Exam 3 Flashcards
Function of the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, glandular secretion, all involuntary functions
How does the ANS differ from the somatic nervous system?
ANS has two motor neurons
Lateral grey horn synapses at autonomic ganglia at next neuron
Pre ganglion and post ganglion
SNS - one motor neuron to skeletal muscle
Location of the thoracolumbar division of the ANS?
Lateral grey horn
T1 to L2/L3
Thoracolumbar Parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Sympathetic
Location of the craniosacral division of the ANS
CN 3,7,9,10
S2 to S4
Craniosacral division of ANS
Parasympathetic or sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Classification of Pre ganglion neurons
Type B fibers
Medium Sized
Myelinated 15 m/s
Classification of post ganglion neurons
Type C fibers
Small diameter
Unmyelinated
Name of the 3 autonomic ganglia
Sympathetic Trunk/Chain
Prevertebral, terminal
Prevertebral ganglion, #, location, P or S
5, anterior to the vertebral column in the abdominopelvic area
Sympathetic
Terminal ganglion #, location, P or S
Visceral affector, smooth muscle, glands, parasympathetic
Sympathetic Trunk/Chain # and location, P or S
22 pair of ganglion
Along vertebral column
Sympathetic
Structure of olfactory cells
Bipolar neurons
Expanded dendrite with 6 olfactory hairs, reproduce every 30 days, contain basal cells
Where are taste buds located?
Tounge - vallate papilae and fungiform papilae
Soft palate
Throat
Epiglottis
10k
50 receptor cells per tastebud
Cranial Nerves that innervate the tongue and throat
CN 7, 9, 10
Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
7 - Anterior 2/3
9 - Posterior 1/3
10 - soft palate, throat to epiglottis
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Tear glands and tear ducts
Order of the three tunics of eyeball, superficial to deep
Fibrous, Vascular(Uvea), Nervous/Retinal
Parts of fibrous tunic of eyeball
Posterior portion - strong collagen CT, vascular, white of eye, sclera
Anterior portion - epithelial, clear, transparent, over color, cornea, avascular
Part of vascular tunic of eyeball
Choroid, vascular, darkly pigmented
Cilliary body - thickest
Iris - smooth muscle, circular and radial, pigmented, regulates light entry
Differentiate between the ciliary body, ciliary process, and ciliary muscle
Body has two parts
Muscle - smooth muscle attaching to lens via zonular fibers, increase and decrease tension on lens
Process - secretes aqueous humor
Photoreceptor cells for colored vision
Cones
Photoreceptor cells for dim light vision
Rods
Refraction
Bending of light through transparent solid or liquid
Accommodation
Change in lens, thicker for close up, thinner for faraway
Convergence
Medial movement, nasal movement, eyes looking close together funny
Where is aqueous humor found?
Anterior cavity of eyeball, drains through canal of Schlem from anterior chamber to posterior chamber
Glaucoma
Increased pressure due to overproduction or improper draining of aqueous humor
Where is vitreous humor/body found?
Behind the lens to the retina, clear gelatin giving the eye its shape
Myopia
Near sighted
Caused by longer eyeball or thicker lens
Difficulty seeing things far away
Hypermetropia
Farsightedness
Caused by shorter eyeball or thinner lens
Difficulty seeing things up close
Presbyopia
Decreased pliability of lens due to aging, doesn’t change shapes
Difficulty seeing up close
Amacrine and horizontal cells
Located in retina, area of the photoreceptors and bipolar cells
Helps maintain visual acuity and sharpness in illumination changes
Parts of the external ear
Exterior ear is auricla or pinna
Helix and lobule
External auditory canal
Tympanic Membrane(Ear drum)
Know the correct order of the ossicles, lateral to medial
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Importance and connection of the auditory(Eustachian) tube
Connects the nasal pharynx to the middle ear, equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane(ear drum)
Location of perylymph
Fluid located in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
Functions of the tensor tympani and stapedius
Tensor tympani - restricts movement of the malleus
Stapedius - restricts movement of the stapes
Protects inner ear from loud noises
Smallest two muscles in the body
Final destination of the auditory nerve impulses
Primary auditory areas cerebral cortex and the temporal lobe to auditory association area
Where are high and low pitches detected?
High pitches - base of the cochlear ducts
Low pitches - apex of the cochlear duct
Static equilibrium
Not moving, stasis, ability for the body to know where the head is
Dynamic equilibrium
Sudden movement in 3D space
Where does static equilibrium take place?
Vestibule area of the inner ear, membrane labyrinth, uses maculae, little hairs in jelly(odolithic membrane)
Where does dynamic equilibrium take place?
Semi circular canal, amulla, Christa, supporting cells and hair jello, drop of jelly, rapid movement moves fluid in ear that hit jelly
Three Demi circular canals to measure 3D space
Narcolepsy
REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking cycle
Involuntary periods of sleep lasting about 15 minutes occur throughout the day
Cataract
Common cause of blindness
Loss of transparency of the lens, cloudy
Presbyopia
With aging, lens loses elasticity and thus its ability to cursive to focus on objects that are close
Otitis media
Acute infection of the middle ear caused mainly by bacteria and associated with infections of the nose and throat
Tinnitus
A ringing, roaring, or clicking in the ears
Term for the failure of a testicle to descend
Cryptorchidism
80% drop
Dartos muscle tissue
Thin layer of contractile tissue in the wall of scrotum
Processes involved in spermatogenesis
Two processes
Mitosis at puberty
Meiosis - divides sperm cells
Structure of a sperm cell
Head
Acrosome - helmet, digestive enzymes
Nucleus - 23 chromosomes
Tail
Middle - rows of mitochondria
Principle piece - flagellum
End piece - flagellum
Hormones secreted by testes
Testosterone by call called leydig
Inhibin - Sertoli cells, inhibits FSH, stops production of sperm
Cause of male secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone
Sertoli cell
Nourish developing sperm
Produce fluid to move the sperm
Isolate sperm from immunity system
Secrete hormone Inhibin
Duct order of male
Seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
Rete Testis
Efferent ducts
Ductus epididymis(first visible structure, waits for ejaculation
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Ejaculatory duct(Also fed by seminal vesicles)
Prostatic urethra
Membraneous urethra(Intermediate urethra)
Spongy(penile) urethra
External urethra
Secretions of Seminal vesicles
60% of semen volume
Alkaline - neutralize acid of vagina
Clotting factor - thick semen for cervix
Fructose
Prostaglandins - increase motility
Secretions of prostate
25% semen volume
Milky white color
Acidic - citric acid
Proteolytic enzymes - clot dissolving 15 minutes after ejaculation
Secretions of bulbourethral glands
Pea sized
Secrete clear fluid
Alkaline - neutralize acid residue in urethra
Pre-cum
What occurs physiologically to cause an erection?
Cardiovascular event, engorging of vascular spongy tissue, opens arterial, closes venous return
Final outcome oogenesis?
1 viable ovum, three small nonviable polar bodies
General structure of the female reproductive tract
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Chlamydia
- the prevalent STD characterized by burning sensation, frequent and painful urination, and lower back pain
Can spread to fallopian tubes
Gonorrhea
Infectious STD caused by BACTERIUM, characterized by inflammation of the urogenital mucosa, discharge of pus and painful urination
AIDS
Viral initiated disease leading to decreased circulating T4 cells and lowers immunity
Genital herlpes
Genital infection with painful blisters on genitals
Syphilis
STD caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
Primary stage painless open sore called a chancre
Hepatitis B
Infection of liver spread by sexual contact, contaminated syringes, and transfusion equipment, also saliva and tears
Trichomoniasis
Caused by flagellated protozoan, characterized by inflammation of the mucus membrane of the vagina, urethra in males
Genital Warts
Caused by HPV, increased risk of cancer
Parts of the uterine tube
Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus
Layers of the Uterus(S to D)
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
Layers of Uterus Endometrium
Stratum basalis, Straum functionalis
Hormones in Ovarian Cycle
Pre ovulatory FSH
Post ovulatory LH
Hormones in uterine cycle
preovulatory estrogens
post ovulatory progesterone
Hormones produced by ovaries
Estrogens, Progesterones, Relaxin, Inhibin
Estrogens and Progesterone
Female secondary characteristics, Regulate productive cycle, healthy breast tissue, produce viable ovum
Relaxin
Softens body for pelvis to stretch, increase flexibility in cervix, small constant production
Inhibin
Inhibits fsh, natural birth control, turns off oogenesis
Corpus luteum
Area of ovary where egg has been discharge during ovulation, produces high levels of progesterone, maintains uterine lining, maintains pregnancy
Components of normal menstrual discharge
Blood, tissue fluids, epithelial cells, mucus, degenerated ovum
Hormones in breast milk secretion and ejection
Estrogens and progesterone
Placenta produces HCH
Prolactin(PRL) promotes lactation
Posterior pituitary gland - oxytocin
Implantation of ovum outside of uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
Parts of the vulva
External genitals
Mons pubis - fat pad
Clitoris
Labia Minor/Major
Vestibule - region between labia
bumbs of the vestibule
Episiotomy
Perineal incision to prevent laceration, easier to repair
Mammary glands
Modified suderiferous glands(sweat)
Alveoli - milk production
Secondary tubules
Mammary ducts
Lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous ducts
Nipples surrounded by areola
