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A&P2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The neurons of the CNS are located where?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Differences between the afferent and efferent neuron

A

Afferent = sensory, towards CNS
Efferent = motor neuron, CNS out to affector

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3
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Nerve glue cells, support and protect neurons

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4
Q

Six neuroglial cells

A

4 CNS
Astrocyte, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
2 PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells

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5
Q

Astrocycte

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Blood brain barrier
Metabolize old neurotransmitter
Maintenance of Na and K levels

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6
Q

Microglial cells

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Phagocytic

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7
Q

Ependymal cell

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
Choroid plexus, secretes CSF

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS Neuroglial cell
“Few”
Myelinates axons in CNS

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9
Q

Satellite cells

A

PNS Neuroglial cell
Supports cell bodies in ganglia

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10
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS Neuroglial cell
Myelinates axons in PNS

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11
Q

Three basic parts of a neuron and function

A

Dendrite - carry impulses towards cell body
Cell body(Soma) - Control Center
Axon - carry impulses away from cell body

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12
Q

Path an impulse moves along neuron

A

Dendrite to cell body to axon

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13
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Most common
Several dendrites, 1 axon

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14
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Rare
1 dendrite, 1 axon
Associated with smell, vision, hearing
Two points of contact to cell body

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15
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Rare
1 point of contact that spits into 1 axon and 1 dendrite
Peripheral sensory, not associated with motor function

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16
Q

Define stimulus

A

Any change in the internal or external environment

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17
Q

What causes a cell to be polarized?

A

RMP Resting Membrane Potential, Unequal distribution of Na and K, more Na outside, K in

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18
Q

All or none principle

A

If a stimulus is strong enough to reach a threshold, a complete nerve firing occurs, -70 to -55

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19
Q

Most common neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Waves of depolarization along entire membrane of a neuron

Present only in unmyelenated
Gray matter

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21
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Impulse leaping over sheath to each node of ranvier to the next
Fastest

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22
Q

Three factors that influence nerve impulse conduction

A

Myelinated or not

Diameter of the axon(Bigger means better, more SA for ion channels)

Temperature, warm is better

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23
Q

Type A Nerve Fibers

A

Large diameter myelinated
130m/s

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24
Q

Type B Nerve Fibers

A

Medium diameter myelinated
15m/s

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25
Q

Type C Nerve Fibers

A

Small diameter unmyelinated
0.5-2m/s

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26
Q

Slow axonal transport

A

Moving materials within a neuron

One way mechanism, cell body to axon

1-5mm/day

Growth/Development

CELL REPAIR

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27
Q

Fast axonal transport

A

Two way mechanism

Cell body to axon and back

200 to 400mm/day

Daily maintenance

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28
Q

Autonomic Nervous System ANS

A

Subconscious sensation, control of smooth, cardiac, and glandular muscle tissue
Involuntary

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29
Q

Two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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30
Q

Somatic Nervous System SNS

A

Conscious, skeletal muscle, voluntary

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31
Q

Term for a collection of cell bodies found outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

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32
Q

Inferior structures associated with the spinal cord

A

Conus multilaris
Filum Terminalae
Cauda equina

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33
Q

Order of the meningeal layers of spinal cord
(Superficial to Deep)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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34
Q

Area of the spinal cord that contains cell bodies of the somatic and autonomic motor neruons

A

Anterior grey horn(Somatic motor)
Lateral grey horn(Autonomic)

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35
Q

What is contained the posterior(dorsal) root ganglion?

A

Cell bodies of the unipolar sensory neurons

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36
Q

Five components of a reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center(spinal cord or brain), motor neuron, affector

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37
Q

Basic function of a sensory receptor

A

Convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse

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38
Q

Five types of reflexes

A

Spinal, Cranial, Somatic, Visceral, Pathological

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39
Q

Three Spinal Somatic Reflexes

A

Stretch, Tendon, Flexor/Crossed Extensor

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40
Q

Stretch Spinal Somatic Reflex

A

Monosynaptic
Ipsilateral
Segmental
Receptor: Muscle Spindle
Effect: Contract stretch muscle and relax antagonist

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41
Q

Tendon Spinal Somatic Reflex

A

Polysynaptic
Ipsilateral
Segmental
Receptor: Tendon organ
Effect: Relax the muscle that is generating tension and contract the antagonist

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42
Q

Flexor/Crossed Extensor Spinal Somatic Reflex (Withdrawal reflex)

A

Polysynaptic
Ipsilteral/Contralateral
Intersegmental
Receptor: Pain receptor
Effect: Contract flexor muscles to withdraw limb from pain/Contract extensor muscles on opposite side

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43
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs
8C
12T
5L
5S
1 cocyx

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44
Q

Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves

Endoneurium

A

Surrounds individual axons

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45
Q

Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves

Perineurium

A

Surrounds bundles(fascicles) of axons

46
Q

Connective Tissue Surrounding Nerves

Epineurium

A

Surrounds the entire nerve

47
Q

Ramus

A

Branch of a spinal nerve

48
Q

Posterior ramus

A

Supplies DEEP muscle of skin on back(posterior aspect)

49
Q

Anterior Ramus

A

Largest, supplies superficial back muscles, anterolateral trunk, upper and lower limb

50
Q

Meningeal Ramus

A

Spinal cord, vertebral ligaments

51
Q

Rami Communicantes

A

Supplies ANS sympathetic ganglion

52
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Anterior rami fuse together

53
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Posterior head, neck, top of shoulder. diaphragm

54
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Supplies upper limb C5-T1

55
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Supplies anterolateral abdominal wall
Part of lower limb, anterior aspects
External genitals
L1-L4

56
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Supplies buttocks, lower limb posterior aspect, perineum
L4-S4

57
Q

Coccygeal Plexus

A

Skin around coccyx
S5-Co1

58
Q

Where is no plexus found?

A

Between T2-T12, intercostal nerves

59
Q

Dermatome

A

Constant specific area of skin(innervated) to a specific spina nerve
No C1

60
Q

Four principle parts of brain with subdivisions

A

Brain stem - medulla, pons, midbrain
Cerrebellum-2nd largest
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus
Cerebrum - largest,7/8, seat of intelligence

61
Q

Where is CSF produced and what space does it circulate?

A

Corroid plexus secretes CSF in Two Lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, into the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space

62
Q

What is the principle source of energy for the brain cells?

A

Glucose

63
Q

Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located?

A

Medulla, most basic foundational primitive area

64
Q

Cranial Nerves involved in eye movement

A

3,4,6

65
Q

Cranial Nerves with only sensory, no motor

A

1,2,8

66
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

Small inferior to thalamus
Coordination of ANS
Thirst Center
Hunger
Temperature regulation
Intermediary between nervous and endocrine system
Secrete ADH and oxytocin
Sleep and Wake cycle
Psychosomatic disorder, rage, agression, pain

67
Q

Deep groves on surface of brain

A

Fissure

68
Q

Shallow groove on surface of brain

A

Sulcus

69
Q

Where are visual sensations identified?

A

Occipital lobe

70
Q

Where is the primary motor area of the brain located?

A

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

71
Q

Function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinate the postural(skeletal muscle) subconsciously that pertain to balance, equilibrium and posture

72
Q

Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory, dealing with sensation

73
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual area

74
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and olfaction

75
Q

Anterolateral parietal lobe

A

Gustatory

76
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Convert speech or written word into thought

77
Q

Common integrative Area

A

Total sensory experience, merge all sensory information together

78
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Controls all skeletal muscle

79
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Muscles in speech production

80
Q

Frontal lobe pre motor area

A

Complex motor skills

81
Q

Frontal eye field area

A

Controls muscles of eyeball for scanning eyeball movement

82
Q

Four neuropeptides

A

Enkephalin - 200x more powerful than morphine
Endorphin
Dynophin - Natural opium, modify pain perception less than enkephalin
Substance P - spinal nerves, enhances pain perception

83
Q

What plexus supplies the diaphragm?

A

Cervial plexus, phrenic nerve

84
Q

Which part of brain links the nervous and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

Where are the apneustic and pnemotaxic centers located?

A

Pontine Respiratory Center
Pons

86
Q

Lateral gray horn

A

Contains cell bodies for the autonomic motor neurons

87
Q

Posterior gray horn

A

Receives unipolar sensory neurons

88
Q

Anterior gray horn

A

Cell bodies for the somatic motor neurons

89
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Smell(sensory)

90
Q

CN II

A

Optic (Sensory) Vision

91
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens for near vision, constriction of pupil
Sensory: muscle sense (proprioception)

92
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyeball
Sensory: muscle sense

93
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Branches
Motor: Chewing
Sensory: Touch, pain, temperature from structures supplied, muscle sense

94
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: movement of eye ball
Sensory: muscle sense

95
Q

CN VII

A

Facial (mixed)
Motor: facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears
Sensory: taste, muscle sense

96
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Vestibular branch: conveys impulses associated withdraw with equilibrium
Cochlear branch: conveys impulses associated with hearing

97
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Motor: swallowing movements and secretion of saliva
Sensory: Taste and regulation of blood pressure, muscle sense

98
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (mixed)
Motor: Visceral muscle movement and swallowing movements
Sensory: Sensations from organ supplied, muscle sense

99
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: bulbar portion mediates swallowing movements, spinal portion mediates movement of head
Sensory: muscle sense(proprioception)

100
Q

Muscle sense

A

Proprioception

101
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
Sensory: muscle sense

102
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Chronic pain condition affecting Trigeminal(V) nerve in face, electric shock

103
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize the significant of sensory stimulus such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch

104
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disease causing progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons in the CNS

105
Q

Parasthesia

A

Burning or prickling sensation felt in extremities

106
Q

Neuralgia

A

Attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve

107
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain from pressure on sciatic nerve, typically runs down posterior aspect of lower extremities from herniated disc or bone spur

108
Q

Nerve block

A

Loss of sensation in a region due to an injected anesthetic

109
Q

Cranial nerves involved in eye movement IMPORTANT

A

3,4,6

110
Q

Cranial nerves only involved in sensory

A

1,2,8

A&P2 (3 decks)

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