentitis or inflammation

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7
Q

What is the normal weight range of a placenta

A

9.7-17 lbs

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8
Q

What does an abnormal placenta typically mean

A

That the foal was compromised

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9
Q

When we are evaulating a placenta what are we looking for

A

Normal color, tears and if they match up, or holes

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10
Q

Why do we look for holes in the placenta

A

If there is a true hole in the placenta then there is a chance that a piece of it is still in the repro tract of the mare that could cause infection

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11
Q

Where is a hole most likely to be on the placenta

A

The non gravid horn

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12
Q

What is the hippomane

A

Aggregation of minerals that come from the foals urine

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13
Q

Why is the gravid horn’s tissue typically thicker

A

Because that is where the foal’s legs are so the tissue is thicker to protect from kicking

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14
Q

Why could parts of the placenta be different shades of red

A

Different times of detachment from the uterus, bruising, or infection

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15
Q

What are normal avillous regions

A

Cervical star, allantochorian pouch, and insertion of cord

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16
Q

What is the cervical star

A

Where the placenta connects to the cervix

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17
Q

What is the allantochorian pouch

A

Part of the allantochoric membrane is folded during development keeping it from developing villi w/ the uterus

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18
Q

Why would the location of the cord develop avillous regions

A

Because the foal constantly pulls on the cord

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19
Q

What are other normal placental findings

A

Allantoic pouches, yolk sace remnant, and appropriate autolysis

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20
Q

What is appropriate autolysis

A

When parts of the placenta detach from the uterus prior to other parts

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21
Q

What is yolk sac remnant

A

A reminance of the yolk sac that is present in the placenta

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22
Q

What is an allantoic pouch

A

A little fluid filled sac that was attached to the allantois

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23
Q

What are abnormal placental findings

A

Large avillous regions, abnormal density of villi, placentitis, thickened placenta, placental hemorrhage, and meconium staining of amnion

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24
Q

What causes large avillous regions

A

Twin pregnancies and cysts on the uterus

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25
Q

What are reasons for abnormally dense villi

A

An unhealthy uterus or a fluke occurrence

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26
Q

What is placentitis

A

Inflammation of the placenta that makes it look like a thick layer of snot

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27
Q

What is thickened placenta caused by

A

Fescue or placentitis

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28
Q

What is placental hemorrhage

A

Trauma or rupture of the blood vessels in the placenta

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29
Q

How does meconium stain the amnion

A

The foal becomes destressed in the uterus and defecate which is a huge infection/pneumonia risk

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30
Q

What is ascending placentitis

A

Bacteria enters the cervix and infects the placenta near the cervical star

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31
Q

When is a placenta considered retained

A

16 hrs

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32
Q

Why is a retained placenta such an issue in horses

A

Horses have a very sensitive inflammatory response

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33
Q

What is the first management step to avoid a retained placenta

A

Oxytocin injections given around 2 hrs

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34
Q

What are other management steps for retained placenta

A

Uterine lavage and antibiotics

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35
Q

What is a common cause of laminitis in late gestational mares

A

Decrease blood flow of the feet

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36
Q

What are three rare mare delivery complications

A

Uterine tear, hemorrhage, and perineal tear

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37
Q

Why is it better to not sow a perineal tear

A

If you dont sow it up it would let them heal from the inside out to avoid infection

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38
Q

What are some post partum management steps

A

Pain relievers, monitor fecal output, feeding, and deworming

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39
Q

What does banamine do as a pain reliever post partum

A

Blocks prostaglandins

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40
Q

When do mares typically start defecate after foaling

A

12-18hrs occasionally over 24 but the vets come out to reduce the risk of impaction colic

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41
Q

When do we feed grain to post partum mares

A

After they defecate normally

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42
Q

Why do we deworm mares post partum

A

Because they can pass internal parasite to the foal thru milk

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43
Q

When do we not deworm mares post partum

A

If they are current for the spring

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44
Q

What is involution

A

When the uterus shrinks down to a normal size and there is repair in the endometrial lining that is assisted by oxytocin and exercise

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45
Q

How long does involution typically take

A

21 days

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46
Q

What is lochia

A

Discharge from the repro tract that is the result of endometrial repair process that occurs w/in the first 10 days post partum

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47
Q

What are the two main aspects of post partum foal care

A

Monitor benchmarks and early identification of red flags

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48
Q

What is eponychium

A

Soft spongy build up on the bottom of the foals hoof that protects the mares repro tract

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49
Q

What is typical umbilical dip made of

A

Dilute chlorahex at a 1:4 w/ repeat treatments

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50
Q

What kinda treatmeant is iodine

A

One time treatment that dries up the stump quickly, can trap bacteria in the umbilical cord, can be caustic to the skin

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51
Q

What are the benchmarks for the foal

A

Sternal position, suckling reflex, standing up on their own, nursing, begin passing meconium, and urination

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52
Q

When should a foal be in sternal

A

W/in minutes on their own

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53
Q

When should a foal suckle

A

Roughly 15-30 mins

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54
Q

When should a foal be up on their own

A

1-2 hrs

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55
Q

When should a foal nurse

A

2-3 hrs

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56
Q

When should a foal start passing meconium

A

3-6 hrs

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57
Q

When should a foal urinate

A

Roughly 12 hrs

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58
Q

What is the 1-2-3 rule

A

1 is standing on own 2 nursing 3 placenta

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59
Q

When is APGAR done

A

Minutes 1 and 4

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60
Q

What does APGAR stand for

A

Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration

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61
Q

What path does the foal take when attempting to nurse

A

Pheromones are produced that brings the foal to the chest then a different smell takes them to the shoulder then to the udder

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62
Q

How do we test the colostrum

A

With a colostrimeter, refractometer, and bulb hydrometer

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63
Q

When does foal rejection typically happen

A

When the mare associates the foal w/ pain or is scared of them

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64
Q

What is patent urachus

A

When the urachus goes thru the bladder to the allantois and stays open causing urine to drip out bringing a high risk of infection

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65
Q

When does gut closure start

A

Around 12 hrs of age and is fully closed by 24

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66
Q

What stops as pinocytosis occurs to close the gut

A

Colostrum absorption stops

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67
Q

What is the goal for passive transfer of antibodies

A

800mg/dL

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68
Q

When is passive transfer evaluated

A

Early 8-12hrs and Late 18-24hrs

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69
Q

What makes foals high risk for failure of passive transfer

A

Agalactia, prelactation, poor quality colostrum, and sick or injured neonate

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70
Q

What can occur if meconium gets stuck

A

Impaction colic

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71
Q

How do we prevent meconium from getting stuck

A

Give enemas

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72
Q

What does normal milk feces look like

A

Pasty yellow that occurs around 12hrs of age

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73
Q

When are medications given to a foal

A

After vet recommendatoin

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74
Q

What two meds are given to foals at MU to prevent clostridum

A

Metronidazole and biosponge

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75
Q

What is colstridium

A

Bacteria that is common in foals

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76
Q

What are red flags in neonates

A

Sleeping standing, not nursing, sleeping on the back, legs tucked up close to body, sleeping w/ neck out, one leg tucked up and one over its head, and leg abnormalities

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77
Q

Why do foals typically have leg abnormalities

A

Because of how the foal was positioned in the uterus

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78
Q

What are common leg abnormalities in foals

A

Flexural deformities, contracture/laxity of tendons, and angular limb deformities

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79
Q

When is laxity typically seen in foals legs

A

When they are dysmature

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80
Q

When is contracture seen in foals legs

A

Seen in larger foals

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81
Q

What is valgus

A

Knees pointing in

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82
Q

Varus

A

Knees pointing out

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83
Q

What is the order of the mare’s repro anatomy from the outside in

A

Vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovaries

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84
Q

How are equine ovaries shaped

A

Like kidney beans

85
Q

What are the parts of the vulva

A

Labia, dorsal commissures, ventral commissures, and clitoris

86
Q

What is the dorsal commissure

A

Where the vulva and labial lips meets near the anus

87
Q

Where is the ventral commissure

A

The bottom of the vulva

88
Q

What should the relationshiop of the dorsal and ventral commissures be

A

They should form a straight line

89
Q

What is pneumovagina

A

Air gets into the vagina

90
Q

How can bacteria get in the repro tract

A

Thru air or water

91
Q

How do horses get pneumovagina

A

If their dorsal comissure is tilted

92
Q

What is a management stragety to avoid pneumovagina

A

A caslicks procedure

93
Q

When does a mare have a caslick in place past 2 weeks prior to foaling

A

Mares that have a caslicks until they are foaling are mares that have a serios tilt and are at a high risk of getting a pneumovagina that could cause ascending placentitis

94
Q

What is the vestibule

A

A piece of tissue that has a tight muscular sphincter that prevent backflow of urine into the repro tract

95
Q

When is the hymen located

A

The vestibule

96
Q

How does the cervix change w/ estrus

A

The cervix is tone and pale during diestrus but is vascularized and relaxed during estrus

97
Q

What are unique aspects of the cervix

A

Longitudinal mucosal folds and the cervix getting so relaxed that the stallions penis can enter the cervix and ejaculates inside

98
Q

What does the cervix have that protects the repro tract from bacteria

A

A sphincter

99
Q

What are the three anatomical barriers of defense

A

Vulva, vestibule, and cervix

100
Q

What kind of uterus does a horse has

A

A bicornuate which means it has a large uterine body and small uterine horns

101
Q

How does the uterus change w/ estrus

A

It has tone if it is in diestrus but during estrus the uterus is relaxed and have endometrial folds that fill w/ edema

102
Q

What are endometrial folds (unique aspect of the uterus)

A

Lining of the uterus that fill w/ fluid during estrus, assist sperm, and secrete milk/hormones to support the pregnancy

103
Q

How are oocytes able to hang out in the oviducts

A

The uterus does not produce PGE keeping the tissue from relaxing

104
Q

What are unique aspects of the ovaries

A

They are kidney shaped and the mesothelium has lining that covers the majority of the ovary

105
Q

Where is the medulla located on the ovary

A

The outer layer to prevent multiple ovulations from occuring

106
Q

What is the function of the mesothelium

A

Limits the location of where the mare can ovulate from

107
Q

Where is the cortex on the ovary

A

Located on the inside of the ovary and is where follicles grow

108
Q

What is the ovulation fossa

A

Germinal epithelium that is the only place ovulation can occur

109
Q

What are the natural protective methods against twin pregnancies

A

Mesothelium, the medulla being on the outer layer, the cortex being on the inside of the ovary, and the ovulation fossa

110
Q

What shape does a follicle take on as it grows

A

Tear drop

111
Q

What is the order of corpus formed

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum, corpus luteum, and corpus albuicas

112
Q

What are the different types of follicles

A

Primary, secondary, graafian, and antrum

113
Q

What part of a graafian follicle cells produce androgen

A

Theca interna

114
Q

What graafian follicle cells produce estrogen

A

Granulosa cells

115
Q

What is estrogen responsible for

A

Endometrial edema, relaxed cervix, and behavioral signs of estrus

116
Q

When is the onset of puberty

A

12-15 months

117
Q

What is the estrous cycle length

A

21-23 days

118
Q

What is the estrus length

A

4-6 days

119
Q

When is ovulation

A

24-48 hrs before the end of estrus

120
Q

How many ovulations are per cycle

A

Designed to be one but can be 2-3

121
Q

What is foal heat

A

The first ovulation after a mare foals this is 5-16 days post foaling however involution has not completed but as long as endometrial repair will be completed by the time the embryo would enter the uterus she can be bred (10+ days post foaling)

122
Q

What is the most critical aspect of breeding management

A

Estrous cycle detection

123
Q

What is the advantages and disadvantages of transrectal ultrasounds

A

You can visulaize exactly what the horse is doing but you either have to pay somone or have someone at the barn that is an expert as well as have an ultrasound

124
Q

What is the best way to detect estrus since the follicle can be present during estrus and diestrus

A

By looking to see if there are endometrial folds present in the uterus

125
Q

What is a hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

A

A follcile that grows but never ovulates and fills like a CH

126
Q

When are CLs present

A

ONLY during diestrus

127
Q

What is fluid in the uterus a sign of

A

Inflammation

128
Q

What is the scale for edema

A

0-4 four meaning there is lots of edema

129
Q

Why dont we breed unless edema is present

A

Because there has to be a source of estrogen for us to breed

130
Q

How can we prodict when ovulation is

A

The edema spikes than drops 24 hrs prior to ovulation

131
Q

What will a mare do if in estrus when teasing

A

Raise tail, urinate, tilts pelvis, steps out wide, and winking

132
Q

What does a mare do when in diestrus while teasing

A

Sometimes they are dorsal but for the most part they clearly want nothing to do w/ them

133
Q

What can affect a mares behavior when teasing

A

Herd dynamics, wet (lactating) mares, silent heat (mare that shows no behavior estrus signs)

134
Q

What is seasonal polyestrus

A

Multple estrous cycles occur w/in a breeding season

135
Q

What kinda breeders are horses

A

Seasonal long day breeders

136
Q

When do most mares typically ovulate

A

April to September

137
Q

What is a transition period

A

When their body is ramping up for the spring season (mid feb to late april) or when they are shutting down for fall (mid sept to late nov)

138
Q

Can there be variable ovulation during transition periods

A

Yes

139
Q

How do the ovaries look during anestrous

A

Small due to a lack of hormonal stimulation

140
Q

What does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin

141
Q

What is the amount of melatonin produced based off of

A

The amount of daylight the animal is exposed to

142
Q

What is HPO

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Ovarian Axis

143
Q

What is the dark, melatonin, HPO activity relationship during short days

A

increase in dark leads to increase in melatonin leads to decrease HPO activity

144
Q

What is the dark, melatonin, and HPO activity relationship during long days

A

Decrease in dark leads to decrease in melatonin leads to increase in HPO activity

145
Q

What are other factors that affects HPO activity

A

Multple hormones at play, hemispheres, and domestication

146
Q

How has domestication affect HPO activity

A

Feral horses have less food so the have a lower BCS so they are incredibly season and follow the forage growth

147
Q

Characteristics of estrus

A

Lasts 4-6 days, follicular phase, estrogen is present, behavioral signs of estrus, and ends w/ ovulation

148
Q

Characteristics of diestrus

A

17-19 days, luteal phase, progesterone present, non receptive toward stallion, and ends w/ release of prostaglandin

149
Q

What is the time line for CL maturation

A

Grows for 5 days then is mature for days 6-13 then regresses for 2 days present a total of 16 days

150
Q

What determines how much estrogen a follicle produces

A

The size of the follicle

151
Q

Where are FSH/LH produced and what stimulates them to be produced

A

The anterior pituitary and FSH is stimulated to be produced by GnRH while LH is stimulated by GnRH and estradiol

152
Q

What does FSH affect and how does it affect it

A

It targets te granulosa cellls and promotes follicular growth then increases the production of inhibin and estradiol

153
Q

What does LH affect and how does it affect it

A

Targets theca interna cells and increases androgens (makes estradiol), follicle maturation, triggers ovulation, and CL formation

154
Q

What is estrogen responsible for

A

Edema, cervical relaxation, behavioral estrus, spike of estrogen triggers LH production, and can inhibit LH

155
Q

What is inhibin

A

Produced by the follicle it decreases the production of FSH to reduce the amount of large follicles being produced

156
Q

What is progesterone important for

A

Mammary development, inhibits effect of GnRH regulating LH, and maintnance of pregnancy

157
Q

What is the path of estradiol

A

From theca interna cells/granulosa cells, goes to hypothalamus/pituitary/repro tract, prepares for pregnancy, and regulates GnRH, FSH, and LH

158
Q

What is the path of inhibin

A

Produced by granulosa cells, goes to the anterior pituitary, allows for dominant follicle selection, and inhibits FSH

159
Q

What is the path for progesterone

A

Produced by luteal cells of CL, goes to hypothalamus/uterus/mammary glands, maintains pregnancy, triggers mammary growth and secretions, and regulates LH via GnRH

160
Q

What is the path of PGF2alpha

A

Released if MRP does not occur from the uterus, targets luteal cells of a mature CL, and causes luteolysis

161
Q

What are unique aspects of PGF2alpha

A

Travels thru the peripheral circulation having little metabolism in lungs and has a greater effect

162
Q

How is the dominant follicle selected

A

After the first follicluar wave is over LH is produced allowing all smaller follicles to regress then the second follicluar wave triggers the follicluar growth of the dominant follicle

163
Q

What happens during the luteal phase

A

Selection and recruitment of follicles

164
Q

When is the only time LH is produced

A

When there is not a CL present

165
Q

What is the purpose of having two follicular waves

A

To ensure that there is a much larger follicle comapared to the others for ovulation

166
Q

When does a dominant follicle start producing estrodiol/inhibin and is receptive to LH

A

Around 22mm in size

167
Q

How much of estrodial, FSH, and LH are produced during the recruitment phase

A

Small amounts of estrodial/LH and large amounts of FSH

168
Q

How much estrodial, FSH, and LH are produced during the selection phase

A

Medium amounts of estrodiol/LH and small amounts of FSH

169
Q

How much estrodiol, FSH, and LH is produced during the dominance phase

A

Large amounts of estrodiol/LH and small amounts of FSH

170
Q

What happens when estrogen peaks then drops

A

When it peaks it triggers the production of LH and it drops due to a drop in FSH production

171
Q

What increases the production of progesterone

A

A developing CL

172
Q

What does luteolysis decrease and what is this triggered by

A

Decreases progesterone production and is triggered by a spike in PGF2alpha

173
Q

Agonist

A

Acts like the hormone yielding similar results

174
Q

Antagonist

A

Binds to the receptor but blocks it keeping action from occuring

175
Q

What is the purpose of using artifical lights to induce early cyclicity

A

It decreases melatonin production increasing the HPO activity essentially fooling the horse into starting ovulation earlier

176
Q

What should the artifical lights protocal be if you want your mare to foal in Jan

A

Should be put under lights around thanksgiving and should be bred around Feb 14th

177
Q

How long do horses have to be exposed to light in a day

A

14.5-16 hrs a day

178
Q

What does domperidone do

A

It is a dopamine antagonist resulting in an increase of prolactin

179
Q

What is domperidone used for

A

Managing fescue toxicosis and to manage mares that have a lack of udder development/milk production

180
Q

What is ECP

A

Estradiol Cypionate is an estrogen agonist that must be given IM

181
Q

What are the uses for ECP

A

Induces estrus behavior and assists/allows for stallion collection

182
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Increases uterine contraction and triggers milk let down that is usually given IM but can be given IV

183
Q

What is oxytocin used for

A

Get rid of inflammation in the uterus, could be used in a protocol for inducing parturition, and induces milk let down

184
Q

What does prostaglandin do

A

Induces luteolysis

185
Q

What is prostaglandin used for

A

Short cycling but must be given IM only

186
Q

What is the down fall of using prostaglandin

A

If you dont know where they are in their cycle you do not know how affective this will be

187
Q

When is giving prostaglandin effective

A

5 days after ovulation to ensure there is a mature CL

188
Q

When will a mare return to estrus

A

3-5 days aka about a week depending on the waves

189
Q

How does giving prostaglandin effect the horse

A

The horse becomes crampy for about 30 mins to an hour so it is important to not allow horses to associate the pain w/ people or to give grain w/in an hour of giving

190
Q

What does giving LH/GnRH do

A

Causes a natural release of LH

191
Q

What is GnRH used for

A

Induces an ovulation surge but there has to be a presence of estrogen for this to work

192
Q

What type of surge does horses have

A

A long surge

193
Q

When is LH/GnRH effective

A

Ovulatory sized follicle 35mm or greater and edema must be present

194
Q

What are the two primary LH and GnRH used

A

hCG (LH agonist) and Deslorelin (GnRH agonist)

195
Q

Why is it not recommended to give hCG more than two times a breeding season

A

Because hCG is foreign proteins to the horse leading them to developing antibodies decreasing its effectiviness this can be decreased when given IV

196
Q

What is Deslorelin

A

A slowly degrading gel that does not create antibodies and is administered IM

197
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Induces luteal phase and makes the body think they are in diestrus w/ a CL present

198
Q

What are the uses for progesterone

A

Supplement to support pregnancy prior to day 120, suppresses estrus behavior, and estrus synchronization

199
Q

Why is it beneficial to give progesterone and estradiol

A

It is a negative feedback on gonadotropins the progesterone inhibits LH and estradiol inhibits FSH shutting down their repro cycle making the ovaries small and synchs follicle growth this is also used to synch mares for ET

200
Q

Why is equine superovulation useful

A

Induces multiple follicles to grow and ovulate at the same time this is useful when using assisted repro tech

201
Q

What is typically used to induce superovulation

A

Recombinant equine FSH this is a reagent for veterinarians

202
Q

What other things can be used for superovulation but are not readily available due to contamination concerns

A

Equine pituitary extracts or equine FSH

203
Q

What is the most common reason mares don’t settle

A

Improper timing of breeding

204
Q

What is the second most common reason mares wont settle

A

Post breeding endometritis

205
Q

What is post breding endometritis

A

Inflammation of the endometrium

206
Q

What causes post breeding endometritis

A

There is a normal inflammation caused by sperm but some have a hyperreaction from sperm or their immune system is not able to fight off the inflammation or bacteria exposure

207
Q

What mares are at a higher risk for post breeding endometritis

A

Older mares and older maiden mares

208
Q

Why are older madien mares at a higher risk for post breeding endometritis

A

Part of the health of the repro tract is being used frequently and if its not the cervix isnt as flexible and gets scaring

209
Q

What are the managements steps of post breeding endometritis

A

Use semen extender w/ antibiotics, less frequent breeding, decrease volume of semen, lavage w/ saline, induce uterine contractions, and +/- dexamethasone treatment

EBM (3 decks)

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