exam 1

Question 1

radius of the earth

Answer 1

4000 miles

Question 2

circumference of the earth

Answer 2

2500 miles

Question 3

revolution

Answer 3

1 year, noncircular elliptical orbit

Question 4

distance from earth to sun

Answer 4

93 million miles

Question 5

phase of revolution where the earth is farther away from the sun

Answer 5

aphelion, 93 million miles

Question 6

phase of revolution where the earth is closer to the sun

Answer 6

perihelion 91 million miles

Question 7

amount of years it takes for the orbit of revolution to rotate 360 degrees

Answer 7

100,000 years

Question 8

rotation time and speed

Answer 8

1 day, 1000 mph

Question 9

earth shape created by the forces of gravity causing expansion at the equator

Answer 9

oblate spheroid

Question 10

study of the shape of the earth

Answer 10

geodisy

Question 11

tilt of the earth causing seasons

Answer 11

axial tilt, 22-24.5 degrees

Question 12

amount of time it takes for the axial tilt to change from one extreme to another and back

Answer 12

40,000 years

Question 13

wobble of the axis of rotation

Answer 13

precession, full one takes 26,000 years

Question 14

cycles that map out the occurrence of each of earth’s motion cycles to determine when they will coincide potentially causing weather extremes like the ice age

Answer 14

Milankovitch cycles

Question 15

created by the earth’s rotation and core rich in iron; acts as a shield protecting the earth from the sun’s harmful rays

Answer 15

magnetic field

Question 16

prior to 1780, school of thought that the earth was formed by a series of infrequent major events such as volcanos and biblical floods

Answer 16

catastrophism

Question 17

post 1780, school of thought that the earth was shaped by frequent minor events over a long period of time such as rivers, wind, and tectonic shifts

Answer 17

uniformitarianism

Question 18

location and person who discovered evidence of uniformitarianism with shifts in the rocks, caused the shift from catastrophism to uniformitarianism

Answer 18

Siccar point Scotland, James Hutton, 1780

Question 19

location and person who recognized large land ripples similar to that of sand likely caused by catastrophic floods leading to the proposal of neo catastrophism

Answer 19

J Harlan Bretz, Channeled Scablands, Washington state, 1920s

Question 20

modern school of thought that uniformitarianism and catastrophism work in conjunction to shape the earth

Answer 20

neo-catastrophism

Question 21

law that states the oldest rocks are found on the bottom and the newest on the top

Answer 21

law of superposition

Question 22

law that states sediments that became rocks were originally laid down horizontally, some remain that way but some shift

Answer 22

law of original horizontality

Question 23

size order for sections of the geologic time scale

Answer 23

Eon>Era>period>epoch

Question 24

now the geologic time scale was Originally made

Answer 24

relative age dating based on floral and faunal succession

Question 25

recent technology allows for this type of dating using radio active elements discovered in 1960'5 by marie curie

Answer 25

absolute age dating

Question 26

decay of radioactive isotopes over time allows for this method bused on the energy they emit as a parent decays into the daughter

Answer 26

half like decay

Question 27

Oldest Object we have dating to 4.3 bya found in Jack hills of western australia

Answer 27

Zircon crystal

Question 28

Earth begins

Answer 28

4.6 bya

Question 29

2.5 bya divide proterozoic and archeon marked by this event made obvious by the presence of rust in fossilized rocks

Answer 29

great oxidation event

Question 30

541 mya paleozoic begins with this event marked by the appearance of fossil hard parts

Answer 30

cambrian explosion

Question 31

mesozoic begins marked by major reptiles

Answer 31

252 mya

Question 32

66 mya this event marks the end of the mesozoic

Answer 32

KT extinction

Question 33

KT boundary is rich in this element indicating an asteroid

Answer 33

iridium

Question 34

Pleistocene begins with continental glaciation starting the quaternary period

Answer 34

2:6 mya

Question 35

mup of largest known glaciers 18,000 ybp causing a rapid 400 ft rise in sea level upon melting

Answer 35

glacial max

Question 36

Pleistocene ends win a full meltdown starting the holocene

Answer 36

10,000 ybp

Question 37

age of rocks on Ship campus

Answer 37

ordovician ,490 myo

Question 38

number of naturally occuring elements

Answer 38

88

Question 39

% of the earth's crust made of the most abundant 8 elements

Answer 39

98.5 %

Question 40

most abundant 8 elements

Answer 40

oxygen silicon aluminum iron calcium sodium potassium magnesium

Question 41

Incredibly inert chemical formula that makes up quartz

Answer 41

silica siO2

Question 42

chemical formula that makes up the earth's crust

Answer 42

SiAl silica + Al

Question 43

mafic

Answer 43

Mg+ Fe

Question 44

makes up oceanic crust

Answer 44

sima silica + ma fic

Question 45

number of recognized minerals

Answer 45

5,500

Question 46

naturally occuring inorgan. solids with a definite chemical structure and a unique set of physical properties

Answer 46

Minerals

Question 47

most obvious and least Reliable physical property

Answer 47

color

Question 48

physical property refering to now light is reflected, metalic

Answer 48

luster

Question 49

measured by the mons scale where diamond is a 10 and talc is a 1

Answer 49

hardness

Question 50

physical property of the color of a Minerals powder

Answer 50

streak

Question 51

physical property of now light is transmitted through a mineral

Answer 51

Diaphaneity

Question 52

melting or crystallizing point range

Answer 52

800 - 1200 C

Question 53

most reliable and least obvious physical property bused on the number of visible geometric planes when a mineral breaks

Answer 53

Cleavage planes

Question 54

3 cleavage planes

Answer 54

cubic

Question 55

4 cleavage planes

Answer 55

pyramidal

Question 56

how a mineral grows

Answer 56

habit

Question 57

iron ore metalic gray with red streak I plane of cleavage that can't be seen

Answer 57

hematite

Question 58

no cleavage, harder than glass

Answer 58

Quartz

Question 59

4 cleavage planes softer than glass

Answer 59

fluorite

Question 60

metalic silver with cubic Cleavage and high density

Answer 60

galena

Question 61

feldspar with strianons and irridesence

Answer 61

plagiocIase

Question 62

feldspar without strations

Answer 62

potassium

Question 63

olive green With no Cleavage planes, melts at 1200 c

Answer 63

Olivine

Question 64

one plane of cleavage sheet like and transparent

Answer 64

muscovite

Question 65

softer than a fingernail 0 Cleavage planes

Answer 65

Kaolinite

Question 66

fool's gold metallic with 0 planes of Cleavage but Cube habit

Answer 66

pyrite

Question 67

rhombohedralCubik cleavage reacts with HCI

Answer 67

calcite

Question 68

Cubic Clearage greasy feeling transparent

Answer 68

halite

Question 69

60-120 cleavage on 2 planes

Answer 69

Hornblende