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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)

A

Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, glandular secretion, all involuntary functions

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2
Q

How does the ANS differ from the somatic nervous system?

A

ANS has two motor neurons
Lateral grey horn synapses at autonomic ganglia at next neuron
Pre ganglion and post ganglion

SNS - one motor neuron to skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Location of the thoracolumbar division of the ANS?

A

Lateral grey horn
T1 to L2/L3

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4
Q

Thoracolumbar Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

Location of the craniosacral division of the ANS

A

CN 3,7,9,10
S2 to S4

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6
Q

Craniosacral division of ANS
Parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Classification of Pre ganglion neurons

A

Type B fibers
Medium Sized
Myelinated 15 m/s

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8
Q

Classification of post ganglion neurons

A

Type C fibers
Small diameter
Unmyelinated

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9
Q

Name of the 3 autonomic ganglia

A

Sympathetic Trunk/Chain
Prevertebral, terminal

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10
Q

Prevertebral ganglion, #, location, P or S

A

5, anterior to the vertebral column in the abdominopelvic area
Sympathetic

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10
Q

Terminal ganglion #, location, P or S

A

Visceral affector, smooth muscle, glands, parasympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic Trunk/Chain # and location, P or S

A

22 pair of ganglion
Along vertebral column
Sympathetic

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11
Q

Structure of olfactory cells

A

Bipolar neurons
Expanded dendrite with 6 olfactory hairs, reproduce every 30 days, contain basal cells

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12
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

Tounge - vallate papilae and fungiform papilae
Soft palate
Throat
Epiglottis
10k
50 receptor cells per tastebud

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13
Q

Cranial Nerves that innervate the tongue and throat

A

CN 7, 9, 10
Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

7 - Anterior 2/3
9 - Posterior 1/3
10 - soft palate, throat to epiglottis

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14
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Tear glands and tear ducts

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15
Q

Order of the three tunics of eyeball, superficial to deep

A

Fibrous, Vascular(Uvea), Nervous/Retinal

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16
Q

Parts of fibrous tunic of eyeball

A

Posterior portion - strong collagen CT, vascular, white of eye, sclera

Anterior portion - epithelial, clear, transparent, over color, cornea, avascular

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17
Q

Part of vascular tunic of eyeball

A

Choroid, vascular, darkly pigmented

Cilliary body - thickest

Iris - smooth muscle, circular and radial, pigmented, regulates light entry

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18
Q

Differentiate between the ciliary body, ciliary process, and ciliary muscle

A

Body has two parts

Muscle - smooth muscle attaching to lens via zonular fibers, increase and decrease tension on lens

Process - secretes aqueous humor

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19
Q

Photoreceptor cells for colored vision

A

Cones

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20
Q

Photoreceptor cells for dim light vision

A

Rods

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21
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light through transparent solid or liquid

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22
Q

Accommodation

A

Change in lens, thicker for close up, thinner for faraway

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23
Convergence
Medial movement, nasal movement, eyes looking close together funny
24
Where is aqueous humor found?
Anterior cavity of eyeball, drains through canal of Schlem from anterior chamber to posterior chamber
25
Glaucoma
Increased pressure due to overproduction or improper draining of aqueous humor
26
Where is vitreous humor/body found?
Behind the lens to the retina, clear gelatin giving the eye its shape
27
Myopia
Near sighted Caused by longer eyeball or thicker lens Difficulty seeing things far away
28
Hypermetropia
Farsightedness Caused by shorter eyeball or thinner lens Difficulty seeing things up close
29
29
Presbyopia
Decreased pliability of lens due to aging, doesn’t change shapes Difficulty seeing up close
30
Amacrine and horizontal cells
Located in retina, area of the photoreceptors and bipolar cells Helps maintain visual acuity and sharpness in illumination changes
31
Parts of the external ear
Exterior ear is auricla or pinna Helix and lobule External auditory canal Tympanic Membrane(Ear drum)
32
Know the correct order of the ossicles, lateral to medial
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
33
Importance and connection of the auditory(Eustachian) tube
Connects the nasal pharynx to the middle ear, equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane(ear drum)
34
Location of perylymph
Fluid located in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
35
Functions of the tensor tympani and stapedius
Tensor tympani - restricts movement of the malleus Stapedius - restricts movement of the stapes Protects inner ear from loud noises Smallest two muscles in the body
36
Final destination of the auditory nerve impulses
Primary auditory areas cerebral cortex and the temporal lobe to auditory association area
37
Where are high and low pitches detected?
High pitches - base of the cochlear ducts Low pitches - apex of the cochlear duct
38
Static equilibrium
Not moving, stasis, ability for the body to know where the head is
39
Dynamic equilibrium
Sudden movement in 3D space
40
Where does static equilibrium take place?
Vestibule area of the inner ear, membrane labyrinth, uses maculae, little hairs in jelly(odolithic membrane)
41
Where does dynamic equilibrium take place?
Semi circular canal, amulla, Christa, supporting cells and hair jello, drop of jelly, rapid movement moves fluid in ear that hit jelly Three Demi circular canals to measure 3D space
42
Narcolepsy
REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking cycle Involuntary periods of sleep lasting about 15 minutes occur throughout the day
43
Cataract
Common cause of blindness Loss of transparency of the lens, cloudy
44
Presbyopia
With aging, lens loses elasticity and thus its ability to cursive to focus on objects that are close
45
Otitis media
Acute infection of the middle ear caused mainly by bacteria and associated with infections of the nose and throat
46
Tinnitus
A ringing, roaring, or clicking in the ears
47
Term for the failure of a testicle to descend
Cryptorchidism 80% drop
48
Dartos muscle tissue
Thin layer of contractile tissue in the wall of scrotum
49
Processes involved in spermatogenesis
Two processes Mitosis at puberty Meiosis - divides sperm cells
50
Structure of a sperm cell
Head Acrosome - helmet, digestive enzymes Nucleus - 23 chromosomes Tail Middle - rows of mitochondria Principle piece - flagellum End piece - flagellum
51
Hormones secreted by testes
Testosterone by call called leydig Inhibin - Sertoli cells, inhibits FSH, stops production of sperm
52
Cause of male secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone
53
Sertoli cell
Nourish developing sperm Produce fluid to move the sperm Isolate sperm from immunity system Secrete hormone Inhibin
54
Duct order of male
Seminiferous tubules Straight tubules Rete Testis Efferent ducts Ductus epididymis(first visible structure, waits for ejaculation Ductus (Vas) Deferens Ejaculatory duct(Also fed by seminal vesicles) Prostatic urethra Membraneous urethra(Intermediate urethra) Spongy(penile) urethra External urethra
55
Secretions of Seminal vesicles
60% of semen volume Alkaline - neutralize acid of vagina Clotting factor - thick semen for cervix Fructose Prostaglandins - increase motility
56
Secretions of prostate
25% semen volume Milky white color Acidic - citric acid Proteolytic enzymes - clot dissolving 15 minutes after ejaculation
57
Secretions of bulbourethral glands
Pea sized Secrete clear fluid Alkaline - neutralize acid residue in urethra Pre-cum
58
What occurs physiologically to cause an erection?
Cardiovascular event, engorging of vascular spongy tissue, opens arterial, closes venous return
59
Final outcome oogenesis?
1 viable ovum, three small nonviable polar bodies
60
General structure of the female reproductive tract
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva
60
Chlamydia
- the prevalent STD characterized by burning sensation, frequent and painful urination, and lower back pain Can spread to fallopian tubes
61
Gonorrhea
Infectious STD caused by BACTERIUM, characterized by inflammation of the urogenital mucosa, discharge of pus and painful urination
62
AIDS
Viral initiated disease leading to decreased circulating T4 cells and lowers immunity
63
Genital herlpes
Genital infection with painful blisters on genitals
64
Syphilis
STD caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum Primary stage painless open sore called a chancre
65
Hepatitis B
Infection of liver spread by sexual contact, contaminated syringes, and transfusion equipment, also saliva and tears
66
Trichomoniasis
Caused by flagellated protozoan, characterized by inflammation of the mucus membrane of the vagina, urethra in males
67
Genital Warts
Caused by HPV, increased risk of cancer
68
Parts of the uterine tube
Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus
69
Layers of the Uterus(S to D)
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
70
Layers of Uterus Endometrium
Stratum basalis, Straum functionalis
71
Hormones in Ovarian Cycle
Pre ovulatory FSH Post ovulatory LH
72
Hormones in uterine cycle
preovulatory estrogens post ovulatory progesterone
73
Hormones produced by ovaries
Estrogens, Progesterones, Relaxin, Inhibin
74
Estrogens and Progesterone
Female secondary characteristics, Regulate productive cycle, healthy breast tissue, produce viable ovum
75
Relaxin
Softens body for pelvis to stretch, increase flexibility in cervix, small constant production
75
Inhibin
Inhibits fsh, natural birth control, turns off oogenesis
76
Corpus luteum
Area of ovary where egg has been discharge during ovulation, produces high levels of progesterone, maintains uterine lining, maintains pregnancy
76
Components of normal menstrual discharge
Blood, tissue fluids, epithelial cells, mucus, degenerated ovum
77
Hormones in breast milk secretion and ejection
Estrogens and progesterone Placenta produces HCH Prolactin(PRL) promotes lactation Posterior pituitary gland - oxytocin
78
Implantation of ovum outside of uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
79
Parts of the vulva
External genitals Mons pubis - fat pad Clitoris Labia Minor/Major Vestibule - region between labia bumbs of the vestibule
80
Episiotomy
Perineal incision to prevent laceration, easier to repair
81
Mammary glands
Modified suderiferous glands(sweat) Alveoli - milk production Secondary tubules Mammary ducts Lactiferous sinuses Lactiferous ducts Nipples surrounded by areola

A&P2 (3 decks)

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