Exam 1 Flashcards
6 digestive processes
Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing & Movement, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination/Defecation
Gastrointestinal tract structures
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Accessory Structures GI
Salivary Glands, Tongue/Teeth, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Salivary Glands
Parotic, Submandibular, Sublingual
Parotic Salivary Gland
Anterior and inferior to ear, drains near upper second molar
Submandibular salivary gland
Under mandible, drains behind the lower central incisors
Sublingual salivary gland
Under tounge, drains on to floor of oral cavity, lesser sublingual ducts
Function of saliva
Moisten, cleanse, lubricate, Gustation, carbohydrate(starch) digestion
Enzyme contained in saliva for carbohydrate digestion
Salivary amylase
3 parts of teeth
Crown - visible portion covered by enamel
Root - fits into alveolar processes with canals that contact vasculature, bottom called apical foramen
Neck - junction between crown and root
Primary Teeth name and amount
Baby
20
Secondary Teeth name and amount
Adult
32
Hollow area inside tooth
Pulp cavity
Teeth are primarily made out of
Dentin
Where is starch digestion started?
Oral cavity by salivary amylase
Scientific name for swallowing
Deglutition
Scientific name for tasting
Gustation
Sphincter controlling the passage of chyme from stomach into duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
5 gastric gland cells and related secretions
Surface cell - mucus
Mucus Neck cell - mucus
Parietal cell - HCl, Intrinsic factor(B12, lack of causes pernicious anemia)
Chief Cells - pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G cells - hormone Gastrin
Peristalsis
Muscular contractions
Which secretions from gastric gland cells are found in gastric juice
Everything but gastrin from G cells, instead secreted directly to blood stream
MAIN type of chemical digestion in stomach and enzyme involved
Protein digestion using pepsin in acidic environment
Pepsinogen + HCl —> Pepsin(active)
Normal time food is in stomach, which meals leave fastested/slowest
2 to 4 hours, carb rich fasted, lipid slowest
Organ producing a “cocktail of juices” containing enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Pancreatic juice
Function of bile
Emulsification of fats, breaks down large fat globules into small
Function of gallbladder
Store and concentrate bile, 10x stronger
3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Where is the lacteal located and what is its function
Small intestine, lymphatic vessel in the villi, lipid absorption
Principle site of digestion and absorption
Small intestine, 90-95%
Unique anatomical structures only found in the large intestines
Appendix, teniae coli(3 distinct bands) creating pouches called haustra
Which nutrients require micelle formation for absorption
Fats and lipids, triglycerides
What are the teniae coli
3 seperate bands of longitudinal section of the muscularis of the large intestine
What sphincter controls chyme movement from the small to large intestine?
ileocecal sphincter
How does carbohydrate/protein absorption differ from lipid absorption?
Monosaccahrides and amino acids are directly absorbed into the blood stream from villi while lipids go into the lacteals and into the lymphatic vessels
Form of carbohydrates absorbed
Monosaccharides, glucose, galactose, fructose
Form of proteins absorbed
Free amino acids
Form of lipids absorbed
Two fatty acids, 1 monoglyceride
Functions of Liver
Lipid metabolism, detoxification, phagocytosis, Storage of Vitamin B and K, bile secretion, Vitamin D synthesis
What type of digestion occurs in large intestine?
Mechanical - peristalsis, haustral churning, Gastro-ileal reflex, Gastro-colic reflex(mid transverse colon)
Chemical - no enzymes, large amounts of bacteria
Does protein catabolism occur daily?
True
Four stages of glucose catabolism
Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl Conenzyme A, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Formula for Net ATP Production
What is glycolysis?
1 glucose converted into 2 pyruvic acid
What is gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats
Three sources of energy in the body
Carbs, fats, proteins
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body, catabolic and anabolic
Bulimia
A disorder that typically aff ects young, single, middle-class white females,
characterized by overeating at least twice a week followed by purging by selfinduced
vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, vigorous exercise, or use of laxatives
or diuretics; it occurs in response to fears of being overweight or to stress,
depression, and physiological disorders such as hypothalamic tumors.
Colostomy
The diversion of
feces through an opening in the colon, creating a surgical “stoma” (artificial
opening) that is made in the exterior of the abdominal wall. This opening
serves as a substitute anus through which feces are eliminated into a
bag worn on the abdomen.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses,
drugs, and chemicals, including alcohol.
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Diverticulitis
the infection or inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestines
Achalasia
condition
caused by malfunction of the myenteric plexus in which the lower esophageal
sphincter fails to relax normally as food approaches. A whole meal
may become lodged in the esophagus and enter the stomach very slowly.
Distension of the esophagus results in chest pain that is oft en confused
with pain originating from the heart.
LES too tight, projectile vomiting
Flatus
Air (gas) in the stomach or intestine, usually expelled
through the anus. If the gas is expelled through the mouth, it is called eructation
or belching (burping). Flatus may result from gas released during
the breakdown of foods in the stomach or from swallowing air or gascontaining
substances such as carbonated drinks.
Dental caries
or tooth decay, involves a gradual demineralization
(soft ening) of the enamel and dentin. If untreated, microorganisms
may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection, with subsequent
death of the pulp and abscess of the alveolar bone surrounding
the root’s apex, requiring root canal therapy
Lactose intolerance
the absorptive cells of the small intestine fail to produce
enough lactase, which, as you just learned, is essential for the digestion
of lactose. This results in a condition called lactose intolerance, in which
undigested lactose in chyme causes fluid to be retained in the feces; bacterial
fermentation of the undigested lactose results in the production of gases.
Eight functions of urinary system
Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate blood pH
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Regulate blood osmolarity
Secrete hormones
Removal of toxins, excess, hormones, drugs
Special gross anatomy features of kidneys
Retroperitoneal
Right kidney slightly lower
T12-L3
Size 2-3 inches wide, 4-5 inches height, 1 inch depth
Deep to superficial
Renal Capsule, Adipose Capsule, Renal Fascia(holds kidney)
Renal corpscle structure
1 of 2 parts of the nephron
Glomerulus, glomerular(Bowman) capsule, fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina(large proteins), podocytes(medium sized proteins)
Functional unit of the kidneys
Nephron
How do cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ
Length of loop, cortical shallower/shorter than juxtamedullary
Which substances DO NOT enter into the filtrate?
RBC, WBC, Platelets, Large and medium proteins
What anatomical feature creates the unusual capillary blood pressure in the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole
Glomerular filtration
Movement of fluid and dissolved substances through a filtration membrane by pressure
Tubular reabsorption
Movement of water and solutes from the filtrate in the tubules into the blood in the peritubular cappilaries or vasa recta
Tubular Secretion
Opposite of tubular reabsorption, movement of solutes from blood into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into the filtrate in the tubules, removes materials from body and controls blood pH
Approximately how much filtrate(%) is reabsorbed from tubules
99%
The specific gravity of urine is compared to what other liquid?
Distilled water
ADH affects what cells in which part of the tubules?
Anti diuretic hormone affects principle cells in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts
Order of tubules the filtrate must travel to go from capsular space to ureters
Capsular space
Loop of Henle(Loop of Nephron)
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Papillary ducts(Now urine)
Minor calyces(8-18)
Major calyces(2-3)
Renal pelvis(Kidney stones)
Ureters
Factors that will have an effect on kidney function
BP, Hydration, Salt, sugar, perspiration, respiration, medications, alcohol
What is the chief organic constituent of urine?
Urea
What would the presence of albumin in the urine indicate?
Albumin, large plasma protein would indicate dysfunction of basal lamina and glomerulus
What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Which muscles are involved in emptying the urinary bladder?
Detrusor muscles lining bladder wall(smooth), internal urethral sphincter(smooth), external urethral sphincter(skeletal)
What significance are ketones in the urine?
Burning fats or proteins produce ketones
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure GBHP
Pressure created due to efferent arteriole being smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole
Capsular hydrostatic pressure CHP
pressure created by the filtrate pressing against the capsule wall
Blood colloidal osmotic pressure BCOP
Pressure due to the presence of proteins(albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) in blood plasma but not the filtrate
Renin function and origin
Produced by juxtamedullary apparatus in response to low net filtration pressure, converts inactive angiotensinogen to active angiotensin I
Aldosterone function and origin
Secreted by adrenal cortex, increase reabsorption of sodium by principle cells in the distal convoluted tubes and collecting ducts increasing blood volume
Angiotensinogen function and origin
inactive protein made by liver until contacted by Renin
When and how Atrial Natriuretic Peptide functions
Made by heart in response to hypertension created by high blood volume to lower BP, causes cells to secrete sodium
CN I
Olfactory Smell(sensory)
CN II
Optic (Sensory) Vision
CN III
Oculomotor (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyelid and eyeball, accommodation of lens for near vision, constriction of pupil
Sensory: muscle sense (proprioception)
CN IV
Trochlear (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of eyeball
Sensory: muscle sense
CN V
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular Branches
Motor: Chewing
Sensory: Touch, pain, temperature from structures supplied, muscle sense
CN VI
Abducens (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: movement of eye ball
Sensory: muscle sense
CN VII
Facial (mixed)
Motor: facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears
Sensory: taste, muscle sense
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Vestibular branch: conveys impulses associated withdraw with equilibrium
Cochlear branch: conveys impulses associated with hearing
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Motor: swelling movements and secretion of saliva
Sensory: Taste and regulation of blood pressure, muscle sense
CN X
Vagus (mixed)
Motor: Visceral muscle movement and swallowing movements
Sensory: Sensations from organ supplied, muscle sense
CN XI
Accessory (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: bulbar portion mediates swallowing movements, spinal portion mediates movement of head
Sensory: muscle sense(proprioception)
Muscle sense
proprioception
CN XII
Hypoglossal (mixed, primarily motor)
Motor: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
Sensory: muscle sense
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chronic pain condition affecting Trigeminal(V) nerve in face, electric shock
Agnosia
Inability to recognize the significant of sensory stimulus such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
Multiple sclerosis
Disease causing progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons in the CNS
Parasthesia
Burning or prickling sensation felt in extremities
Neuralgia
Attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve
Sciatica
Pain from pressure on sciatic nerve, typically runs down posterior aspect of lower extremities from herniated disc or bone spur
Nerve block
Loss of sensation in a region due to an injected anesthetic
Cranial nerves involved in eye movement IMPORTANT
3,4,6
Cranial nerves only involved in sensory
1,2,8
