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Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A buffer

A

donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accept H+ ions when conditions become too acidic.

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2
Q

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a(n) ________ bond.

A

polar covalent

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3
Q

the four most common elements in living organisms are

A

C,H,O,N

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4
Q

typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. an isotope of nitrogen could

A

have more neutrons than the usual nitrogen atom

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5
Q

what is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding

A

In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best describes a compound?

A

A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

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7
Q

____________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Trait selection by humans resulting in domestication is called _____________ selection

A

Artificial

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9
Q

The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect represent ____________ structures.

A

analogous

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10
Q

the similar anatomies of vertebrate limbs represent ___________ structures

A

homologous

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11
Q

Bases

A

either accept H+ ions from solutions or donate OH- ions to solutions

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12
Q

A solute is….

A

the component that is dissolved in the solution

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13
Q

A solution with a pH of 7 is

A

neutral

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14
Q

A solution with a pH above 7 is

A

basic

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15
Q

A solution with a pH below 7 is

A

acidic

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16
Q

A(n) blank forms when two atoms share electrons

A

covalent bond

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17
Q

Compared to a ph of 3, a solution of ph 1 is

A

100 times more acidic

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18
Q

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that..

A

decays

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19
Q

An uncharged atom of Boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have?

A

5

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20
Q

If you found a fossilized dinosaur bone, what method could be used to determine the age of the fossil?

A

radiometric dating

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21
Q

evolution by natural selection relies upon

A

all of the choices are correct; 1)differential reproductive success, 2)variation within the population, and 3)variation that must be heritable.

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22
Q

Differential reproductive success over time leading to decent with modification is called

A

adaptation

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23
Q

An incorrect idea of evolution based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics is called

A

Lamarckian evolution

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24
Q

Large antlers in male elk, which are used for battles between males, are a good example of a trait favored by

A

sexual selection

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25
Q

Darwin found that many of the species on the Galapagos islands

A

resembled species on the nearest mainland

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26
Q

Members of the Kingdom Animalia

A

can obtain their food by eating other organisms

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27
Q

organisms that are prokaryotes are in the domains

A

bacteria and archaea

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28
Q

kingdom fungi includes species

A

that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients

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29
Q

How to figure out which common ancestor is the most recent

A

which knot(number) is most recent

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30
Q

Directional selection

A

form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves, changing

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31
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position just pushed up more, favoring

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32
Q

disruptive selection

A

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two

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33
Q

some RNA molecules can function like enzymes. these particular enzymatic RNA molecules are called

A

ribozymes

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34
Q

Miller-Urey-type experiments have shown that

A

complex organic molecules can be produced by physical processes from inorganic components

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35
Q

An hypothesis is

A

a tentative answer to some question

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36
Q

In an ecosystem, nutrients ___________ while energy ___________________.

A

cycle and flows

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37
Q

In 1600’s Redis experiment disproved ______________________ in ________________________ organisms

A

spontaneous generation……….. large

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38
Q

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which one of the following sequences illustrates that hierarchy as it increases in complexity?

A

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

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39
Q

the two basic cell-types are called what

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

40
Q

the ultimate source of energy flowing into nearly all ecosystems is

A

sunlight

41
Q

which of the following choice list taxonomic categories in order from most specific to most general

A

genus, family, order, class, phylum

42
Q

Which of the following is written correctly? the scientific name of the human species is

A

Capitalized is only Homo, Italicized whole thing. Homo sapiens

43
Q

which scientist developed the system of taxonomic classification that biologists still use today?

A

Linnaeus

44
Q

Which hierarchy is a community

A

would be considered all organisms in a place

45
Q

Which of the following organisms belongs to the group represented in box 1? box 1 is shown taking in sunlight and giving chemical energy to consumers and giving heat

A

tree

46
Q

Which of the following is a kingdom within the domain of Eukarya

A

fungi

47
Q

“a population or group of populations that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring” is known and the ____________ species concept

A

biological

48
Q

which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?

A

temporal isolation

49
Q

a molecule that is comprised both of protein and carbohydrate components is called what?

A

glycoprotein

50
Q

An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by

A

adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules

51
Q

fatty acids are

A

hydrophobic

52
Q

genetic information is encoded in the

A

sequence of nucleotides in DNA

53
Q

A glucose molecule is to starch as _____ are to proteins

A

amino acids

54
Q

the four letters representing nucleotide bases in DNA include which of the following

A

A,G,C,T

55
Q

The level of protein structure creating alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding is called the ____________ structure

A

secondary

56
Q

the level of protein structure defined by the joining of two or more polypeptide chains is called the __________ structure

A

Quartenary

57
Q

the level of protein structure determining an overall 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions between R-groups is called the ______________ structure

A

tertiary

58
Q

the specific chemical properties of amino acids are determined by their

A

R-group

59
Q

These two molecules are structural isomers. What is the difference between them?

A

the location of the a double-bonded oxygen atom, fructose and glucose

60
Q

primary structure is

A

sequence of amino acids, bonding the peptide and amino acids

61
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

62
Q

Linnaean System

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

63
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

prevent mating or fertilization, temporal isolation (different times of day flowers open), mechanical isolation (sex organs are not compatible), habitat isolation (same area different habitats), gametic isolation (gametes can’t unite to form a zygote, in mammals sperm can’t survive in female of another species), behavioral isolation (courtship rituals, pheromones).

64
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

after zygotes are formed. hybrid inviability (genes are not compatible and the hybrids don’t survive), hybrid sterility (hybrids reach maturity but are sterile), hybrid breakdown (2nd generation hybrids inviable or sterile)

65
Q

3 Domains

A

Bacteria (bacteria), Archaea (archaea), Eukarya (kingdom fungi, kingdom Animalia, kingdom plantae, protists)

66
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

67
Q

ionic bond

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

68
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

69
Q

Francesco Redi

A

disproved spontaneous generation for “large” organisms

70
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

disproved spontaneous generation for microorganisms

71
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation for microorganisms once and for all

72
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

73
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

74
Q

Flow of genetic information

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

75
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing

76
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

77
Q

1st shell

A

1 orbital, holds 2 electrons

78
Q

2nd shell

A

4 orbitals, 8 electrons

79
Q

3rd shell

A

9 orbitals, 18 electrons

80
Q

non polar

A

equal sharing of electrons

81
Q

polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons

82
Q

hydrophilic (bonds)

A

polar covalent bonds and ionic bonds

83
Q

hydrophobic (bonds)

A

non polar covalent bonds

84
Q

C,H,O,N all have what in common

A

all have electron vacancies in the outer shell

85
Q

Acids donate

A

H+ ions

86
Q

solvent

A

the substance in which the solute dissolves, liquid

87
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

88
Q

atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons

89
Q

six main functional groups

A

hydroxyl group(OH), carbonyl group (C=O), carboxyl group (COOH), Amino group (NH2), phosphate group (OPO3), Methyl group (CH3)

90
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

91
Q

monomers of lipids

A

fatty acids

92
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

93
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

94
Q

condensation/dehydration reaction

A

water molecule is produced, a covalent bond is produced between monomer units

95
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

water molecule is broken, a covalent bond is broken between monomer units

Biology (3 decks)

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