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Textile Test and Analysis > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Surface active molecule; dissolves in water and alters the property of the water by lowering the surface tension

A

Surfactant

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1
Q

A process intended to remove souls and/or stains by treatment with aqueous detergent solution and normally including subsequent rinsing, extracting, and drying

A

Laundering

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2
Q

Components of detergents

A 
Surfactants
Builders
Optical brighteners/whiteners
Enzymes
May contain dyed and/or perfumes
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3
Q

What is the function of surfactants?

A

Lowers surface tension and allows fabrics to become wet more easily

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4
Q

Substances that soften and control pH level of wash water

A

Builders

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5
Q

What is the purpose of builders?

A

Inhibit machine corrosion, hold hard water minerals in solution to be rinsed away and not deposited

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6
Q

Used to make fabrics look brighter/whiter

A

Optical brighteners/whiteners

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7
Q

Type of protein that breaks up starch and protein-based stains

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Which two components of detergent serve no cleaning function?

A

Dyes and perfumes

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9
Q

What is the essential ingredient in pre-soak laundry products?

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Eight detergency functions

A 
Diluting
Wetting
Neutralizing
Dissolving
Saponifying
Emulsifying
Deflocculating
Suspending
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11
Q

Applies to suspended or dissolved soil

A

Diluting

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12
Q

Penetration of solution into the fabric/fiber structure

A

Wetting

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13
Q

The use of acid or alkaline to reach a neutral pH

A

Neutralizing

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14
Q

The measure of solvent action as it breaks down and dissolves the soil

A

Dissolving

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15
Q

Reaction involving fats and oils with alkalis to form soaps

A

Saponifying

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16
Q

Breaks down mineral oils and greases into tiny molecules to disperse them into water

A

Emulsifying

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17
Q

Holding soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away

A

Suspending

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18
Q

The break down of solid soils into smaller particles to be dispersed into water

A

Deflocculating

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19
Q

What aids dilution?

A

Spinning and water spray

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20
Q

What are most soils (in terms of pH)?

A

Acidic (pH less than 7)

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21
Q

What are most detergents (in terms of pH)?

A

Alkaline (pH more than 7)

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22
Q

How do acids and alkaline interact?

A

They neutralize each other

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23
Q

What does emulsifying apply to primarily?

A

Mineral oils and greases that cannot be saponified

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24
Q

What happens if one of the right detergency functions fails?

A

Soils will redeposit

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25
Q

Two categories of bleach

A

Oxidizing

Reducing

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26
Q

Two subcategories of oxidizing

A

Chlorine

Oxygen

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27
Q

What are two kinds of chlorine oxidizing bleach?

A

Liquid bleach and powder bleach

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28
Q

Where is liquid bleach used?

A

Home laundering

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29
Q

What is the process of use for liquid bleach?

A

Must be diluted and dispersed in water before clothes are added, may leave residue

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30
Q

Where is powder bleach used?

A

Swimming pools

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31
Q

Is liquid bleach an acid or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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32
Q

Where is oxygen oxidizing bleach used?

A

Home laundering

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33
Q

What are two types of oxygen oxidizing bleach?

A

Liquid and powder

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34
Q

What are the benefits of oxygen oxidizing bleach?

A

Color safe and milder than chlorine, no residue

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35
Q

Where is reducing bleach used?

A

Commercial laundering

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36
Q

What is the purpose of reducing bleach?

A

To neutralize chlorine

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37
Q

In which cycle is reducing chlorine used?

A

The rinse cycle

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38
Q

Why don’t consumers use reducing bleach?

A

The gas is toxic to inhale

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39
Q

Load size of consumer washing

A

6-8 lb load

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40
Q

What are the cycles in consumer washing?

A

1 rinse cycle, spin cycle

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41
Q

Load size of commercial washing

A

18 lb load

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42
Q

What are the cycles for commercial washing?

A

4-5 rinse cycles (includes 1 souring cycle), 1 extraction (spin) cycle

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43
Q

Liquid used in commercial washing

A

Softeners, starch/sizing, bacteria stats

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44
Q

Acids used to neutralize alkalinity from detergent carryover, water, and bleach

A

Sours

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45
Q

Lubricate fibers and humectants and reduce static

A

Softeners

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46
Q

Attraction and adhesion to fibers

A

Substantive

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47
Q

Two types of home laundering machines

A

Top-loading automatics and front-loading automatics

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48
Q

What is the washing action of a top-loading machine?

A

Oscillating, consumer only

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49
Q

What is the washing action of a front-loading machine?

A

Tumbling, consumer and commercial

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50
Q

Temperature of consumer dryers

A

Up to 180 degrees F

51
Q

Temperature of commercial drying

A

Up to 360°F

52
Q

The process of cleaning fabrics with organic solvents

A

Dry cleaning

53
Q

Amount of dry cleaners in US

A

30,000 as of 2013

54
Q

Solvents used in dry cleaning

A

Per and petroleum

55
Q

What are the cycles for dry cleaning?

A

Wash cycle, drain cycle, extraction cycle, dry/recovery cycle

56
Q

Load size for dry cleaning

A

50 lb load

57
Q

Drying temperature for dry cleaning

A

80°F (perc) - 140°F (petroleum)

58
Q

Technique of removing what the dry cleaning machine does not

A

Spotting

59
Q

Differences between consumer laundering and dry cleaning

A

Home laundering: clothes immersed in water, average load size 6-8 lb, oscillating or tumbling washing action, one rinse cycle, one spin (extraction) cycle, milder alkali used, oxidizing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 180
Dry cleaning: small amount of water needed, less likely to cause fabric shrinkage and loss of color, process is self-contained, 50 lb load capacity, pre-spotting and post-spotting, wash cycle involves solvent and water, drain cycle, extraction cycle, dry/recovery cycle, drying temperature can be between 80-140

60
Q

Three lines of spotting chemicals

A

Acids
Alkali
Dry chemicals (no water)

61
Q

Eight stain groups

A 
Ink
Protein
Tanin
Spot medicines
Plastic
Dyes
Oils and fats
Iodine, penicillin, silver nitrate
62
Q

NVR

A

Non volatile residue

63
Q

Tanned skin and oil

A

Leather

64
Q

Skin, hair, and oil

A

Fur

66
Q

Differences between leather cleaning and fur cleaning

A

Leather cleaning: petroleum solvent mixed with oil is used to restore softness and flexibility, NVR is desired, solvent is dirtier, clean with solvent oil mixture, repaint, difficult to remove solvent, long recovery time
Fur cleaning: particles placed in tub with solvent, agitation, solvent is drained, fur added into machine with particles, tumbled to clean, dirt remains on fur, once removed fur is shaken, compressed, and brushed to remove any remaining particles after the wash period

67
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water

68
Q

Suspended solids such as sand, particles of decaying fish, plants

A

Suspended matter

69
Q

Degree of transparency due to suspended solids

A

Turbidity

70
Q

Common impurity that contributes to scale

A

Silica

71
Q

Black bacterial growth

A

Manganese

72
Q

Rust-forming corrosive

A

Oxygen

73
Q

Bleaching agent and corrosive

A

Chlorine

74
Q

Contributes to scale and reduces detergent performance

A

Hardness

75
Q

Three kinds of soils

A

Water soluble
Solvent soluble
Particulate- insoluble

76
Q

Examples of water soluble

A

Sugar, salt, perspiration

77
Q

Examples of solvent soluble

A

Fats, wax, body oils, cooking oils

78
Q

Examples of particulate

A

Sand, graphite, carbon

79
Q

36” x 36” hemmed pieces used to bring the weight up to make a full load in standard home laundering conditions

A

Ballast

80
Q

If spot is known, they can remove it; no residue of spotting chemicals

A

Pre-spotting

81
Q

Disadvantage to pre-spotting

A

Do a lot of spotting that the machine may remove during cleaning

82
Q

Remove stains that were not removed during machine cleaning

A

Post-spotting

83
Q

Disadvantage to post-spotting

A

More difficult to remove after cleaning; chemicals may leave rings of residue

84
Q

Liquids used in leather cleaning

A

Petroleum solvent mixed with oil; NVR oil

85
Q

Purpose of solvent-oil mixture in leather cleaning

A

To restore softness and flexibility

86
Q

Recovery time for leather cleaning

A

Very long

87
Q

Name of fur cleaning method according to the slides

A

Furrier Method

88
Q

Process of cleaning fur (8 steps)

A
  1. Particles placed in tub
  2. Tub is filled with solvent and agitated
  3. Solvent is drained
  4. Fur is added to machine with particles laden with solvent and tumble
  5. Particles pick up soil
  6. Fur is removed after recovery
  7. Shake to remove any particles; compressed air used to remove particles
  8. Brush
89
Q

Committee formed to facilitate research and info exchange on pollution and prevention efforts

A

Design for the Environment (DfE)

90
Q

When was the DfE formed?

A

1992- International Roundtable on Pollution Prevention and Control in the Dry Cleaning Industry

91
Q

Four alternative cleaning methods

A

Wetcleaning
Liquid carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon solvents
Silicone solvents

92
Q

What is wet cleaning meant to replace?

A

Perc

93
Q

Utilizes water and detergent to clean many garments normally recommended for dry cleaning; easily removes water-soluble stains and simulates hand washing

A

Wet cleaning

94
Q

What is the difference between wet cleaning and home laundering?

A

The machine moves much slower

95
Q

Detergent used in wet cleaning and its uses

A

Alcohol ethoxylate (mild): effective at removing fats and pigment soils, protects against felting and shrinkage, improves stability of dyes, disinfects

96
Q

Load capacity for wet cleaning

A

22 lbs

97
Q

Used to dry clothes in the wet cleaning method

A

Low heat steam

98
Q

Four wet cleaning concerns

A

Minimal fabric shrinkage (more than dry cleaning)
Occasional occurrence of dyes bleeding
Certain fabric textures may be altered
Only half of the garments dry cleaned with perc can be wet cleaned

99
Q

Textiles are placed into a pressurized chamber that is emptied of air and filled with this chemical

A

Liquid carbon dioxide (LCD)

100
Q

Six liquid carbon dioxide concerns

A 
Textile performance is questionable
Cleaning efficiency
Adverse affect on certain fibers
Some dyes have poor colorfastness
Economic feasibility (expensive)
Considered to be a contributor to the greenhouse effect (BUT environmentally neutral because it is recycled)
101
Q

Replacement of petroleum dry cleaning solvents; solvent is placed in a standard dry cleaning machine

A

Hydrocarbon solvents

102
Q

Benefits of hydrocarbon solvents

A

Safer than petroleum (boiling range and higher flash points), mild, low cost

103
Q

Two hydrocarbon concerns

A

Solvent density is very low; longer cleaning time

Vapor emissions must be minimal (Considered to be a volatile organic chemical)

104
Q

Modified liquid substance; non-hazardous and non volatile organic chemical

A

Silicone solvents

105
Q

Process for the silicone cleaning system remains the same as dry cleaning except…

A

Silicone solvent requires a much longer drying cycle in comparison to other methods

106
Q

Two silicone concerns

A

Not as effective in removal of water-soluble stains

Low ability to dissolve mineral oil and grease in comparison to perc and petroleum

107
Q

FTC

A

Federal Trade Commission

108
Q

Four acts that the FTC oversees

A

Textile Fiber Products Identification Act
Wool Products Labeling Act
Fur Products Labeling Act
Care Labeling Rule

109
Q

When do labeling requirements apply?

A

When products are ready for sale

110
Q

Four pieces of information needed with the shipment of items that are in an intermediate stage of production

A

Fiber content
Country of origin
Manufacturer or dealer’s identity
Name and address of company issuing invoice

111
Q

Nine products that do not require labeling

A 
Linings, interlinings, filling or padding used for structural purposes
Coated fabrics and parts of textile products made of coated fabrics
Textile bags
Leather goods and trim
Fabric flowers, beads, sequins, buttons
Notebook covers
Sleeping masks
Dress shields and cummerbunds
Nonwoven one-time use garments
112
Q

Require information for garment labels

A

Fiber content
Country of origin
Manufacturer ID number
Care instructions

113
Q

Information that is not required but necessary for the consumer for garment labels

A

Size

Brand label

114
Q

Law that set the requirements for labeling

A

Textile Fiber Products Identification Act

115
Q

When can information on trimmings be excluded? What must the care label say?

A

When trim is less than 15% of the item’s surface area and made of a different fiber. Label must state “Exclusive of Decoration”

116
Q

When can information on ornamentation be excluded? What must the care label say?

A

When ornamentation does not exceed 5% of the product’s fiber weight. Label must state “Exclusive of Ornamentation”

117
Q

Overlap between ornamentation and trimmings in terms of disclosure of fiber content

A

When ornamentation, decorative trim, or decorative pattern or design exceeds 15% of the surface area of the product and 5% of the fiber weight

118
Q

From which fibers can the term wool be used?

A

Fleece of sheep or lamb; hair of the angora goat, angora rabbit, cashmere goat, camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuna

119
Q

Country where garment is produced

A

Country of origin

120
Q

Which fur products are prohibited for sale in the US? What is the law that protects them?

A

Endangered species, dog, or cat

Dog and Cat Protection Act of 2000

121
Q

What are the label requirements for fur products?

A

Label size must be at least 1 3/4” x 2 3/4”
Durable enough to remain on fur until delivered to the customer
Lettering no smaller than 12 pt font and letters must be equal in size

122
Q

Fill out the care instructions sheet

A

Correct?

123
Q

Order of contents on label of fur goods

A
  1. Whether fur is natural, pointed, bleached, or dyed
  2. Option to list if fur product has been sheered, plucked, or let-out
  3. Name of the animal
  4. If fur is composed of pieces
  5. Country of origin
  6. Any other information required
  7. RN# or dealer identification
124
Q

Fur that has not been pointed, dyed, bleached, or artificially colored

A

Natural fur

125
Q

Differences between consumer and commercial washing

A

Home laundering: clothes immersed in water, average load size 6-8 lb, oscillating or tumbling washing action, one rinse cycle, one spin (extraction) cycle, milder alkali used, oxidizing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 180
Commercial laundering: clothes not fully immersed in water, 18 lb load, tumbling washing action, 4-5 rinsing cycles (including 1 souring cycle), extraction cycle, sours only used in commercial laundering due to corrosion problems in consumer machines, stronger alkali used, reducing bleach, heated air in dryers reaches up to 360

Textile Test and Analysis (3 decks)

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