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geology > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

seismic waves

A

generated from the breaking of the earth’s crust (earthquakes) used to learn about the earth’s interior

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2
Q

surface waves

A

move along the outside of the earth

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3
Q

body waves

A

travel through the earth and are changed by the contents of the interior, they are reflected, refracted, or absorbed

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4
Q

inner core

A

solid made of NI and Fe

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5
Q

outer core

A

liquid made of Ni and Fe

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6
Q

lower mantle

A

makes up the most volume, solid made of silica

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7
Q

asthenosphere

A

plastic layer below the crust

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8
Q

continental crust

A

2.7g/mL, 25-50 miles thick

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9
Q

oceanic crust

A

3.0g/mL, 2-4 miles thick

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10
Q

mt everest

A

earths highest point, 29,028ft

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11
Q

denali

A

highest point in North America, 20,320ft

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12
Q

challenger deep

A

lowest point of the Marianna’s trench 36,000ft

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13
Q

shrinking earth model

A

1600s-1900s thought the earth’s topography was formed by decreasing the earth’s volume while keeping the surface area the same; debunked because there are not uniform wrinkles

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14
Q

sir francis bacon

A

proposed continental drift when he noticed the coastlines of the continents look like they would line up in the 1620s

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15
Q

alfred wegner

A

proved the existence of pangea by matching up the rocks and fossils on the coast of Africa and South America in the 1910s

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16
Q

Arthur Holmes

A

proposed sub crustal convection as a mechanism for continental drift requiring a liquid under the crust in the 1930s

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17
Q

sonar

A

used to map the ocean floor topography, first map produced in 1959

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18
Q

bathymetry

A

mapping ocean floor topography

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19
Q

direct observation

A

stronger submarines allowed us to observe ridges and note effusive volcanos along the MORs

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20
Q

geography of earthquakes

A

set up arrays of seismometers in response to the cold war that allowed us to create an earthquake map

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21
Q

absolute age dating

A

of oceanic floor rock via deep sea drilling projects showed that the youngest rocks are around the MOR and older rocks are along the continents

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22
Q

glomar ships

A

used to collect oceanic rocks for absolute age dating

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23
Q

first complete map of the earth’s surface

A

1977

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24
Q

Harry Hess

A

proposed sea floor spreading for creating new oceanic crust in the 1960s

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25
Q

subduction

A

destroys oceanic crust at the coasts, crust is constantly recycled oldest is only 226myo

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26
Q

plate tectonics

A

a number of distinct mappable plates move spatially an average of 6cm a year up to a max of 18cm a year

27
Q

isostacy

A

vertical bobbing of tectonic plates as the mass of the continents changes

28
Q

divergent boundaries

A

most occur in the oceans along MOR via sea floor spreading, shallow minor earthquakes

29
Q

east african rift valley

A

divergent valley on land

30
Q

convergent boundaries

A

locations where plates collide that differ based on conditions

31
Q

oceanic - continental covergence

A

subduction of sima under sial creates an oceanic trench and volcanoes on the coast, strong deep earthquakes

32
Q

oceanic - oceanic convergence

A

one side will slip under the other creating a trench and a volcanic island arch, strong deep earthquakes

33
Q

continental - continental convergence

A

uplift creates a nonvolcanic mountain range, strong shallow earthquakes

34
Q

transform boundaries

A

plates slide past each other creating a high volume of earthquakes

35
Q

Hawaii

A

has a straight volcanic chain in the middle of the ocean contradicting what we know, only the youngest volcano is active

36
Q

mantle plume

A

isolated body that is hotter than the rest of the asthenosphere and is fixed in place creating a hotspot which makes a weak point in the crust for magma to seap out

37
Q

verbal scale

A

a sentence for example 1 inch equals 495 miles on the globe

38
Q

bar scale

A

a measurable representation of map scale

39
Q

representative fraction (RF)

A

map distance over earth distance representation given as either a ratio or a fraction giving unit to unit conversions

40
Q

features found on all maps

A

title, northern orientation, scale, source or reference,

41
Q

standard US map

A

a 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle

42
Q

topographic maps

A

show the elevation of the earth’s surface using contour lines

43
Q

isolines

A

connect points of equal value on a map

44
Q

closely spaced contour lines

A

a steep slope

45
Q

widely spaced contour lines

A

a gentle slope

46
Q

coordinate systems

A

grid systems that help determine geographic location

47
Q

elevation

A

vertical distance above msl

48
Q

latitude

A

based on relative angle to the north star, divided into hemispheres by the equator; lines are called parallels

49
Q

longitude

A

based on time zones, all meridians converge at the poles, prime meridian and international date line divide the earth

50
Q

Greenwich England

A

arbitrary point deemed as longitudinal 0, location of the prime meridian

51
Q

distance between degrees of latitude

A

69 miles

52
Q

1 degree

A

60 min, 3600s

53
Q

true north

A

geographic north, 90 degrees latitude, differs from magnetic north

54
Q

magnetic north

A

point in northern Canada where there is a magnetic pole which wanders over time requiring adjustments to maps

55
Q

magnetic declination

A

difference between magnetic and true north given in a degree and east or west direction

56
Q

magnetic declination in ship today

A

11 degrees west

57
Q

pole flip

A

last occurred 780000 ybp

58
Q

hatchures

A

represent closed depressions or bowls on a map with hatched contour lines

59
Q

brown on a map

A

indicates contour lines

60
Q

blue on a map

A

indicate hydrographic features, contour lines point upstream

61
Q

red and black on a map

A

transportation routes or buildings

62
Q

purple on a map

A

map revisions since the previous edition

63
Q

light red on a map

A

urban areas where buildings are too close together to be mapped individually

geology (3 decks)

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