Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
6 digestive processes
A
Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing & Movement, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination/Defecation
2
Q
Gastrointestinal tract structures
A
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
3
Q
Accessory Structures GI
A
Salivary Glands, Tongue/Teeth, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
4
Q
Salivary Glands
A
Parotic, Submandibular, Sublingual
5
Q
Parotic Salivary Gland
A
Anterior and inferior to ear, drains near upper second molar
6
Q
Submandibular salivary gland
A
Under mandible, drains behind the lower central incisors
7
Q
Sublingual salivary gland
A
Under tounge, drains on to floor of oral cavity, lesser sublingual ducts
8
Q
Function of saliva
A
Moisten, cleanse, lubricate, Gustation, carbohydrate(starch) digestion
9
Q
Enzyme contained in saliva for carbohydrate digestion
A
Salivary amylase
10
Q
3 parts of teeth
A
Crown - visible portion covered by enamel
Root - fits into alveolar processes with canals that contact vasculature, bottom called apical foramen
Neck - junction between crown and root
11
Q
Primary Teeth name and amount
A
Baby
20
12
Q
Secondary Teeth name and amount
A
Adult
32
13
Q
Hollow area inside tooth
A
Pulp cavity
14
Q
Teeth are primarily made out of
A
Dentin
15
Q
Where is starch digestion started?
A
Oral cavity by salivary amylase
16
Q
Scientific name for swallowing
A
Deglutition
17
Q
Scientific name for tasting
A
Gustation
18
Q
Sphincter controlling the passage of chyme from stomach into duodenum
A
Pyloric sphincter
19
Q
5 gastric gland cells and related secretions
A
Surface cell - mucus
Mucus Neck cell - mucus
Parietal cell - HCl, Intrinsic factor(B12, lack of causes pernicious anemia)
Chief Cells - pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G cells - hormone Gastrin
20
Q
Peristalsis
A
Muscular contractions
21
Q
Which secretions from gastric gland cells are found in gastric juice
A
Everything but gastrin from G cells, instead secreted directly to blood stream
22
Q
MAIN type of chemical digestion in stomach and enzyme involved
A
Protein digestion using pepsin in acidic environment
Pepsinogen + HCl —> Pepsin(active)
23
Q
Normal time food is in stomach, which meals leave fastested/slowest
A
2 to 4 hours, carb rich fasted, lipid slowest
24
Q
Organ producing a “cocktail of juices” containing enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
A
Pancreatic juice
25
Function of bile
Emulsification of fats, breaks down large fat globules into small
26
Function of gallbladder
Store and concentrate bile, 10x stronger
27
3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
28
Where is the lacteal located and what is its function
Small intestine, lymphatic vessel in the villi, lipid absorption
29
Principle site of digestion and absorption
Small intestine, 90-95%
30
Unique anatomical structures only found in the large intestines
Appendix, teniae coli(3 distinct bands) creating pouches called haustra
31
Which nutrients require micelle formation for absorption
Fats and lipids, triglycerides
32
What are the teniae coli
3 seperate bands of longitudinal section of the muscularis of the large intestine
33
What sphincter controls chyme movement from the small to large intestine?
ileocecal sphincter
34
How does carbohydrate/protein absorption differ from lipid absorption?
Monosaccahrides and amino acids are directly absorbed into the blood stream from villi while lipids go into the lacteals and into the lymphatic vessels
35
Form of carbohydrates absorbed
Monosaccharides, glucose, galactose, fructose
36
Form of proteins absorbed
Free amino acids
37
Form of lipids absorbed
Two fatty acids, 1 monoglyceride
38
Functions of Liver
Lipid metabolism, detoxification, phagocytosis, Storage of Vitamin B and K, bile secretion, Vitamin D synthesis
39
What type of digestion occurs in large intestine?
Mechanical - peristalsis, haustral churning, Gastro-ileal reflex, Gastro-colic reflex(mid transverse colon)
Chemical - no enzymes, large amounts of bacteria
40
Does protein catabolism occur daily?
True
41
Four stages of glucose catabolism
Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl Conenzyme A, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
42
Formula for Net ATP Production
43
What is glycolysis?
1 glucose converted into 2 pyruvic acid
44
What is gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats
45
Three sources of energy in the body
Carbs, fats, proteins
46
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body, catabolic and anabolic
47
Bulimia
A disorder that typically aff ects young, single, middle-class white females,
characterized by overeating at least twice a week followed by purging by selfinduced
vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, vigorous exercise, or use of laxatives
or diuretics; it occurs in response to fears of being overweight or to stress,
depression, and physiological disorders such as hypothalamic tumors.
48
Colostomy
The diversion of
feces through an opening in the colon, creating a surgical “stoma” (artificial
opening) that is made in the exterior of the abdominal wall. This opening
serves as a substitute anus through which feces are eliminated into a
bag worn on the abdomen.
49
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses,
drugs, and chemicals, including alcohol.
50
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
51
Diverticulitis
the infection or inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestines
52
Achalasia
condition
caused by malfunction of the myenteric plexus in which the lower esophageal
sphincter fails to relax normally as food approaches. A whole meal
may become lodged in the esophagus and enter the stomach very slowly.
Distension of the esophagus results in chest pain that is oft en confused
with pain originating from the heart.
LES too tight, projectile vomiting
53
Flatus
Air (gas) in the stomach or intestine, usually expelled
through the anus. If the gas is expelled through the mouth, it is called eructation
or belching (burping). Flatus may result from gas released during
the breakdown of foods in the stomach or from swallowing air or gascontaining
substances such as carbonated drinks.
54
Dental caries
or tooth decay, involves a gradual demineralization
(soft ening) of the enamel and dentin. If untreated, microorganisms
may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection, with subsequent
death of the pulp and abscess of the alveolar bone surrounding
the root’s apex, requiring root canal therapy
55
Lactose intolerance
the absorptive cells of the small intestine fail to produce
enough lactase, which, as you just learned, is essential for the digestion
of lactose. This results in a condition called lactose intolerance, in which
undigested lactose in chyme causes fluid to be retained in the feces; bacterial
fermentation of the undigested lactose results in the production of gases.
56
Eight functions of urinary system
Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate blood pH
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Regulate blood osmolarity
Secrete hormones
Removal of toxins, excess, hormones, drugs
57
Special gross anatomy features of kidneys
Retroperitoneal
Right kidney slightly lower
T12-L3
Size 2-3 inches wide, 4-5 inches height, 1 inch depth
Deep to superficial
Renal Capsule, Adipose Capsule, Renal Fascia(holds kidney)
58
Renal corpscle structure
1 of 2 parts of the nephron
Glomerulus, glomerular(Bowman) capsule, fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina(large proteins), podocytes(medium sized proteins)
59
Functional unit of the kidneys
Nephron
60
How do cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ
Length of loop, cortical shallower/shorter than juxtamedullary
61
Which substances DO NOT enter into the filtrate?
RBC, WBC, Platelets, Large and medium proteins
62
What anatomical feature creates the unusual capillary blood pressure in the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole
63
Glomerular filtration
Movement of fluid and dissolved substances through a filtration membrane by pressure
64
Tubular reabsorption
Movement of water and solutes from the filtrate in the tubules into the blood in the peritubular cappilaries or vasa recta
65
Tubular Secretion
Opposite of tubular reabsorption, movement of solutes from blood into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into the filtrate in the tubules, removes materials from body and controls blood pH
66
Approximately how much filtrate(%) is reabsorbed from tubules
99%
67
The specific gravity of urine is compared to what other liquid?
Distilled water
68
ADH affects what cells in which part of the tubules?
Anti diuretic hormone affects principle cells in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts
69
Order of tubules the filtrate must travel to go from capsular space to ureters
Capsular space
Loop of Henle(Loop of Nephron)
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Papillary ducts(Now urine)
Minor calyces(8-18)
Major calyces(2-3)
Renal pelvis(Kidney stones)
Ureters
70
Factors that will have an effect on kidney function
BP, Hydration, Salt, sugar, perspiration, respiration, medications, alcohol
71
What is the chief organic constituent of urine?
Urea
72
What would the presence of albumin in the urine indicate?
Albumin, large plasma protein would indicate dysfunction of basal lamina and glomerulus
73
What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
74
Which muscles are involved in emptying the urinary bladder?
Detrusor muscles lining bladder wall(smooth), internal urethral sphincter(smooth), external urethral sphincter(skeletal)
75
What significance are ketones in the urine?
Burning fats or proteins produce ketones
76
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure GBHP
Pressure created due to efferent arteriole being smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole
77
Capsular hydrostatic pressure CHP
pressure created by the filtrate pressing against the capsule wall
78
Blood colloidal osmotic pressure BCOP
Pressure due to the presence of proteins(albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) in blood plasma but not the filtrate
79
Renin function and origin
Produced by juxtamedullary apparatus in response to low net filtration pressure, converts inactive angiotensinogen to active angiotensin I
80
Aldosterone function and origin
Secreted by adrenal cortex, increase reabsorption of sodium by principle cells in the distal convoluted tubes and collecting ducts increasing blood volume
81
Angiotensinogen function and origin
inactive protein made by liver until contacted by Renin
82
When and how Atrial Natriuretic Peptide functions
Made by heart in response to hypertension created by high blood volume to lower BP, causes cells to secrete sodium
83
CN I
Olfactory Smell(sensory)
84
CN II
Optic (Sensory) Vision
85
CN III
Oculomotor (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens for near vision, constriction of pupil
Sensory: muscle sense (proprioception)
86
CN IV
Trochlear (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyeball
Sensory: muscle sense
87
CN V
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Branches
Motor: Chewing
Sensory: Touch, pain, temperature from structures supplied, muscle sense
88
CN VI
Abducens (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: movement of eye ball
Sensory: muscle sense
89
CN VII
Facial (mixed)
Motor: facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears
Sensory: taste, muscle sense
90
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Vestibular branch: conveys impulses associated withdraw with equilibrium
Cochlear branch: conveys impulses associated with hearing
91
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Motor: swelling movements and secretion of saliva
Sensory: Taste and regulation of blood pressure, muscle sense
92
CN X
Vagus (mixed)
Motor: Visceral muscle movement and swallowing movements
Sensory: Sensations from organ supplied, muscle sense
93
CN XI
Accessory (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: bulbar portion mediates swallowing movements, spinal portion mediates movement of head
Sensory: muscle sense(proprioception)
94
Muscle sense
proprioception
95
CN XII
Hypoglossal (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
Sensory: muscle sense
96
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chronic pain condition affecting Trigeminal(V) nerve in face, electric shock
97
Agnosia
Inability to recognize the significant of sensory stimulus such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
98
Multiple sclerosis
Disease causing progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons in the CNS
99
Parasthesia
Burning or prickling sensation felt in extremities
100
Neuralgia
Attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve
101
Sciatica
Pain from pressure on sciatic nerve, typically runs down posterior aspect of lower extremities from herniated disc or bone spur
102
Nerve block
Loss of sensation in a region due to an injected anesthetic
103
Cranial nerves involved in eye movement IMPORTANT
3,4,6
104
Cranial nerves only involved in sensory
1,2,8
