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EXAM 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells utilizes a _________ while animal cells utilize a ________.

A

cell plate, cleavage furrow

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2
Q

Karyokinesis is _________ division while cytokinesis is ___________ division

A

nuclear, cytoplasmic

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell division occurs via ___________

A

binary fission

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4
Q

the correct order of the cell cycle is which of the following

A

G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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5
Q

the role of meiosis is ______

A

production of gametes

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6
Q

the role of mitosis is __________

A

all of the answers are correct; 1)asexual reproduction, 2)growth, 3)development

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7
Q

the failure of chromosomal material to separate properly during meiosis is called ___________

A

non-disjunction

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8
Q

what is it called when eukaryotic cells stop dividing upon touching other eukaryotic cells?

A

density-dependent inhibition

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9
Q

when a cell “realizes” that it is dividing out of control it can make “suicide proteins” to destroy itself and prevent tumors from appearing. this process is called __________

A

apoptosis

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10
Q

when a tumor-cells grow through the basal lamina and enters the bloodstream it is said to have _____________

A

metastisized

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11
Q

Mr. and Mrs. Smith have three sons in elementary school. Two of their children are progressing normally, but their last son, Charles, has been much slower than his siblings at developing speech and language skills. His parents are concerned that he has a learning disability and decide to investigate further. Since some learning disabilities can be genetically based, their pediatrician recommends a chromosomal analysis.

The results show that Charles has a trisomy of the sex chromosomes, diagnosed as XYY, which is caused by nondisjunction in the formation of the father’s sperm. The nondisjunction resulted in an extra copy of the Y chromosome. The extra copy was passed on to Charles during fertilization. Most often, this chromosomal change causes no unusual physical features or medical problems, but those with trisomy of the sex chromosomes do have a higher than normal risk of delays in learning development.

During which stage of meiosis could this nondisjunction have occurred?

A

anaphase II

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12
Q

if a chromosome fragment breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome, but in the reverse direction, the resulting chromosomal abnormality is called a(n)

A

inversion

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13
Q

karotyping

A

can reveal alterations in chromosome number

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14
Q

all the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed fly and an orange-eyed fly have black eyes. this means that the allele for black eyes is _______ the allele for orange eyes.

A

dominant to

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15
Q

asexual reproduction requires _____________ individuals

A

1

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16
Q

assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couples first-born child is female and second-born child is male?

A

25%

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17
Q

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gametes

A

one

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18
Q

Mendel conducted his more memorable experiments on

A

peas

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19
Q

two genes found near each other on the same chromosome are called what?

A

linked genes

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20
Q

what is a testcross

A

a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of intrest

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21
Q

what is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a male mammal?

A

one X chromosome and one Y chromosome

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22
Q

when more than one allele is expressed in a heterozygous individual, this is called ______

A

codominance

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23
Q

when the expression of one gene alters the expression of another gene, this is called _____________

A

epistasis

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24
Q

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow.

A woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. At a fertility clinic, they discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. Using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband’s sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can’t be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman’s father) is also color-blind.

As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents that

A

each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood

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25
Q

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow.

A woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. At a fertility clinic, they discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. Using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband’s sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can’t be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman’s father) is also color-blind.

In regard to the baby’s color blindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that

A

since color blindness is sex-linker, a son can inherit color blindness if his mother has the recessive color blindness allele

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26
Q

the individual features of all organisms are the result of

A

genetics and the environment

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27
Q

During the S-phase of the cell cycle, DNA _________ occurs

A

replication

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28
Q

the directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a condon that consists of ____________ nucleotides in an RNA molecule

A

3

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29
Q

the monomers of DNA and RNA are

A

nucleotides

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30
Q

the synthesis of polypeptide chains from an RNA message is called

A

translation

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31
Q

the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called

A

transcription

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32
Q

which of the following enzymes synthesizes a new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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33
Q

which of the following enzymes unwinds a DNA double helix

A

helicase

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34
Q

which of the following enzymes “glue” strands of DNA together

A

ligase

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35
Q

which of the following people conducted experiments that demonstrated that DNA is a helix

A

Watson, Crick, and Franklin

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36
Q

which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component

A

DNA > RNA > Protein

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37
Q

what nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand of the strand shown(ACTGT)

A

TGACA

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38
Q

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow.

Exposure to the HIV virus doesn’t necessarily mean that a person will develop AIDS. Some people have genetic resistance to infection by HIV. Dr. Stephen O’Brien from the U.S. National Cancer Institute has recently identified a mutant form of a gene, called CCR5, that can protect against HIV infection. The mutation probably originated in Europe among survivors of the bubonic plague. The mutated gene prevents the plague bacteria from attaching to cell membranes and, therefore, from entering and infecting body cells.

Although the HIV virus is very different from the bacteria that causes the plague, both diseases affect the exact same cells and use the same method of infection. The presence of the mutated gene in descendants of plague survivors helps prevent them from contracting AIDS. Pharmaceutical companies are using this information as the basis for a new approach to AIDS prevention. This would be very important in areas of the world where the mutation is scarce or absent, such as Africa.

Which of the following shows the steps of a viral infection in the proper order?

A

virus locates host cell > penetrates cell membrane > enters nucleus > alters host cell DNA > host cell produces copies of virus

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39
Q

In the 1920s, Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live cells, some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate?

A

transformation

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40
Q

Binary fission

A

1) duplication of the chromosomes, 2) continued elongation *pinches in
3) division into two daughter cells

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41
Q

nuclear division

A

(mitosis & meiosis), called karyokinesis, division of chromosomes

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42
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of organelles and cytoplasm, comes after nuclear division

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43
Q

nucleosome

A

histone proteins, 2 wraps of DNA around 8 unit histone

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44
Q

euchromatin

A

interphase

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45
Q

heterchromation

A

when cell division is occurring

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46
Q

non-dividing stages

A

G1 (cell increases size and number of organelles), S (chromosome replication), G2 (cell synthesizes molecules needed for division

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47
Q

dividing stages

A

mitosis, cytokinesis

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48
Q

nerve cells

A

never divide again

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49
Q

liver cells

A

can re-enter cell cycle

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50
Q

skin cells

A

divide constantly

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51
Q

anchorage

A

single layer of cells, removal of cells, restoration of single layer by cell division

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52
Q

tumors

A

lack of contact inhibition

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53
Q

meiosis 1

A

function: separate homologous pairs, go from diploid to haploid

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54
Q

meiosis 2

A

separate sister chromatids, go from double to single stranded

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55
Q

abnormal # of sex chromosomes or autosomes

A

ex. extra chromosome, trisomy -21, down syndrome

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56
Q

deletion

A

loss of a fragement

57
Q

duplication

A

addition of an identical fragment

58
Q

translocation

A

attachment of a non-homologous chromosome fragment

59
Q

animal cloning involves

A

nuclear transfer

60
Q

gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

A

size

61
Q

PCR is a technique used to

A

make billions of copies of a single gene in vitro

62
Q

RFLP is a technique used to

A

create DNA fingerprints based on nucleotide sequence

63
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA at specific sequences

64
Q

the production of multiple identical copies of genes defines

A

gene cloning

65
Q

which of the following is used to protect against accidents involving genetically engineered organisms

A

genetic sterilization of the recombinant organsim

66
Q

which statement is correct? Embryonic stem cells can be used to create

A

any cell type

67
Q

approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding

A

99%

68
Q

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

A

bacteriophages

69
Q

the enzyme that converts information stored in their RNA to information stored in DNA is

A

reverse transcriptase

70
Q

what is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

A

Dna profiling

71
Q

if you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do note leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from tour body. if you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ____________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime

A

PCR

72
Q

monohybrid cross

A

traits differ at one characteristic

73
Q

p gen

A

true breeding parents

74
Q

gene

A

DNA at a specific location on chromosomes that codes for a polypeptide that determines particular characteristics

75
Q

locus

A

any specific location on a chromosome whether it codes for characteristics or not

76
Q

allele

A

different variation of a given gene

77
Q

recessive allele

A

only expressed when its homozygous

78
Q

phenotype

A

outward physical appearance

79
Q

genotype

A

internal genetic makeup

80
Q

dihybrid cross

A

traits differ at two characteristics

81
Q

incomplete dominance

A

allele neither dominant nor recessive

82
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene influences many characteristics ex. sickle cell anemia

83
Q

where is the genetic material

A

on the chromosomes, inside nucleus

84
Q

transduction

A

transfer of bacterial genes by a phage (virus)

85
Q

reterovirus

A

ex. HIV

86
Q

DNA

what makes up DNA?

A

sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base

87
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

88
Q

A & T

A

two bonds

89
Q

G & C

A

three bonds

90
Q

pruines

A

A and G

91
Q

pyrimidines

A

T and C

92
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

93
Q

3 major types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

94
Q

animal cloning

A

reproductive and therapeutic

95
Q

which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is FALSE

A

mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity

96
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes move toward opposite poles

97
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope fragments

98
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense and become visible

99
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

99
Q

telophase

A

daughter nuclei form

100
Q

diploid

A

two copies of the chromosomes

100
Q

at the end of prophase of mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

A

sister chromatids

100
Q

haploid

A

one copy of the chromosomes

100
Q

two differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

1)meiosis makes 4 haploid cells and mitosis makes only 2 diploid cells
2)meiosis makes unique cells, mitosis identical cells

101
Q

what is crossing over? during which meiotic phase does crossing over take place?

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs of chromosomes, happens during prophase 1 of meiosis

102
Q

during what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

A

anaphase 2

103
Q

two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are

A

homologous chromosomes

104
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that

A

each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

105
Q

Dr. Smith’s parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of
deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The
normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith’s parents could
have which of the following genotypes?

A

Dd and Dd

106
Q

a person with AB blood illustrates the principle of

A

codominance

107
Q

which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans?

A

hypercholesterolemia

108
Q

A colorblind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. All of their sons, but none of their
daughters, are colorblind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results?

A

the gene for color vision is found on the x chromosome

109
Q

the 4 o’clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R=red, r=white, and Rr=pink. if two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers?

A

50%

110
Q

traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are ht result of what form of inheritance

A

polygenic inheritance

111
Q

difference in the nucleotide structure of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribose, double stranded, A,C,G,T, in nucleus.
RNA:ribose, singel stranded. A,C,G,U, in nucleus and cytoplasm

112
Q

which of the following statements about DNA replication is INCORRECT?

A

replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it

113
Q

when one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecule, the new DNA contains:

A

50% of the parent DNA

114
Q

why does a new DNA strand grow in only the 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

DNA polymerase only binds the 3’ end and then moves 3’ to 5’ on the template strand

115
Q

In DNA replication, what is the structural difference between the leading and the lagging strands?

A

leading strand: continuous (DNA polymerase move towards replication fork). lagging strand: made in fragments called Okazaki fragments (DNA polymerase moves away from the replication forks).

116
Q

during the process of transcription, the information in

A

DNA is converted into RNA information

117
Q

which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events during elongation of an amino acid sequence in translation?

A

condon recognition > peptide bond formation > mRNA moves forward by one condon

118
Q

a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is AAA. the anticodon on the tRNA that binds to the RNA codon that was transcribed from the template DNA is:

A

AAA

119
Q

gene mutations are

A

alterations in the normal sequences of bases within a gene

120
Q

the term “gene expression” refers to the

A

process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins

121
Q

a gene operon consists of

A

transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter

122
Q

proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called

A

activators

123
Q

the lac operon of E. coli is _________ when the repressor is bound to lactose.

A

active

124
Q

which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false?

A

DNA packing tends to promote gene expression

125
Q

which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide

A

alternative RNA splicing

126
Q

RNA interference (RNAi) can be used by

A

cells to prevent infections from double-stranded RNA viruses

127
Q

viral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA is known as a

A

prophage

128
Q

conjugation

A

is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

129
Q

when DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

A

recombinant DNA

130
Q

when plasmids are used to produce a desired protein

A

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation

131
Q

“sticky ends” are

A

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends

132
Q

after DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the “pasting” enzyme

A

ligase

133
Q

which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library

A

a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism’s entire genome

134
Q

the enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

A

reverse transcriptase

135
Q

a nucleic acid probe is

A

a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene

Biology (3 decks)

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