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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The neurons of the CNS are located where?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Differences between the afferent and efferent neuron

A

Afferent = sensory, towards CNS
Efferent = motor neuron, CNS out to affector

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3
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Nerve glue cells, support and protect neurons

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4
Q

Six neuroglial cells

A

4 CNS
Astrocyte, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
2 PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells

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5
Q

Astrocycte

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Blood brain barrier
Metabolize old neurotransmitter
Maintenance of Na and K levels

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6
Q

Microglial cells

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Phagocytic

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7
Q

Ependymal cell

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Choroid plexus, secretes CSF

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
“Few”
Myelinates axons in CNS

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9
Q

Satellite cells

A

PNS Neuroglial cell
Supports cell bodies in ganglia

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10
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS Neuroglial cell
Myelinates axons in PNS

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11
Q

Three basic parts of a neuron and function

A

Dendrite - carry impulses towards cell body
Cell body(Soma) - Control Center
Axon - carry impulses away from cell body

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12
Q

Path an impulse moves along neuron

A

Dendrite to cell body to axon

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13
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Most common
Several dendrites, 1 axon

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14
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Rare
1 dendrite, 1 axon
Associated with smell, vision, hearing
Two points of contact to cell body

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15
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Rare
1 point of contact that spits into 1 axon and 1 dendrite
Peripheral sensory, not associated with motor function

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16
Q

Define stimulus

A

Any change in the internal or external environment

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17
Q

What causes a cell to be polarized?

A

RMP Resting Membrane Potential, Unequal distribution of Na and K, more Na outside, K in

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18
Q

All or none principle

A

If a stimulus is strong enough to reach a threshold, a complete nerve firing occurs, -70 to -55

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19
Q

Most common neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Waves of depolarization along entire membrane of a neuron

Present only in unmyelenated
Gray matter

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21
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Impulse leaping over sheath to each node of ranvier to the next
Fastest

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22
Q

Three factors that influence nerve impulse conduction

A

Myelinated or not

Diameter of the axon(Bigger means better, more SA for ion channels)

Temperature, warm is better

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23
Q

Type A Nerve Fibers

A

Large diameter myelinated
130m/s

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24
Q

Type B Nerve Fibers

A

Medium diameter myelinated
15m/s

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25
Type C Nerve Fibers
Small diameter unmyelinated 0.5-2m/s
26
Slow axonal transport
Moving materials within a neuron One way mechanism, cell body to axon 1-5mm/day Growth/Development CELL REPAIR
27
Fast axonal transport
Two way mechanism Cell body to axon and back 200 to 400mm/day Daily maintenance
28
Autonomic Nervous System ANS
Subconscious sensation, control of smooth, cardiac, and glandular muscle tissue Involuntary
29
Two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System PNS
Somatic and Autonomic
30
Somatic Nervous System SNS
Conscious, skeletal muscle, voluntary
31
Term for a collection of cell bodies found outside the CNS
Ganglion
32
Inferior structures associated with the spinal cord
Conus multilaris Filum Terminalae Cauda equina
33
Order of the meningeal layers of spinal cord (Superficial to Deep)
Dura mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
34
Area of the spinal cord that contains cell bodies of the somatic and autonomic motor neruons
Anterior grey horn(Somatic motor) Lateral grey horn(Autonomic)
35
What is contained the posterior(dorsal) root ganglion?
Cell bodies of the unipolar sensory neurons
36
Five components of a reflex arc
Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center(spinal cord or brain), motor neuron, affector
37
Basic function of a sensory receptor
Convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse
38
Five types of reflexes
Spinal, Cranial, Somatic, Visceral, Pathological
39
Three Spinal Somatic Reflexes
Stretch, Tendon, Flexor/Crossed Extensor
40
Stretch Spinal Somatic Reflex
Monosynaptic Ipsilateral Segmental Receptor: Muscle Spindle Effect: Contract stretch muscle and relax antagonist
41
Tendon Spinal Somatic Reflex
Polysynaptic Ipsilateral Segmental Receptor: Tendon organ Effect: Relax the muscle that is generating tension and contract the antagonist
42
Flexor/Crossed Extensor Spinal Somatic Reflex (Withdrawal reflex)
Polysynaptic Ipsilteral/Contralateral Intersegmental Receptor: Pain receptor Effect: Contract flexor muscles to withdraw limb from pain/Contract extensor muscles on opposite side
43
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31 pairs 8C 12T 5L 5S 1 cocyx
44
Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves Endoneurium
Surrounds individual axons
45
Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves Perineurium
Surrounds bundles(fascicles) of axons
46
Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves Epineurium
Surrounds the entire nerve
47
Ramus
Branch of a spinal nerve
48
Posterior ramus
Supplies DEEP muscle of skin on back(posterior aspect)
49
Anterior Ramus
Largest, supplies superficial back muscles, anterolateral trunk, upper and lower limb
50
Meningeal Ramus
Spinal cord, vertebral ligaments
51
Rami Communicantes
Supplies ANS sympathetic ganglion
52
What is a plexus?
Anterior rami fuse together
53
Cervical plexus
Posterior head, neck, top of shoulder. diaphragm
54
Brachial Plexus
Supplies upper limb C5-T1
55
Lumbar Plexus
Supplies anterolateral abdominal wall Part of lower limb, anterior aspects External genitals L1-L4
56
Sacral Plexus
Supplies buttocks, lower limb posterior aspect, perineum L4-S4
57
Coccygeal Plexus
Skin around coccyx S5-Co1
58
Where is no plexus found?
Between T2-T12, intercostal nerves
59
Dermatome
Constant specific area of skin(innervated) to a specific spina nerve No C1
60
Four principle parts of brain with subdivisions
Brain stem - medulla, pons, midbrain Cerrebellum-2nd largest Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus Cerebrum - largest,7/8, seat of intelligence
61
Where is CSF produced and what space does it circulate?
Corroid plexus secretes CSF in Two Lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, into the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space
62
What is the principle source of energy for the brain cells?
Glucose
63
Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located?
Medulla, most basic foundational primitive area
64
Cranial Nerves involved in eye movement
3,4,6
65
Cranial Nerves with only sensory, no motor
1,2,8
66
Functions of hypothalamus
Small inferior to thalamus Coordination of ANS Thirst Center Hunger Temperature regulation Intermediary between nervous and endocrine system Secrete ADH and oxytocin Sleep and Wake cycle Psychosomatic disorder, rage, agression, pain
67
Deep groves on surface of brain
Fissure
68
Shallow groove on surface of brain
Sulcus
69
Where are visual sensations identified?
Occipital lobe
70
Where is the primary motor area of the brain located?
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
71
Function of the cerebellum?
Coordinate the postural(skeletal muscle) subconsciously that pertain to balance, equilibrium and posture
72
Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
Somatosensory, dealing with sensation
73
Occipital lobe
Visual area
74
Temporal lobe
Hearing and olfaction
75
Anterolateral parietal lobe
Gustatory
76
Wernicke's Area
Convert speech or written word into thought
77
Common integrative Area
Total sensory experience, merge all sensory information together
78
Precentral gyrus
Controls all skeletal muscle
79
Broca's Area
Muscles in speech production
80
Frontal lobe pre motor area
Complex motor skills
81
Frontal eye field area
Controls muscles of eyeball for scanning eyeball movement
82
Four neuropeptides
Enkephalin - 200x more powerful than morphine Endorphin Dynophin - Natural opium, modify pain perception less than enkephalin Substance P - spinal nerves, enhances pain perception
83
What plexus supplies the diaphragm?
Cervial plexus, phrenic nerve
84
Which part of brain links the nervous and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
85
Where are the apneustic and pnemotaxic centers located?
Pontine Respiratory Center Pons
86
Lateral gray horn
Contains cell bodies for the autonomic motor neurons
87
Posterior gray horn
Receives unipolar sensory neurons
88
Anterior gray horn
Cell bodies for the somatic motor neurons
89
CN I
Olfactory Smell(sensory)
90
CN II
Optic (Sensory) Vision
91
CN III
Oculomotor (mixed, primarily motor) Motor: Movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens for near vision, constriction of pupil Sensory: muscle sense (proprioception)
92
CN IV
Trochlear (mixed, primarily motor) Motor: Movement of eyeball Sensory: muscle sense
93
CN V
Trigeminal Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Branches Motor: Chewing Sensory: Touch, pain, temperature from structures supplied, muscle sense
94
CN VI
Abducens (mixed, primarily motor) Motor: movement of eye ball Sensory: muscle sense
95
CN VII
Facial (mixed) Motor: facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears Sensory: taste, muscle sense
96
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory) Vestibular branch: conveys impulses associated withdraw with equilibrium Cochlear branch: conveys impulses associated with hearing
97
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal (mixed) Motor: swallowing movements and secretion of saliva Sensory: Taste and regulation of blood pressure, muscle sense
98
CN X
Vagus (mixed) Motor: Visceral muscle movement and swallowing movements Sensory: Sensations from organ supplied, muscle sense
99
CN XI
Accessory (mixed, primarily motor) Motor: bulbar portion mediates swallowing movements, spinal portion mediates movement of head Sensory: muscle sense(proprioception)
100
Muscle sense
Proprioception
101
CN XII
Hypoglossal (mixed, primarily motor) Motor: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing Sensory: muscle sense
102
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chronic pain condition affecting Trigeminal(V) nerve in face, electric shock
103
Agnosia
Inability to recognize the significant of sensory stimulus such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
104
Multiple sclerosis
Disease causing progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons in the CNS
105
Parasthesia
Burning or prickling sensation felt in extremities
106
Neuralgia
Attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve
107
Sciatica
Pain from pressure on sciatic nerve, typically runs down posterior aspect of lower extremities from herniated disc or bone spur
108
Nerve block
Loss of sensation in a region due to an injected anesthetic
109
Cranial nerves involved in eye movement IMPORTANT
3,4,6
110
Cranial nerves only involved in sensory
1,2,8

A&P2 (3 decks)

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