Exam 3 Flashcards
0
Q
Surface active molecule; dissolves in water and alters the property of the water by lowering the surface tension
A
Surfactant
1
Q
A process intended to remove souls and/or stains by treatment with aqueous detergent solution and normally including subsequent rinsing, extracting, and drying
A
Laundering
2
Q
Components of detergents
A
Surfactants Builders Optical brighteners/whiteners Enzymes May contain dyed and/or perfumes
3
Q
What is the function of surfactants?
A
Lowers surface tension and allows fabrics to become wet more easily
4
Q
Substances that soften and control pH level of wash water
A
Builders
5
Q
What is the purpose of builders?
A
Inhibit machine corrosion, hold hard water minerals in solution to be rinsed away and not deposited
6
Q
Used to make fabrics look brighter/whiter
A
Optical brighteners/whiteners
7
Q
Type of protein that breaks up starch and protein-based stains
A
Enzymes
8
Q
Which two components of detergent serve no cleaning function?
A
Dyes and perfumes
9
Q
What is the essential ingredient in pre-soak laundry products?
A
Enzymes
10
Q
Eight detergency functions
A
Diluting Wetting Neutralizing Dissolving Saponifying Emulsifying Deflocculating Suspending
11
Q
Applies to suspended or dissolved soil
A
Diluting
12
Q
Penetration of solution into the fabric/fiber structure
A
Wetting
13
Q
The use of acid or alkaline to reach a neutral pH
A
Neutralizing
14
Q
The measure of solvent action as it breaks down and dissolves the soil
A
Dissolving
15
Q
Reaction involving fats and oils with alkalis to form soaps
A
Saponifying
16
Q
Breaks down mineral oils and greases into tiny molecules to disperse them into water
A
Emulsifying
17
Q
Holding soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away
A
Suspending
18
Q
The break down of solid soils into smaller particles to be dispersed into water
A
Deflocculating
19
Q
What aids dilution?
A
Spinning and water spray
20
Q
What are most soils (in terms of pH)?
A
Acidic (pH less than 7)
21
Q
What are most detergents (in terms of pH)?
A
Alkaline (pH more than 7)
22
Q
How do acids and alkaline interact?
A
They neutralize each other
23
Q
What does emulsifying apply to primarily?
A
Mineral oils and greases that cannot be saponified
24
What happens if one of the right detergency functions fails?
Soils will redeposit
25
Two categories of bleach
Oxidizing
| Reducing
26
Two subcategories of oxidizing
Chlorine
| Oxygen
27
What are two kinds of chlorine oxidizing bleach?
Liquid bleach and powder bleach
28
Where is liquid bleach used?
Home laundering
29
What is the process of use for liquid bleach?
Must be diluted and dispersed in water before clothes are added, may leave residue
30
Where is powder bleach used?
Swimming pools
31
Is liquid bleach an acid or alkaline?
Alkaline
32
Where is oxygen oxidizing bleach used?
Home laundering
33
What are two types of oxygen oxidizing bleach?
Liquid and powder
34
What are the benefits of oxygen oxidizing bleach?
Color safe and milder than chlorine, no residue
35
Where is reducing bleach used?
Commercial laundering
36
What is the purpose of reducing bleach?
To neutralize chlorine
37
In which cycle is reducing chlorine used?
The rinse cycle
38
Why don't consumers use reducing bleach?
The gas is toxic to inhale
39
Load size of consumer washing
6-8 lb load
40
What are the cycles in consumer washing?
1 rinse cycle, spin cycle
41
Load size of commercial washing
18 lb load
42
What are the cycles for commercial washing?
4-5 rinse cycles (includes 1 souring cycle), 1 extraction (spin) cycle
43
Liquid used in commercial washing
Softeners, starch/sizing, bacteria stats
44
Acids used to neutralize alkalinity from detergent carryover, water, and bleach
Sours
45
Lubricate fibers and humectants and reduce static
Softeners
46
Attraction and adhesion to fibers
Substantive
47
Two types of home laundering machines
Top-loading automatics and front-loading automatics
48
What is the washing action of a top-loading machine?
Oscillating, consumer only
49
What is the washing action of a front-loading machine?
Tumbling, consumer and commercial
50
Temperature of consumer dryers
Up to 180 degrees F
51
Temperature of commercial drying
Up to 360°F
52
The process of cleaning fabrics with organic solvents
Dry cleaning
53
Amount of dry cleaners in US
30,000 as of 2013
54
Solvents used in dry cleaning
Per and petroleum
55
What are the cycles for dry cleaning?
Wash cycle, drain cycle, extraction cycle, dry/recovery cycle
56
Load size for dry cleaning
50 lb load
57
Drying temperature for dry cleaning
80°F (perc) - 140°F (petroleum)
58
Technique of removing what the dry cleaning machine does not
Spotting
59
Differences between consumer laundering and dry cleaning
Home laundering: clothes immersed in water, average load size 6-8 lb, oscillating or tumbling washing action, one rinse cycle, one spin (extraction) cycle, milder alkali used, oxidizing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 180
Dry cleaning: small amount of water needed, less likely to cause fabric shrinkage and loss of color, process is self-contained, 50 lb load capacity, pre-spotting and post-spotting, wash cycle involves solvent and water, drain cycle, extraction cycle, dry/recovery cycle, drying temperature can be between 80-140
60
Three lines of spotting chemicals
Acids
Alkali
Dry chemicals (no water)
61
Eight stain groups
```
Ink
Protein
Tanin
Spot medicines
Plastic
Dyes
Oils and fats
Iodine, penicillin, silver nitrate
```
62
NVR
Non volatile residue
63
Tanned skin and oil
Leather
64
Skin, hair, and oil
Fur
66
Differences between leather cleaning and fur cleaning
Leather cleaning: petroleum solvent mixed with oil is used to restore softness and flexibility, NVR is desired, solvent is dirtier, clean with solvent oil mixture, repaint, difficult to remove solvent, long recovery time
Fur cleaning: particles placed in tub with solvent, agitation, solvent is drained, fur added into machine with particles, tumbled to clean, dirt remains on fur, once removed fur is shaken, compressed, and brushed to remove any remaining particles after the wash period
67
Universal solvent
Water
68
Suspended solids such as sand, particles of decaying fish, plants
Suspended matter
69
Degree of transparency due to suspended solids
Turbidity
70
Common impurity that contributes to scale
Silica
71
Black bacterial growth
Manganese
72
Rust-forming corrosive
Oxygen
73
Bleaching agent and corrosive
Chlorine
74
Contributes to scale and reduces detergent performance
Hardness
75
Three kinds of soils
Water soluble
Solvent soluble
Particulate- insoluble
76
Examples of water soluble
Sugar, salt, perspiration
77
Examples of solvent soluble
Fats, wax, body oils, cooking oils
78
Examples of particulate
Sand, graphite, carbon
79
36" x 36" hemmed pieces used to bring the weight up to make a full load in standard home laundering conditions
Ballast
80
If spot is known, they can remove it; no residue of spotting chemicals
Pre-spotting
81
Disadvantage to pre-spotting
Do a lot of spotting that the machine may remove during cleaning
82
Remove stains that were not removed during machine cleaning
Post-spotting
83
Disadvantage to post-spotting
More difficult to remove after cleaning; chemicals may leave rings of residue
84
Liquids used in leather cleaning
Petroleum solvent mixed with oil; NVR oil
85
Purpose of solvent-oil mixture in leather cleaning
To restore softness and flexibility
86
Recovery time for leather cleaning
Very long
87
Name of fur cleaning method according to the slides
Furrier Method
88
Process of cleaning fur (8 steps)
1. Particles placed in tub
2. Tub is filled with solvent and agitated
3. Solvent is drained
4. Fur is added to machine with particles laden with solvent and tumble
5. Particles pick up soil
6. Fur is removed after recovery
7. Shake to remove any particles; compressed air used to remove particles
8. Brush
89
Committee formed to facilitate research and info exchange on pollution and prevention efforts
Design for the Environment (DfE)
90
When was the DfE formed?
1992- International Roundtable on Pollution Prevention and Control in the Dry Cleaning Industry
91
Four alternative cleaning methods
Wetcleaning
Liquid carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon solvents
Silicone solvents
92
What is wet cleaning meant to replace?
Perc
93
Utilizes water and detergent to clean many garments normally recommended for dry cleaning; easily removes water-soluble stains and simulates hand washing
Wet cleaning
94
What is the difference between wet cleaning and home laundering?
The machine moves much slower
95
Detergent used in wet cleaning and its uses
Alcohol ethoxylate (mild): effective at removing fats and pigment soils, protects against felting and shrinkage, improves stability of dyes, disinfects
96
Load capacity for wet cleaning
22 lbs
97
Used to dry clothes in the wet cleaning method
Low heat steam
98
Four wet cleaning concerns
Minimal fabric shrinkage (more than dry cleaning)
Occasional occurrence of dyes bleeding
Certain fabric textures may be altered
Only half of the garments dry cleaned with perc can be wet cleaned
99
Textiles are placed into a pressurized chamber that is emptied of air and filled with this chemical
Liquid carbon dioxide (LCD)
100
Six liquid carbon dioxide concerns
```
Textile performance is questionable
Cleaning efficiency
Adverse affect on certain fibers
Some dyes have poor colorfastness
Economic feasibility (expensive)
Considered to be a contributor to the greenhouse effect (BUT environmentally neutral because it is recycled)
```
101
Replacement of petroleum dry cleaning solvents; solvent is placed in a standard dry cleaning machine
Hydrocarbon solvents
102
Benefits of hydrocarbon solvents
Safer than petroleum (boiling range and higher flash points), mild, low cost
103
Two hydrocarbon concerns
Solvent density is very low; longer cleaning time
| Vapor emissions must be minimal (Considered to be a volatile organic chemical)
104
Modified liquid substance; non-hazardous and non volatile organic chemical
Silicone solvents
105
Process for the silicone cleaning system remains the same as dry cleaning except…
Silicone solvent requires a much longer drying cycle in comparison to other methods
106
Two silicone concerns
Not as effective in removal of water-soluble stains
| Low ability to dissolve mineral oil and grease in comparison to perc and petroleum
107
FTC
Federal Trade Commission
108
Four acts that the FTC oversees
Textile Fiber Products Identification Act
Wool Products Labeling Act
Fur Products Labeling Act
Care Labeling Rule
109
When do labeling requirements apply?
When products are ready for sale
110
Four pieces of information needed with the shipment of items that are in an intermediate stage of production
Fiber content
Country of origin
Manufacturer or dealer's identity
Name and address of company issuing invoice
111
Nine products that do not require labeling
```
Linings, interlinings, filling or padding used for structural purposes
Coated fabrics and parts of textile products made of coated fabrics
Textile bags
Leather goods and trim
Fabric flowers, beads, sequins, buttons
Notebook covers
Sleeping masks
Dress shields and cummerbunds
Nonwoven one-time use garments
```
112
Require information for garment labels
Fiber content
Country of origin
Manufacturer ID number
Care instructions
113
Information that is not required but necessary for the consumer for garment labels
Size
| Brand label
114
Law that set the requirements for labeling
Textile Fiber Products Identification Act
115
When can information on trimmings be excluded? What must the care label say?
When trim is less than 15% of the item's surface area and made of a different fiber. Label must state "Exclusive of Decoration"
116
When can information on ornamentation be excluded? What must the care label say?
When ornamentation does not exceed 5% of the product's fiber weight. Label must state "Exclusive of Ornamentation"
117
Overlap between ornamentation and trimmings in terms of disclosure of fiber content
When ornamentation, decorative trim, or decorative pattern or design exceeds 15% of the surface area of the product and 5% of the fiber weight
118
From which fibers can the term wool be used?
Fleece of sheep or lamb; hair of the angora goat, angora rabbit, cashmere goat, camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuna
119
Country where garment is produced
Country of origin
120
Which fur products are prohibited for sale in the US? What is the law that protects them?
Endangered species, dog, or cat
| Dog and Cat Protection Act of 2000
121
What are the label requirements for fur products?
Label size must be at least 1 3/4" x 2 3/4"
Durable enough to remain on fur until delivered to the customer
Lettering no smaller than 12 pt font and letters must be equal in size
122
Fill out the care instructions sheet
Correct?
123
Order of contents on label of fur goods
1. Whether fur is natural, pointed, bleached, or dyed
2. Option to list if fur product has been sheered, plucked, or let-out
3. Name of the animal
4. If fur is composed of pieces
5. Country of origin
6. Any other information required
7. RN# or dealer identification
124
Fur that has not been pointed, dyed, bleached, or artificially colored
Natural fur
125
Differences between consumer and commercial washing
Home laundering: clothes immersed in water, average load size 6-8 lb, oscillating or tumbling washing action, one rinse cycle, one spin (extraction) cycle, milder alkali used, oxidizing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 180
Commercial laundering: clothes not fully immersed in water, 18 lb load, tumbling washing action, 4-5 rinsing cycles (including 1 souring cycle), extraction cycle, sours only used in commercial laundering due to corrosion problems in consumer machines, stronger alkali used, reducing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 360
