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EBM > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic phase around days 4-5 of gestation

A

Morula

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2
Q

What is the embryonic phase around days 5-6 of gestation

A

Blastocyst

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3
Q

What forms on an equine embryo at day 6 of gestation

A

The glycoprotein capsule

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4
Q

What is the function of the glycoprotein capsule

A

Makes the embryo strong, resilient, and spherical so it will survive the maternal recognition

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5
Q

What is the maternal recognition process in mares

A

The emrbyo bounces around the entire uterus including both uterine horns connecting to as much of the uterus as possible and preventing both overies from producing PGF2alpha

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6
Q

What begins developing at day 10

A

The embryonic disc

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7
Q

What begins developing on day 14

A

The yolk sac

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8
Q

What occurs on days 16-17

A

Fixation and amnion starts to develop

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9
Q

What is fixation

A

When the embryo stops moving around the uterus due to the uterus getting firmer and the size of the embryo

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10
Q

What happens between days 8-16 of gestation

A

The trans-uterine movement occurs due to PGE and PGF produced by the embryo

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11
Q

What does PGE do during the trans-uterine movement

A

It relaxes the isthmus-ampulla junction in the oviduct allowing the embryo into the uterus

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12
Q

What does PGF do during the trans-uterine movement

A

Causes the embryo to be able to move around the uterus for maternal recongition

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13
Q

When is the amnio completely developed

A

Day 18

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14
Q

What occurs on day 21 of gestation

A

The allantois emerges and the capsule that keeps everythings spherical falls off

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15
Q

What occurs on day 25 of gestation

A

The chorionic girdle starts to develop allowing us to visualize a heart beat via ultrasound

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16
Q

Wha occurs on day 30 of gestation

A

The yold sac gets smaller and the other membranes get larger

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17
Q

What occurs on day 35 of gestation

A

The endometrial cups form from the girdle

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18
Q

What is the function of the endometrial cups

A

The secrete equine chorionic gondaotropin (eCG) from the placenta which invades the endometrium of the uterus working alongside progesterone secretion

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19
Q

What occurs on day 40 of gestation

A

The placentation begins forming

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20
Q

What can be done starting day 60 of gestation

A

Fetal sexing can be done transrectally

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21
Q

What happens around day 80 of gestation

A

The fetus fills both horns

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22
Q

What happens around day 95 of gestation

A

Placentation is complete and the mare starts providing the fetus w/ oxygen and nutrients

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23
Q

What is the importance of embryonic movement

A

It signals the maintenance of the first CL around day 14 of gestation

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24
Q

What is the importance of endometrial cups

A

It produces equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

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25
Q

Why is fixation important

A

Signals that the uterus has gotten firm enough and the embryo has gotten large enough that it is not able to move around in the uterus anymore

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26
Q

What is the function of eCG

A

It acts on the receoptor for LH supporting the present CL and causes secondary CL formation

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27
Q

What is the time like of production for eCG

A

Starts being produced around day 35-40 and stops being produced around day 90

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28
Q

What takes over in supporting the CL after eCG is no longer produce

A

5 alpha pregnances

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29
Q

What type of half life does eCG have

A

It has a long half life meaning that it will stay in the body for days

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30
Q

What can eCG cause in other species

A

Super ovulation

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31
Q

What is the first luteal response

A

This is the luteal response that occurs w/ normal ovulation

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32
Q

What is the second luteal response

A

When eCG begins to produce and stimulates the first CL to keep producing progesterone

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33
Q

Do horses ovulate during pregnancy

A

Yes, produces secondary CL’s

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34
Q

When do progestersone levels produced by the CL drop

A

Day 120

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35
Q

What takes place in producing the progesterone after day 120

A

Fetoplacental unit

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36
Q

What is the fetoplacental unit

A

Hormones that is produced by the fetus that is released into the placenta producing other hormones in the mare to maintaining pregnancy

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37
Q

Why does a late gestational mare deliver preterm

A

If there is something wrong w/ either the fetus or the placenta

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38
Q

What is the time line of production for the fetoplacental unit

A

It activates around 70 days of gestation but isnt effective until around 120 days

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39
Q

When is supplemental progesterone advised

A

Anytime prior to 120 days of gestation to help pregnancy hormones until the fetoplacental unit takes over

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40
Q

What is the chorion

A

The dark red side of the allantochorion that connects to the uterus

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41
Q

What is the allantois

A

The dark purple side of the allantochorion that is the wallpaper to the foal that is very vascular and transfers nutrients/oxygen

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42
Q

What is the amnion

A

The thin membrane that directly surrounds the fetus

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43
Q

What is the umbilicus

A

The navel of the fetus that goes thru the allantopic layer

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44
Q

What is the cervical star

A

Part of the placenta that is attached to the cervix that does not provide any nutrients to the fetus

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45
Q

What type of placenta does horses have

A

Diffuse

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46
Q

What is epitheliochorial

A

Nutrients that has to go thru capillaries of the uterus, transfers thru connective tissue, then goes into the chorionic side of the placenta then vise versa

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47
Q

What is neonatal isoerthrolysis

A

If the experienced dam has a different blood type than the fetus which leads to the dam producing antibodies against the foal that is transferred into the colostrum killing the RBC’s in the foal once they drink the colostrum

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48
Q

What position does the foal get into around 7 months to reduce the risk of dystocia

A

The foal’s back legs get tucked into each uterine horn

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49
Q

What is the reasons for early embryonic death

A

Lack of endometrial cup formation, mares that are underweight, mares that are stressed, if there is an error in the development of organ formation/organization

50
Q

Why is twins undersirable

A

A single foal needs to be in contact w/ about 70% of the uterus so when there are two foals twins are different sizes due to the differnce in placenta exposure

51
Q

What does a mares having twins lead too

A

Late term abortions, still borns, and dismaturity in those that do survive

52
Q

Why do most twins come out dismatured or worse

A

Because the type of placena and the size of the uterus the foals are not able to get the appropriate amount of nutrients to survive

53
Q

When are twins more common in mares

A

When ovulatory agents are used

54
Q

How do we manage twins in horses

A

We monitor for double ovulation and chance it or pinch it

55
Q

How is pinching done

A

Before fixation the embryo is squished against the pelives like a grape

56
Q

What are the other ways twins can be avoided

A

Abortion of pregnancy, aspiration, cranio-cervical dislocation, and intracardiac injection

57
Q

What is the only way to remove a twin during late gestation

A

Using the intracardiac injection

58
Q

What are the three ultrasounds that are done

A

The early examination (12d-15d), the heartbeat (25d), and fetal sexing (60d)

59
Q

What two things are used in rectal palpation

A

Tone and size of uterus

60
Q

What are other methods of determining pregnancy

A

Teasing, blood/urine eCG testing, and measuring hormone levels

61
Q

During what trimester requires more nutrients for the mare

A

The third trimester where there is increased stress for the mare due to increased growth

62
Q

What vaccine prevents viral abortion

A

Equine herpes virus (EHV 1 sub type B)

63
Q

What does EHV 1 sub type B due to cause abortions

A

It attacks the blood supply of the placenta

64
Q

When do most abortions caused by EHV 1 sub type B

A

Between 6-10 months

65
Q

How often does the EHV have to be boosted

A

Every 60 days

66
Q

What happens to the BCS of mares during lactation

A

They will loose 1-1.5 BCS so ideal is a 6-6+

67
Q

When are the two important time lines for BCS

A

The last 100 days and early lactation

68
Q

What causes fescue toxicosis

A

The ergot alkaloid found in fescue grass

69
Q

What does fescue grass look like

A

A stem and the leaves form a collar around the stem

70
Q

What produces ergot alkaloid

A

fungal endophyte

71
Q

What does fescue toxicosis do

A

It acts as dopamine agonist which inhibits prolactin, vasoconstriction, and decreases estrogen tissue binding

72
Q

What are the symptoms that arise from fescue toxicosis

A

Agalactia, placental compromise that leads to dysmature foals, thickend placenta, and lower progesterone levels, and prolonged gestation which causes dystocia

73
Q

What is the stress hormone that triggers parturition

A

Fetal cortisol

74
Q

What prevents fescue toxicosis

A

Mares are moved from a pastrue setting between 30d-90d and can be given domperidone to conteract the ergot alkaloid

75
Q

When are pre foaling vaccines given

A

Around 30d prior to foaling (310d)

76
Q

What vaccines are given for pre foaling vaccines

A

Whatever the horse gets as their annual booters

77
Q

Why are pre foaling vaccines given

A

So the anitbodies for the diseases become concentrated in the plasma to be transmitted into the colostrum

78
Q

When should a late gestation mare need to be in their foaling location if it is away from home

A

At least 30d so she can develop normal microbes found in the environment

79
Q

What is the caslick

A

Where the vulva is sown from the anus to about mid vulva to keep bacteria out of the reproductive tract

80
Q

When is fetal viability

A

320d

81
Q

What is the average gestational length

A

340d-360d

82
Q

When does heavy monitoring start

A

Around 310d

83
Q

What is primiparous

A

Means that this is their first pregnancy and is a maiden

84
Q

What is a multiparous

A

An animal that has multiple pregnancies

85
Q

Why does dripping milk typically occur w/in hours of foaling

A

The hormones that induce parturition also induce milk let down

86
Q

When does the udder typically begin filling

A

2-6 weeks prior to foaling

87
Q

When does ligament and muscle relaxation occur

A

Last few weeks

88
Q

When does vulva relaxation occur

A

In the final days prior to gestation

89
Q

What does pH usually do prior to foaling

A

It drops typically below a 6

90
Q

What are red flags to watch when managing pregnant mares

A

Prolonged streaming, lack of udder development, premature udder development, colic symptoms, brown fetid vulva discharge, large painful abdomen, signs of laminitis, and fever

91
Q

What fetal hormone controls the time of parturition

A

Fetal adrenal cortisol

92
Q

What happens when the fetus goes into stress

A

Fetal adrenal cortisol increases activating production of placental PGF2 alpha

93
Q

What does an increase in placental PGF2alpha cause

A

Uterine contractions causing cervical dilation and the levels peak at the end of stage 1

94
Q

Why do we typically not check dilation during parturition

A

Because it could introduce bacteria to the mares repro tract

95
Q

Why is induction not common in mares

A

Because it could cause malpresentations, dysmaturity, colostrum problems, etc

96
Q

What does an increase in oxytocin receptors cause

A

Increases oxytocin response, uterine contractions, surge w/ ferguson reflex, levels peak during stage 2, and triggers milk let down

97
Q

What does the allantochorion rupturing represent

A

Water breaking

98
Q

What is a red bag delivery

A

When the allantochorion does not burst and the amnion does not present the chorion does

99
Q

What is the time line of stage one of parturition

A

Lasts about 4-6hrs and ends w/ water break

100
Q

What two main things occur in stage one

A

The fetus gets into position and there are initial uterine contractions

101
Q

What is the righting reflex

A

When the foal is turned on their back and they have an instinct to turn around

102
Q

What is the tme line for the second stage of parturition

A

Begins w/ water break and ends w/ foal delivering

103
Q

How long should stage two last

A

Less than 30 mins

104
Q

What is the normal posture for a foal during foaling

A

The diving position foot foot nose each about 6 ins apart

105
Q

What is proper presentation for a foal during foaling

A

Anterior longitudinal or foals head towards the mares vulva

106
Q

What is the normal position for a foal during foaling

A

Dorso sacral

107
Q

What is position

A

The relationship between the foals back and the mares spine

108
Q

What is the ferguson reflex

A

A surge of hormones that stretch the birth canal and increase uterine contractions

109
Q

How long can progess be delayed before assisting the foaling

A

5-10 mins

110
Q

Why should you assist the foaling after 5-10 mins

A

Because the placenta has already started to detach which does not allow the foal to get the oxygen it needs

111
Q

What direction should the foal use after the head and shoulders are delivered

A

Toward the mares hocks

112
Q

In what breeds are dystocia more common

A

Thoroughbreds, drafts, and minis

113
Q

What is malposture

A

Misplacement of limbs or head the most common dystocia

114
Q

What is malpresentation

A

Turned around

115
Q

What is malposition

A

Upside down

116
Q

What are dystocias usually caused by

A

Large fetus, weak maternal contractions, and exhausted mares

117
Q

How do you correct dystocia

A

Assisted vaginal delivery, cesarean section, or fetotomy

118
Q

After what amount of time does the chances of stillbirth greatly increase in horses

A

Roughly 30-40 mins

119
Q

What are the two red flags of stage two of parturition

A

Dystocia and delayed progess

120
Q

What is the third stage of parturition

A

Passing placenta

121
Q

What is the time line of the third stage of parturition

A

Starts w/ foal being delivered and ends w/ delivering the placenta

122
Q

How long should stage three of parturition last

A

W/ in 3 hours

EBM (3 decks)

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