Exam 2 Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
What is the expected time length for stage 3 of parturition
A
Should be w/in 3 hours
2
Q
What is the primarily accomplishment of stage 3 of parturition
A
Delivery of the placenta
3
Q
What is an active management step we do suring stage 3 of parturition
A
Tying the placenta to allow gravity to help deliver it and keep the mare from stepping on it and tearing it
4
Q
What is one red flag we monitor for during stage 3 of parturition
A
Retained placenta
5
Q
About what percentage of the foals body weight should equal the weight of the placenta
A
About 10%
6
Q
What is an abnormally heavy placenta an indication of
A
Placentitis or inflammation
7
Q
What is the normal weight range of a placenta
A
9.7-17 lbs
8
Q
What does an abnormal placenta typically mean
A
That the foal was compromised
9
Q
When we are evaulating a placenta what are we looking for
A
Normal color, tears and if they match up, or holes
10
Q
Why do we look for holes in the placenta
A
If there is a true hole in the placenta then there is a chance that a piece of it is still in the repro tract of the mare that could cause infection
11
Q
Where is a hole most likely to be on the placenta
A
The non gravid horn
12
Q
What is the hippomane
A
Aggregation of minerals that come from the foals urine
13
Q
Why is the gravid horn’s tissue typically thicker
A
Because that is where the foal’s legs are so the tissue is thicker to protect from kicking
14
Q
Why could parts of the placenta be different shades of red
A
Different times of detachment from the uterus, bruising, or infection
15
Q
What are normal avillous regions
A
Cervical star, allantochorian pouch, and insertion of cord
16
Q
What is the cervical star
A
Where the placenta connects to the cervix
17
Q
What is the allantochorian pouch
A
Part of the allantochoric membrane is folded during development keeping it from developing villi w/ the uterus
18
Q
Why would the location of the cord develop avillous regions
A
Because the foal constantly pulls on the cord
19
Q
What are other normal placental findings
A
Allantoic pouches, yolk sace remnant, and appropriate autolysis
20
Q
What is appropriate autolysis
A
When parts of the placenta detach from the uterus prior to other parts
21
Q
What is yolk sac remnant
A
A reminance of the yolk sac that is present in the placenta
22
Q
What is an allantoic pouch
A
A little fluid filled sac that was attached to the allantois
23
Q
What are abnormal placental findings
A
Large avillous regions, abnormal density of villi, placentitis, thickened placenta, placental hemorrhage, and meconium staining of amnion
24
Q
What causes large avillous regions
A
Twin pregnancies and cysts on the uterus
25
What are reasons for abnormally dense villi
An unhealthy uterus or a fluke occurrence
26
What is placentitis
Inflammation of the placenta that makes it look like a thick layer of snot
27
What is thickened placenta caused by
Fescue or placentitis
28
What is placental hemorrhage
Trauma or rupture of the blood vessels in the placenta
29
How does meconium stain the amnion
The foal becomes destressed in the uterus and defecate which is a huge infection/pneumonia risk
30
What is ascending placentitis
Bacteria enters the cervix and infects the placenta near the cervical star
31
When is a placenta considered retained
16 hrs
32
Why is a retained placenta such an issue in horses
Horses have a very sensitive inflammatory response
33
What is the first management step to avoid a retained placenta
Oxytocin injections given around 2 hrs
34
What are other management steps for retained placenta
Uterine lavage and antibiotics
35
What is a common cause of laminitis in late gestational mares
Decrease blood flow of the feet
36
What are three rare mare delivery complications
Uterine tear, hemorrhage, and perineal tear
37
Why is it better to not sow a perineal tear
If you dont sow it up it would let them heal from the inside out to avoid infection
38
What are some post partum management steps
Pain relievers, monitor fecal output, feeding, and deworming
39
What does banamine do as a pain reliever post partum
Blocks prostaglandins
40
When do mares typically start defecate after foaling
12-18hrs occasionally over 24 but the vets come out to reduce the risk of impaction colic
41
When do we feed grain to post partum mares
After they defecate normally
42
Why do we deworm mares post partum
Because they can pass internal parasite to the foal thru milk
43
When do we not deworm mares post partum
If they are current for the spring
44
What is involution
When the uterus shrinks down to a normal size and there is repair in the endometrial lining that is assisted by oxytocin and exercise
45
How long does involution typically take
21 days
46
What is lochia
Discharge from the repro tract that is the result of endometrial repair process that occurs w/in the first 10 days post partum
47
What are the two main aspects of post partum foal care
Monitor benchmarks and early identification of red flags
48
What is eponychium
Soft spongy build up on the bottom of the foals hoof that protects the mares repro tract
49
What is typical umbilical dip made of
Dilute chlorahex at a 1:4 w/ repeat treatments
50
What kinda treatmeant is iodine
One time treatment that dries up the stump quickly, can trap bacteria in the umbilical cord, can be caustic to the skin
51
What are the benchmarks for the foal
Sternal position, suckling reflex, standing up on their own, nursing, begin passing meconium, and urination
52
When should a foal be in sternal
W/in minutes on their own
53
When should a foal suckle
Roughly 15-30 mins
54
When should a foal be up on their own
1-2 hrs
55
When should a foal nurse
2-3 hrs
56
When should a foal start passing meconium
3-6 hrs
57
When should a foal urinate
Roughly 12 hrs
58
What is the 1-2-3 rule
1 is standing on own 2 nursing 3 placenta
59
When is APGAR done
Minutes 1 and 4
60
What does APGAR stand for
Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration
61
What path does the foal take when attempting to nurse
Pheromones are produced that brings the foal to the chest then a different smell takes them to the shoulder then to the udder
62
How do we test the colostrum
With a colostrimeter, refractometer, and bulb hydrometer
63
When does foal rejection typically happen
When the mare associates the foal w/ pain or is scared of them
64
What is patent urachus
When the urachus goes thru the bladder to the allantois and stays open causing urine to drip out bringing a high risk of infection
65
When does gut closure start
Around 12 hrs of age and is fully closed by 24
66
What stops as pinocytosis occurs to close the gut
Colostrum absorption stops
67
What is the goal for passive transfer of antibodies
800mg/dL
68
When is passive transfer evaluated
Early 8-12hrs and Late 18-24hrs
69
What makes foals high risk for failure of passive transfer
Agalactia, prelactation, poor quality colostrum, and sick or injured neonate
70
What can occur if meconium gets stuck
Impaction colic
71
How do we prevent meconium from getting stuck
Give enemas
72
What does normal milk feces look like
Pasty yellow that occurs around 12hrs of age
73
When are medications given to a foal
After vet recommendatoin
74
What two meds are given to foals at MU to prevent clostridum
Metronidazole and biosponge
75
What is colstridium
Bacteria that is common in foals
76
What are red flags in neonates
Sleeping standing, not nursing, sleeping on the back, legs tucked up close to body, sleeping w/ neck out, one leg tucked up and one over its head, and leg abnormalities
77
Why do foals typically have leg abnormalities
Because of how the foal was positioned in the uterus
78
What are common leg abnormalities in foals
Flexural deformities, contracture/laxity of tendons, and angular limb deformities
79
When is laxity typically seen in foals legs
When they are dysmature
80
When is contracture seen in foals legs
Seen in larger foals
81
What is valgus
Knees pointing in
82
Varus
Knees pointing out
83
What is the order of the mare's repro anatomy from the outside in
Vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovaries
84
How are equine ovaries shaped
Like kidney beans
85
What are the parts of the vulva
Labia, dorsal commissures, ventral commissures, and clitoris
86
What is the dorsal commissure
Where the vulva and labial lips meets near the anus
87
Where is the ventral commissure
The bottom of the vulva
88
What should the relationshiop of the dorsal and ventral commissures be
They should form a straight line
89
What is pneumovagina
Air gets into the vagina
90
How can bacteria get in the repro tract
Thru air or water
91
How do horses get pneumovagina
If their dorsal comissure is tilted
92
What is a management stragety to avoid pneumovagina
A caslicks procedure
93
When does a mare have a caslick in place past 2 weeks prior to foaling
Mares that have a caslicks until they are foaling are mares that have a serios tilt and are at a high risk of getting a pneumovagina that could cause ascending placentitis
94
What is the vestibule
A piece of tissue that has a tight muscular sphincter that prevent backflow of urine into the repro tract
95
When is the hymen located
The vestibule
96
How does the cervix change w/ estrus
The cervix is tone and pale during diestrus but is vascularized and relaxed during estrus
97
What are unique aspects of the cervix
Longitudinal mucosal folds and the cervix getting so relaxed that the stallions penis can enter the cervix and ejaculates inside
98
What does the cervix have that protects the repro tract from bacteria
A sphincter
99
What are the three anatomical barriers of defense
Vulva, vestibule, and cervix
100
What kind of uterus does a horse has
A bicornuate which means it has a large uterine body and small uterine horns
101
How does the uterus change w/ estrus
It has tone if it is in diestrus but during estrus the uterus is relaxed and have endometrial folds that fill w/ edema
102
What are endometrial folds (unique aspect of the uterus)
Lining of the uterus that fill w/ fluid during estrus, assist sperm, and secrete milk/hormones to support the pregnancy
103
How are oocytes able to hang out in the oviducts
The uterus does not produce PGE keeping the tissue from relaxing
104
What are unique aspects of the ovaries
They are kidney shaped and the mesothelium has lining that covers the majority of the ovary
105
Where is the medulla located on the ovary
The outer layer to prevent multiple ovulations from occuring
106
What is the function of the mesothelium
Limits the location of where the mare can ovulate from
107
Where is the cortex on the ovary
Located on the inside of the ovary and is where follicles grow
108
What is the ovulation fossa
Germinal epithelium that is the only place ovulation can occur
109
What are the natural protective methods against twin pregnancies
Mesothelium, the medulla being on the outer layer, the cortex being on the inside of the ovary, and the ovulation fossa
110
What shape does a follicle take on as it grows
Tear drop
111
What is the order of corpus formed
Corpus hemorrhagicum, corpus luteum, and corpus albuicas
112
What are the different types of follicles
Primary, secondary, graafian, and antrum
113
What part of a graafian follicle cells produce androgen
Theca interna
114
What graafian follicle cells produce estrogen
Granulosa cells
115
What is estrogen responsible for
Endometrial edema, relaxed cervix, and behavioral signs of estrus
116
When is the onset of puberty
12-15 months
117
What is the estrous cycle length
21-23 days
118
What is the estrus length
4-6 days
119
When is ovulation
24-48 hrs before the end of estrus
120
How many ovulations are per cycle
Designed to be one but can be 2-3
121
What is foal heat
The first ovulation after a mare foals this is 5-16 days post foaling however involution has not completed but as long as endometrial repair will be completed by the time the embryo would enter the uterus she can be bred (10+ days post foaling)
122
What is the most critical aspect of breeding management
Estrous cycle detection
123
What is the advantages and disadvantages of transrectal ultrasounds
You can visulaize exactly what the horse is doing but you either have to pay somone or have someone at the barn that is an expert as well as have an ultrasound
124
What is the best way to detect estrus since the follicle can be present during estrus and diestrus
By looking to see if there are endometrial folds present in the uterus
125
What is a hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle
A follcile that grows but never ovulates and fills like a CH
126
When are CLs present
ONLY during diestrus
127
What is fluid in the uterus a sign of
Inflammation
128
What is the scale for edema
0-4 four meaning there is lots of edema
129
Why dont we breed unless edema is present
Because there has to be a source of estrogen for us to breed
130
How can we prodict when ovulation is
The edema spikes than drops 24 hrs prior to ovulation
131
What will a mare do if in estrus when teasing
Raise tail, urinate, tilts pelvis, steps out wide, and winking
132
What does a mare do when in diestrus while teasing
Sometimes they are dorsal but for the most part they clearly want nothing to do w/ them
133
What can affect a mares behavior when teasing
Herd dynamics, wet (lactating) mares, silent heat (mare that shows no behavior estrus signs)
134
What is seasonal polyestrus
Multple estrous cycles occur w/in a breeding season
135
What kinda breeders are horses
Seasonal long day breeders
136
When do most mares typically ovulate
April to September
137
What is a transition period
When their body is ramping up for the spring season (mid feb to late april) or when they are shutting down for fall (mid sept to late nov)
138
Can there be variable ovulation during transition periods
Yes
139
How do the ovaries look during anestrous
Small due to a lack of hormonal stimulation
140
What does the pineal gland produce
Melatonin
141
What is the amount of melatonin produced based off of
The amount of daylight the animal is exposed to
142
What is HPO
Hypothalamic Pituitary Ovarian Axis
143
What is the dark, melatonin, HPO activity relationship during short days
increase in dark leads to increase in melatonin leads to decrease HPO activity
144
What is the dark, melatonin, and HPO activity relationship during long days
Decrease in dark leads to decrease in melatonin leads to increase in HPO activity
145
What are other factors that affects HPO activity
Multple hormones at play, hemispheres, and domestication
146
How has domestication affect HPO activity
Feral horses have less food so the have a lower BCS so they are incredibly season and follow the forage growth
147
Characteristics of estrus
Lasts 4-6 days, follicular phase, estrogen is present, behavioral signs of estrus, and ends w/ ovulation
148
Characteristics of diestrus
17-19 days, luteal phase, progesterone present, non receptive toward stallion, and ends w/ release of prostaglandin
149
What is the time line for CL maturation
Grows for 5 days then is mature for days 6-13 then regresses for 2 days present a total of 16 days
150
What determines how much estrogen a follicle produces
The size of the follicle
151
Where are FSH/LH produced and what stimulates them to be produced
The anterior pituitary and FSH is stimulated to be produced by GnRH while LH is stimulated by GnRH and estradiol
152
What does FSH affect and how does it affect it
It targets te granulosa cellls and promotes follicular growth then increases the production of inhibin and estradiol
153
What does LH affect and how does it affect it
Targets theca interna cells and increases androgens (makes estradiol), follicle maturation, triggers ovulation, and CL formation
154
What is estrogen responsible for
Edema, cervical relaxation, behavioral estrus, spike of estrogen triggers LH production, and can inhibit LH
155
What is inhibin
Produced by the follicle it decreases the production of FSH to reduce the amount of large follicles being produced
156
What is progesterone important for
Mammary development, inhibits effect of GnRH regulating LH, and maintnance of pregnancy
157
What is the path of estradiol
From theca interna cells/granulosa cells, goes to hypothalamus/pituitary/repro tract, prepares for pregnancy, and regulates GnRH, FSH, and LH
158
What is the path of inhibin
Produced by granulosa cells, goes to the anterior pituitary, allows for dominant follicle selection, and inhibits FSH
159
What is the path for progesterone
Produced by luteal cells of CL, goes to hypothalamus/uterus/mammary glands, maintains pregnancy, triggers mammary growth and secretions, and regulates LH via GnRH
160
What is the path of PGF2alpha
Released if MRP does not occur from the uterus, targets luteal cells of a mature CL, and causes luteolysis
161
What are unique aspects of PGF2alpha
Travels thru the peripheral circulation having little metabolism in lungs and has a greater effect
162
How is the dominant follicle selected
After the first follicluar wave is over LH is produced allowing all smaller follicles to regress then the second follicluar wave triggers the follicluar growth of the dominant follicle
163
What happens during the luteal phase
Selection and recruitment of follicles
164
When is the only time LH is produced
When there is not a CL present
165
What is the purpose of having two follicular waves
To ensure that there is a much larger follicle comapared to the others for ovulation
166
When does a dominant follicle start producing estrodiol/inhibin and is receptive to LH
Around 22mm in size
167
How much of estrodial, FSH, and LH are produced during the recruitment phase
Small amounts of estrodial/LH and large amounts of FSH
168
How much estrodial, FSH, and LH are produced during the selection phase
Medium amounts of estrodiol/LH and small amounts of FSH
169
How much estrodiol, FSH, and LH is produced during the dominance phase
Large amounts of estrodiol/LH and small amounts of FSH
170
What happens when estrogen peaks then drops
When it peaks it triggers the production of LH and it drops due to a drop in FSH production
171
What increases the production of progesterone
A developing CL
172
What does luteolysis decrease and what is this triggered by
Decreases progesterone production and is triggered by a spike in PGF2alpha
173
Agonist
Acts like the hormone yielding similar results
174
Antagonist
Binds to the receptor but blocks it keeping action from occuring
175
What is the purpose of using artifical lights to induce early cyclicity
It decreases melatonin production increasing the HPO activity essentially fooling the horse into starting ovulation earlier
176
What should the artifical lights protocal be if you want your mare to foal in Jan
Should be put under lights around thanksgiving and should be bred around Feb 14th
177
How long do horses have to be exposed to light in a day
14.5-16 hrs a day
178
What does domperidone do
It is a dopamine antagonist resulting in an increase of prolactin
179
What is domperidone used for
Managing fescue toxicosis and to manage mares that have a lack of udder development/milk production
180
What is ECP
Estradiol Cypionate is an estrogen agonist that must be given IM
181
What are the uses for ECP
Induces estrus behavior and assists/allows for stallion collection
182
What does oxytocin do
Increases uterine contraction and triggers milk let down that is usually given IM but can be given IV
183
What is oxytocin used for
Get rid of inflammation in the uterus, could be used in a protocol for inducing parturition, and induces milk let down
184
What does prostaglandin do
Induces luteolysis
185
What is prostaglandin used for
Short cycling but must be given IM only
186
What is the down fall of using prostaglandin
If you dont know where they are in their cycle you do not know how affective this will be
187
When is giving prostaglandin effective
5 days after ovulation to ensure there is a mature CL
188
When will a mare return to estrus
3-5 days aka about a week depending on the waves
189
How does giving prostaglandin effect the horse
The horse becomes crampy for about 30 mins to an hour so it is important to not allow horses to associate the pain w/ people or to give grain w/in an hour of giving
190
What does giving LH/GnRH do
Causes a natural release of LH
191
What is GnRH used for
Induces an ovulation surge but there has to be a presence of estrogen for this to work
192
What type of surge does horses have
A long surge
193
When is LH/GnRH effective
Ovulatory sized follicle 35mm or greater and edema must be present
194
What are the two primary LH and GnRH used
hCG (LH agonist) and Deslorelin (GnRH agonist)
195
Why is it not recommended to give hCG more than two times a breeding season
Because hCG is foreign proteins to the horse leading them to developing antibodies decreasing its effectiviness this can be decreased when given IV
196
What is Deslorelin
A slowly degrading gel that does not create antibodies and is administered IM
197
What does progesterone do
Induces luteal phase and makes the body think they are in diestrus w/ a CL present
198
What are the uses for progesterone
Supplement to support pregnancy prior to day 120, suppresses estrus behavior, and estrus synchronization
199
Why is it beneficial to give progesterone and estradiol
It is a negative feedback on gonadotropins the progesterone inhibits LH and estradiol inhibits FSH shutting down their repro cycle making the ovaries small and synchs follicle growth this is also used to synch mares for ET
200
Why is equine superovulation useful
Induces multiple follicles to grow and ovulate at the same time this is useful when using assisted repro tech
201
What is typically used to induce superovulation
Recombinant equine FSH this is a reagent for veterinarians
202
What other things can be used for superovulation but are not readily available due to contamination concerns
Equine pituitary extracts or equine FSH
203
What is the most common reason mares don't settle
Improper timing of breeding
204
What is the second most common reason mares wont settle
Post breeding endometritis
205
What is post breding endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
206
What causes post breeding endometritis
There is a normal inflammation caused by sperm but some have a hyperreaction from sperm or their immune system is not able to fight off the inflammation or bacteria exposure
207
What mares are at a higher risk for post breeding endometritis
Older mares and older maiden mares
208
Why are older madien mares at a higher risk for post breeding endometritis
Part of the health of the repro tract is being used frequently and if its not the cervix isnt as flexible and gets scaring
209
What are the managements steps of post breeding endometritis
Use semen extender w/ antibiotics, less frequent breeding, decrease volume of semen, lavage w/ saline, induce uterine contractions, and +/- dexamethasone treatment
