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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

petrology

A

the study of rocks

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2
Q

igneous rock

A

form directly from a magma via freezing/crystallizing; made up of randomly distributed crystals, characterized by shade and texture

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3
Q

bowen’s reaction series

A

minerals freeze at varying temperatures; quartz melts at 800, olivine and plagioclase melt at 1200, potassium feldspar is in the middle

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4
Q

dark igneous rocks

A

mafic

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5
Q

light igneous rocks

A

felsic

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6
Q

phaneritic texture

A

coarse crystals visible to the naked eye, cool slowly 1-10 mi underground, plutonic

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7
Q

aphanitic texture

A

fine crystals that require magnification, cool rapidly on the surface, volcanic

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8
Q

granite

A

felsic phaneritic igneous rock

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9
Q

diorite

A

intermediate phaneritic igneous rock

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10
Q

gabbro

A

mafic phaneritic igneous rock

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11
Q

rhyolite

A

felsic aphanitic igneous rock

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12
Q

andasite

A

intermediate aphanitic igneous rock

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13
Q

basalt

A

mafic aphanitic igneous rock

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14
Q

obsidian and pumice

A

glassy igneous rocks

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15
Q

magma

A

liquid rock located 1-10 miles underground

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16
Q

batholith

A

frozen body of igneous rock deep underground that contain rare elements, become exposed by extensive uplift and erosion

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17
Q

sills

A

branches of batholiths in the host rock that freeze horizontally

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18
Q

dikes

A

branches of batholiths in the host rock that freeze vertically

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19
Q

igneous intrusions

A

more resistant to weathering than the host rock ex: stone mountain in Atlanta

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20
Q

active volcanos

A

any eruption during human history

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21
Q

dormant volcanos

A

sleeping/inactive but have the potential to erupt, no human has seen it erupt

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22
Q

extinct volcanos

A

no longer has the potential to erupt

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23
Q

effusive eruptions

A

lava flow, quiet and controlled eruptions from mafic volcanos; caused because they contain iron rich minerals which melt at high temps (1000-1200) so all minerals are melted form shield volcanos

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24
Q

shield volcanos

A

10x wider than they are tall, primarily made of basalt, have effusive eruptions

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25
Q

explosive eruptions

A

violent, producing mostly ash and limited lava from felsic volcanos; minerals melt at low temperatures (800-1000), not all minerals melt at once causing blockages that build up pressure, form composite volcanos

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26
Q

composite volcanos

A

steep, made up of built up ash and primarily rhyolite, smaller because they destroy themselves, have explosive eruptions

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27
Q

pyroclastic material

A

ash

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28
Q

caldera

A

hole in a volcano

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29
Q

phreatic eruptions

A

very big explosive eruptions surrounded by water, powered by steam when water enters the magma chamber, krakatoa and tambora

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30
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

made up of cemented debris, stratified, bedded, layered, give earth’s history form at 50-250 degrees

31
Q

4 step process of sedimentary rock formation

A

weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification

32
Q

weathering

A

atmosphere attacks rocks causing decay

33
Q

mechanical weathering

A

physical, decreases size and increases surface area, ex: freeze thaw

34
Q

chemical weathering

A

reactions that change the mineral composition to a more stable form from atmospheric chemicals
oxidation - mafic minerals oxidize to rust
hydrolysis - feldspar hydrates to clay
carbonation - CO2 forms carbonic acid which dissolves carbonate minerals

35
Q

erosion and deposition

A

dependent on size of clasts and speed of movement

36
Q

sand

A

clasts 2-0.05mm

37
Q

silt

A

clasts 0.05-0.002mm

38
Q

clay

A

clasts <0.002mm

39
Q

fluvial processes

A

flowing water is a vehicle to transport sediment and dissolved minerals

40
Q

eolian processes

A

flowing wind moves small clasts such as clay globally, silt shorter distances, and sand very short distances forming dunes

41
Q

loess

A

wind blown silt deposits

42
Q

lag gravel

A

clasts left behind because they are too big to move by wind

43
Q

total fluvial transport

A

bedload (movement on the bottom that moves by saltation) + suspended load + dissolved load

44
Q

glacial processes

A

flowing ice in polar or alpine regions, or Pleistocene climates

45
Q

lithification

A

compaction and cementation over time by adding weight, quartz, calcite, and iron are common glues, requires 10s of millions of years, generates 50-250 degrees of heat

46
Q

clastic sedimentary rocks

A

based on size, form via mechanical weathering, made of sand silt and clay, rough grainy texture

47
Q

sandstone

A

grainy texture made of quartz sand clasts, forms in a high energy environment

48
Q

shale

A

made of clay clasts, flat shape, fissile, forms in a low energy environment

49
Q

fissile

A

breaks into thin sheets

50
Q

nonclastic sedimentary rocks

A

biochemical, form via chemical weathering, undissolved precipitates

51
Q

limestone

A

nonclastic sedimentary rock, gray, varying thickness, can contain fossils, made up of calcite, fizzes with HCl, forms in shallow marine environments

52
Q

coal

A

compacted organic matter, require a tropical climate, forms in swamps of shallow water to prevent decomposition; pressure and heat convert peat to coal over a long period of time

53
Q

lignite

A

first stage of coal formation, water is removed from peat

54
Q

bituminous coal

A

soft bedded coal found in western PA

55
Q

anthracite

A

hard shiny coal found in eastern PA

56
Q

coquina

A

nonclastic sedimentary rock made up of broken shells, fizzes with HCl, can compact further into limestone

57
Q

chalk

A

white, dull, nonclastic sedimentary rock fizzes with HCl

58
Q

chert

A

similar to limestone in appearance, vitreous with conchoidal fractures, used for arrow heads

59
Q

conglomerate

A

clastic sedimentary rock formed from water, rounded pieces of rock debris, non uniform

60
Q

breccia

A

clastic sedimentary rock formed from earthquakes, angular rock debris, non uniform

61
Q

siltstone

A

clastic sedimentary rock, very fine sandstone

62
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

changed by heat and pressure cooks rocks creating aligned mineral crystals different from the original form at 250 - 750 degrees

63
Q

foliation

A

swirls and bands on metamorphic rocks

64
Q

methods of metamorphic formation

A

burial and tectonics both require depth followed by erosion and occur on a large scale, contact metamorphism is smaller scale

65
Q

burial

A

under 10’s of km’s of material creates high pressure and increases heat

66
Q

tectonics

A

pressure from the sides pushes materials in and up, acts on the roots of mountains

67
Q

contact metamorphism

A

as plutons of magma move towards the surface in dikes and sills, they cook the walls of the host rock, 1-10ft below the surface

68
Q

metamorphosis of shale

A

compresses to slate (low grade) which compresses to phyllite which compresses to schist which compresses to gneiss (high grade)

69
Q

slate

A

harder, darker, and smoother than shale

70
Q

schist

A

sparkly due to muscovite mica

71
Q

phyllite

A

shiny aligned layers

72
Q

gneiss

A

zebra striped in pink or white and black

73
Q

marble

A

contact metamorphizes from limestone, still fizzes under HCl

74
Q

quartzite

A

contact metamorphizes from quartz sandstone

geology (3 decks)

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