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exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cultural component use of lube

A

-seen as unimportant, men and women should both be enjoying it enough to be wet
-arousal=wet or dryness=arousal depending on culture
-in US: either completely ok with it or don’t think its important

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2
Q

condom breakage/ slippage/ STI risk

A

no data on lube increasing them, but stigma exists bc sexual scripts

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3
Q

use of toys in partnered experiences

A

-assumptions of men who use: gay or wants to make sure partner really enjoys experience
-depends on who uses the toy and what type

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4
Q

types of anal sex

A

-penis-anus
-finger or toy
-pegging (woman w strap on)
-analingus or rimming: seen as gross or unclean

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5
Q

anal sex benefits

A

-studies show its most satisfying, but this may be influenced by inc lube use, foreplay
-may be alternative way of g-spot/ clit stimulation

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6
Q

lesbian bed death

A

WSW get bored w same sex behaviors

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7
Q

prevalence of oral sex, finger penetration, mutual masturbation, penetration w toys in lesbians

A

-oral: 72%
-finger: 86%
-mutual: 71%
-toys: 16%

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8
Q

prevalence of MSM oral sex, mutual masturbation, anal

A

-oral: 73%
-mutual: 68%
-anal: 33%

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9
Q

are stereotypes of promiscuity for MSM true and why

A

-no
-33% w dating partner or SO
-21% w friend
-72% of sexual behavior in their home or partner’s home

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10
Q

why might MSM stereotypes of promiscuity exist

A

in 80s and 90s: had to hide behavior

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11
Q

group sex stats, types

A

-fantasy super common
-more men do it than women
-not rare
-2 W 1 M most common, seen as ultramasculine
-more types and variability than ppl are aware of

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12
Q

reasons for engaging in group sex

A

-sexual altruism: doing it bc partner wants it
-power
-novelty and high openness
-risk taking tolerance
-high body image and self-esteem

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13
Q

defining a sexual dysfunction difficulties

A

-dysfunction not a one time occurrence
-creates distress at individual and/ or relationship level
-subjective perceptions matter in defining what is satisfying and functional
-some are present in DSM

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14
Q

chronic illness cause of dysfunction

A

-overlap or heart problems, blood flow issues, diabetes
-males w diabetes 3x more likely to experience ED, often occurs 10-15 years earlier in life
-frontotemporal dementia: brain cell death- first symptoms seen in hypersexuality
-ED as a warning sign of heart issues
-physical disability inc arthritis risk

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15
Q

secondary erogenous zones and dysfunction

A

particularly helpful for dys caused by bio factors

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16
Q

drugs and sex dysfunction

A

-smoking, SSRIs
-blood pressure meds
-chemo and radiation
-blood pressure meds
-chronic substance use

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17
Q

polypharmacy

A

as you get older you take more medications and risk of dys goes up

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18
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

-F
-common STI side effect
-inflammed reproductive organs cause pain

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19
Q

prostatis

A

-“male pelvic inflammatory disease”
-inflammed prostate

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20
Q

STIs and dysfunction

A

-chlamydia and gonorrhea
-pelvic inflammatory disease
-prostatis
-inc risk of cancer and infertility
-stigma surrounding diagnosis and treatment

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21
Q

distraction and dysfunction

A

-higher rates of sex dysfunction in ADHD
-spectatoring: overanalyzing one’s own sexual performance while having sex
-wondering if you’re pleasing your partner
-inc anxiety
-reduced arousal and likelihood of orgasm

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22
Q

previous learning experiences and dysfunction

A

-growing up learning sex was shameful and women shouldn’t enjoy it: the more you think about it, the worse it gets
-traumatic sexual events and conditioning, doesn’t include abortion
-earlier onset of sex experiences and little knowledge of safe experiences at young age
-lack of familiarity with ones own anatomy

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23
Q

beliefs about sexual difficulties and dysfunction (self fulfilling prophecy)

A

-self-fulfilling prophecy: the more prevalent one believes difficulties, the more likely to experience dysfunction
-thinking women don’t orgasm or older men can’t hold an erection

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24
Q

body image and dysfunction

A

-focus more on how you look and hyperaware
-anxiety can lead to very limited script surrounding sex (ex only while wearing shirt, w light off), which lowers sex satisfaction and frequency

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25
Q

personality/ big 5 and dysfunction

A

-lower E and O: worse sexual functioning, especially among women
-less willing to use words to fix awkwardness, etc

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26
Q

attachment and dysfunction

A

-disrupting events during childhood linked to adult ED
-insecure attachment and reduced arousal and orgasmic responsively and elevated rates of vaginismus among women

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27
Q

mental illness and dysfunction

A

-affective DOs and hyper sexuality
-bipolar and mania, BPD
-schizophrenia and inc rates of sexual dysfunction
-hallucinations and paranoia throw off perceptions of reality
-learning disabilities: infantilize people with these DOs and assume they can’t do sexual behaviors

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28
Q

bio and psych factors for dysfunction difficulties

A

-hard to distinguish between and often a combo of the two
-coronary artery disease can lead to ED
-ppl also tend to be anxious about heart racing
-no way to distinguish what causes It in the moment

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29
Q

social causes of sexual dysfunction

A

-ineffective communication in sex
-unresolved conflict in relationship
-context that sex is viewed in a relationship
-actively trying to have a baby inc stress and anxiety
-schedule of when to have sex makes it boring
-cultural and religious factors surrounding sex acts, frequency, motivations, pleasure

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30
Q

female sexual interest/ arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire DO

A

-reduced or absent sexual fantasies and thoughts/ lack of desire for sexual activity
-personal distress/ persistence

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31
Q

SIAD

A

reduced or absent excitement during sex and lack of responsive desire (ability to be turned on in the moment)

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32
Q

most common form of female sexual dysfunction

A

lower desire

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33
Q

compulsive sexual behavior/ hypersexuality

A

-excessive sexual desire or behaviors that result in distress or impairs daily life
-not in DSM
-presumes a correct or right amount of sex people should be having
-important to consider why someone might consider their desire/behavior excessive
-stereotype of middle aged men and sex addicts

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34
Q

difference between hypo and hyper sexuality

A

-depends on the culture what is included as a DO

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35
Q

types of arousal DOs for females

A

-sexual interest/ arousal DO
-persistent genital arousal DO
-priapism (M and F): erection that won’t go away
-cause uncomfortableness, make it difficult for partner w constant sex, partner doesn’t know if they’re doing something right

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36
Q

types of arousal DOs for males

A

-erectile DO: more thought about in older men
-priapism (M and F): erection that won’t go away

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37
Q

premature orgasm (M and F)

A

-defined as occurring within one minute
-argument to focus instead on subjective perception and impacts self/ partner
-more likely among males with strict upbringings, especially where masturbation is condemned: lack of muscle tone, used to orgasming as quickly as possible so they don’t get caught

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38
Q

anorgasmia

A

-F; inability to orgasm
-delayed or absent orgasm
-reduced orgasmic intensity
-rarely caused by physiological things, mostly psychological

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39
Q

phimosis

A

-males
-foreskin very tight

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40
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

-males
-trauma to groin causes scar tissue to build-up, resulting in severe curvature of penis
-makes erection painful

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41
Q

Genito-pelvic pain DO types and rates

A

-females
-dyspareunia
-vaginismus
-higher rates among those with younger exposure to sex, those w previous painful sex, chronic relationship problems, relationship inequity, past experiences w sexual coercion or assault

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42
Q

sexual double standard of dysfunction

A

-more talked about for men
-men: physical causes; women: psychological
-specificity: more specific for men, more fluid, open for women
-women’s dysfunction considered more problematic for women if they don’t fit the typical sexual standard
-healthcare for women less emphasized
-less FDA approved medications for women

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43
Q

Masters and Johnson sex therapy approach

A

-behavioral therapy
-dysfunction a product of punishment and reinforcement
-orgasmic imperative -> sensate focus techniques
-focus on associating sexual activity and arousal with relaxation and pleasure, not anxiety
-often combined with sex ed

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44
Q

emotion focused therapy (EFT)

A

-more effective
-focus on communication, intimacy
-comprehensive focus of everything in a relationship, not just sex
-improved communication -> more feelings of safety

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45
Q

sex surrogate therapy

A

-practice w a substitute partner who is knowledgable and experienced
-Masters and Johnson: recruited female volunteers to serve as sex surrogates for single heterosexual men experiencing difficulties; achieved a very high rate of success in treating ED
–surrogate supplied by sex therapists, largely anonymous to the client
-high success rates; technically legal, but ethical concerns

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46
Q

pharmacotherapy for dysfunction

A

-hormonal therapy
–often used for women past menopause and men w low T levels
-viagra
-SSRIs for premature orgasm
-Botox for vaginismus (not FDA approved)

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47
Q

common sex therapy treatments for desire dysfunctions/ discrepancies

A

-inc communication
-scheduling sex
-introducing sex novelties (ex lingerie)
-regular date nights
-spending more time on non-sexual intimacy
-testosterone can be effective but only to an extent for males
-“female viagra” not effective in studies

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48
Q

common sex therapy treatments for arousal

A

-estrogen replacement, esp in post-menopausal women
-EROS clitoral therapy devide
-medicines to draw blood out of penile tissue (priapism)
-viagra: not automatic results, still require stimulation and most effective when combined w psychotherapy to improve communication and intimacy
-CBT
-kegels
-penile pump or implant

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49
Q

psychotherapy vs medical therapy for arousal difficulties determined by

A

-sex of person
-physiological arousal while the person is asleep

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50
Q

common sex therapy treatments for orgasm problems

A

-stop start technique/ edging
-squeeze technique for males: edging and squeezing at the end to delay orgasm
-desensitizing spray or cream
-kegels
-lowering SSRI dose
-CBT and behavioral therapy
-anatomy education

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51
Q

common sex therapy treatments for pain problems

A

-dilators (F) for vaginismus
-surgery (phimosis and Peyronie’s)
-Botox for vaginismus, allow for reconditioning
-CBT, inc communication and intimacy

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52
Q

efficacy of sex therapy

A

-70-75% of individuals/ couple move from distress to recovery
-90% report some level of improvement

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53
Q

stigma of sex therapy and therapists

A

-prevents many from becoming therapists
-no significant difference in rates of masturbation, partnered sex, or reported satisfaction from general population

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54
Q

why to people become sex therapists and rates

A

-interesting (94%)
-lot to learn about sex (83%)
-desire to improve sexual health (74%)

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55
Q

history of sexuality

A

-homosexuality and bisexuality have been around for a long time and are common
-changes triggered by colonization and change of sex for pleasure, not just reproduction
-same-sex activity, oral sex, sodomy (sex w an animal), adultery made illegal
-sex before marriage, cohabitation, contraception, sex w opposite religion, sex in mountains and others illegal

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56
Q

pederasty and other forms of sex for power

A

-older men “mentor” younger boys and have intimate relations as a rite of passage
-no equivalent for women

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57
Q

compulsory reprosexuality

A

-penile-vaginal intercourse for reproduction only valid form of sexual activity

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58
Q

why do we continue to regulate sexual behavior, assuming it’s between consenting adults

A

-depends on dominant religions, majority groups rewarded and minority penalized
-money in sex work
-patriarchal v matriarchal
-very little consistency -> culturally unique

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59
Q

sexual assault definitions

A

-event where someone is touched in a sexual way against their will or made to perform a nonconsensual sex act by one or more people
-definition varies by state
-may be considered assault in one but not other

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60
Q

SA stigma and victim definitions

A

-some states define as only women can be victims (ex Mississippi)
-invalidates and victim blames people who don’t fit in that category that are assaulted
-perpetuating myths about victims
-encouraging underreporting of sexual violence
-minimizes the victims’ experiences

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61
Q

rates of SA

A

-over half of women, almost 1 in 3 men
-males may be less likely to report, feel like it’s demasculinizing, hard to determine what is assault

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62
Q

typical SA assailant

A

-friend or known contact (41%)
-romantic partner (56%)

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63
Q

who’s more likely to be victimized in SA

A

-non-cis people, non-heterosexual people, especially bisexual
-inmates, children, military

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64
Q

5 motivations underlying men’s sex. violence against women

A

-fundamentally about power and control, little about sex
-anger and resentment
-hostility toward women
-seeing women only as sex objects
-uncontrollable sex drive
-feelings of entitlement

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65
Q

psych impacts on victims and social networks

A

-depression and anxiety
-anger at assailant
-feeling powerless
-fear of future victimization
-shame and guilt
-substance use
-inc risk of revictimization
-heightened rates of dysfunction; largest cause of PTSD

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66
Q

post-secondary support and “second rape”

A

can often be more traumatic than initial experience

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67
Q

SA myths

A

-“she asked for it by dressing that way”
-“he must have wanted it to get erection/ orgasm”
-“she shouldn’t have had so much to drink”
-place blame of victim

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68
Q

media portrayals of SA

A

-often paints the assailant in better words, use good photos of them, don’t use words like rape
-use euphemisms
-skepticism toward survivors: don’t include details of victims, make assailant look better
-unnecessary sensationalization: all over the media

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69
Q

MeToo and awareness

A

-want to spread info about the victims, not just assailant
-association between victimization and mental health support seeking decreased
-may inc feelings of solidarity, resistance, empowerment

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70
Q

causes of child sex abuse

A

-legal definitions vary across states bc different ages of consent
-abuse by relatives and non relatives
-most cases attributed to pedophilia or other aspects of sexual gratification
-heightened risk of victims later becoming a perpetrator: one of most difficult to find legal support

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71
Q

rates of child SA

A

-F 82% more likely to be victimized, 21% of cases involve female perpetrator
-most victims know the perpetrator
-2 out of 3 victims under 18 are 12-17

72
Q

victim impacts of child SA

A

-most same as adult
-higher risk of:
–engaging in risky Bx
–learning disabilities: diathesis stress model: have genetic predisposition that’s pushed over the edge w stress
–frequent dissociation
–suicidal ideation and attempts
–sexual performance problems (ex ED and vaginismus)
-difficulty establishing trust and intimacy

73
Q

family envt and abuse labels for child SA

A

-dysfunctional family ent associated w inc risk of victim impacts and chance of SA
-worse outcomes for women and those that label experience as abuse: have more psych impacts when they don’t have support

74
Q

child SA victimization and adult same sex attracton

A

-LGB found to have exponentially higher child SA rates
–victimization may create stigmatized identity, leads to inc likelihood of accepting other stigmatized identities
–displaying gender non-conforming behaviors predisposes kids to abuse
–LGBTQ+ adults are maybe more willing to acknowledge and discuss experiences
-being victimized does not equal more likely to be a perpetrator but may inc when other things are present

75
Q

sexual harassment rates

A

-highest in hispanic adults
-rates depend on definition
-most common among women, 16% filed by men
-60% of women say they have
-inc w different SOs, esp bi
-inc with race

76
Q

quid pro quo sex harassment and rates

A

-sex in exchange for benefit or reward
-gets reported more

77
Q

hostile envt sex harassment and rates

A

-sex associated w power, embarrassment, or abuse
-happens more

78
Q

broad definitions of sexual harassment

A

-can include sex, crude jokes, inappropriate touching
-determined based on how the Bx is perceived by the victim

79
Q

legal challenges of sexual harassment

A

-worried of losing job
-waited too long to report
-not having it count and not having support

80
Q

economic insecurity and sexual harassment

A

-people who experienced it are more likely to have lowest wages
-less likely to report due to low job security, less affordable resources

81
Q

impacts of sexual harassment

A

-anxiety and depression
-weight loss or gain/ body image issues
-headaches and chronic pain
-sleep and sexual dysfunctions
-worsening of existing mental/ physical health symptoms
-in workplace: can make it more difficult to find another job, more likely to happen again

82
Q

prostitution def

A

-trade sexual services for $, valuable things, etc
-no consistency in definitions

83
Q

prostitute vs sex worker

A

-P: seen as illegal, label
-S: seen as just a job title

84
Q

who is more likely to be a sex worker

A

-women: women’s sexuality seen as a commodity
-hustlers/ streetwalkers (compared to “elite” escorts”
-brothels: groups of women that recruit men for sex

85
Q

who is most likely to consume prostitution

A

-mostly older, heterosexual men
-not social or sexual deviants
-college educated and gainfully employed
-60-70% are married: most motivated by excitement or low frequency of se in relationship
-more likely to pay for fellatio than penetrative sex

86
Q

sex tourism

A

-go places where prostitution is legal, to fulfill fetishes (ex places w nonwhite people)
-cheaper and less likely to get caught

87
Q

motivations to become sex workers

A

-depends heavily on legislation
-if legal: liking the job and financial incentives
-if illegal: financial incentives and feeling like they have no other choice
-more associated w drug use if illegal
-more associated w childhood sexual victimization if illegal, esp women
-women: primary source of income; men: side business

88
Q

research on neg effects of prostitution

A

mostly done in US/ where it’s illegal

89
Q

legal status and impact on policies of prostitution

A

-dec insurance coverage
-healthcare stigma
-STI testing and prevention
-chronic stress from having no other options
-client interactions
-harder to report victimization

90
Q

why is prostitution illegal in US, but not Sweden, the Netherlands

A

-money
-private prisons
-cultural differences
-seen as form of deviance (ex trans and non-heterosexual ppl believed to participate more)
-religion and colonization

91
Q

reasons for why and why not prostitution should be legal

A

-yes: gives people more protection against bad Bx from others, STI testing more available
-no: need to enforce it and give safe spaces, $, w legal oversight it’s harder to “control” marginalized communities, ppl don’t want tax dollars going to it bc taboo

92
Q

sex trafficking def

A

recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act
-involves deception, fraud, coercion, force, or exploitation

93
Q

victims of sex trafficking

A

more likely to be:
-younger
-homeless
-minority
-have bad relationships w parents
-non-English speaking

94
Q

impacts of sex trafficking

A

-everything from others, plus psych effects much worse

95
Q

pornography definition

A

-any type of sexually explicit material that has the intent of producing arousal in consumers
-no legal distinction between the two assuming explicit depictions of sex

96
Q

erotica definition

A

depictions of sex that evokes themes of mutual attraction and usually incorporates some emotional component in addition to the sex act itself

97
Q

how can porn be legally banned

A

-excessive force of sex
-depicts sex in an offensive way
-lacks social value

98
Q

online porn regulations

A

-largely unregulated except for child pornography
-due to money/ industry size

99
Q

CA law about porn actors and controversy

A

-requires actors to wear condoms for vaginal and anal sex
-“mood killer”

100
Q

who becomes a porn star

A

-money often most important
-sex interests
-desire for attention and fame
-67% identify as bi
-often people without many negative emotions about themselves. etc
-no relationship w childhood sex abuse, dysfunctional family, substance use

101
Q

emotional impacts of sex work vs porn

A

-selection effect: anyone can engage in sex work, but only certain body types and personalities desired in porn
-coercion/ consent and familiarity: more say over who to be with in porn

102
Q

emotional impacts of producing amateur porn, pros and cons

A

-M exhibit more brain activity from visual sexually arousing stimuli
-cons: something that’s online forever
-no shown neg impact on people

103
Q

voyeurism v exhibitionism

A

-voyeurism: like to watch
-exhibitionism: like to perform

104
Q

who uses porn: sex differences, relationship status, SO dif

A

-9 out of 10 college men
-1 out of 3 college women
-49% of men report weekly or daily use
-3.2% of women “ “
-less religious
-no impact of relationship status for men
-women more likely to use porn while in a relationship
-SO: non heterosexual people view it more

105
Q

what do men focus on when watching porn and why

A

-focus first on F faces, spend most time looking at F face
-want to know how excited and into it the woman is

106
Q

what do women focus on first when watching porn and why: on contraceptives vs not

A

-not on: look 1st and more at genitals, followed by F body (little at faces)
-on: look 1st and most at contextual features (ex clothes, background), and F bodies and faces
-women compare themselves more to other women
-more erotic plasticity

107
Q

most watched types of porn by sexes

A

-m:milf
-w: lesbian

108
Q

porn exposure and marriage: bad research

A

-surge in playboy reading correlated w inc divorce rates
-small but significant correlation between porn consumption and extramarital sex
-hetero men who saw playboy images reported less attraction and love for their spouses (never been replicated)

109
Q

porn exposure and marriage: better research

A

-excessive use porn by one partner in a relationship correlated w sexual and other relationship problems
–partners may feel jealous and like they’re not good enough
–usually people who use it more also have something going on

110
Q

selection effect of porn studies

A

men who participate in these studies may be more open to porn in general

111
Q

no associations of porn and

A

sexual violence

112
Q

benefits of coupled porn watching

A

-those who use it together report greater sexual satisfaction
–shows how comfortable they are together, etc
-report inc feelings of emotional and sexual intimacy

113
Q

benefits of solo porn watching

A

-encourages masturbation, normalizes desires and fantasies
-women who masturbate to certain types report inc positive attitude toward sex
-men who view porn more do better on math tests: lowers cortisol levels, inc dopamine

114
Q

why do we still have myths about porn

A

-medicalization and fear of semen loss through masturbation
-doesn’t depict sex for reproduction and compulsory reprosexuality
-never discussed in education or in family convos/ adult mentors

115
Q

consistency and effects of sex ed

A

-experiences highly variable
-impact sex attitudes and Bx across lifespan

116
Q

higher rates of things from sex ed in US

A

-unintended pregnancies
-STIs
-infertility associated w PID
-most gyno cancers
-guilt associated w sex (esp women and LGBTQ+)
-myths abt sex

117
Q

lower rates of things from sex ed in US

A

-condom use
-other contraceptive use
-sex satisfaction

118
Q

reasons for effects of sex ed in US

A

-we politicize sex heavily
-curriculum not standardized
-sociosexuality is lower (we don’t think of talk about sex)

119
Q

abstinence only approach: effectiveness, accuracy, inc rates, other problems

A

-effective at: inc rate of unintended pregnancy, inc STI rates in adolescents, including HPV
-commonly used scientific errors, false information, stereotypes
-compulsory reprosexuality
-higher rates of shame, guilt, depression, anxiety
-ignore needs of LGBTQ+ groups
-frames abstinence as choice, very problematic and not true, leads to victim blaming

120
Q

abstinence plus approach

A

-fear tactics, sex only after marriage, but give condoms in case it does happen
-doesn’t teach different contraception types or how to use them

121
Q

comprehensive approach

A

-lowers risk of teen pregnancy and STIs by half
-normalizes sex, reduces shame and guilt, healthy relationships
-dec rates of neg gender stereotypes
-more diversity appreciation
-dating and IBV prevention: know how to get out of unhealthy situations
-more healthy relationships
-prevention of child sex abuse
-improved social/ emotional learning, media literacy

122
Q

most and least common sex ed

A

-most common: abstinence plus
-least: comprehensive

123
Q

opinions of teens/ early adults and benefits of talking about sex

A

-most teens say they want to be able to talk to parents more about it
-kids w parents that talk about sex more are more likely to practice safe sex, delay intercourse, have fewer partners, more positive views of sexuality
-emerging adults wish their parents talked more about it

124
Q

reasons parents don’t give the talk

A

-unsure of what to say
-don’t think child wants to hear it from them
-unsure of appropriate age
-unsure of what to discuss
-embarrassing
-generational transmission of sexual attitudes
-lack of consistent, evidence based info

125
Q

what parents usually tell sons vs daughters about for sex ed

A

-son: to use condoms
-daughter: unintended pregnancy and menstrual cycle

126
Q

kids perceptions of parental views of the talk

A

-perception of parental anxiety and competence predicts the child’s anxiety and avoidance

127
Q

how do kids learn about sex if parents don’t talk to them

A

-talk to peers
-search on internet

128
Q

how to improve sex ed and the talk

A

-destigmatize it by talking more about it, even just acknowledging that it exists
-standardize sex ed curriculum

129
Q

definition of contraception

A

anything to prevent pregnancy and STIs

130
Q

history of contraception

A

-not new concept
-1950s: birth control
-1900s: latex condoms
-1965: use of contraceptives legalized
-sneezing, coke

131
Q

abstinence as contraceptive definitions, effectiveness

A

-definitions vary to include genital touching, oral sex
-F can still get pregnant if M doesn’t orgasm
-65% of 18yo, 93% of 25yo have had intercourse

132
Q

outercourse

A

-any form of sexual behaviors aside from penile-vaginal intercourse
-only prevents pregnancy, not STIs

133
Q

withdrawal: term, effectiveness

A

-coitus interruptus
-not super effective in preventing pregnancy
-typical effectiveness: 78%

134
Q

perfect vs typical effectiveness

A

-perfect: use them 100% correctly
-typical: don’t use entirely correctly

135
Q

fertility awareness as contraception methods

A

-calendar methods to track cycle
-symptothermal methods: higher body temps and thicker cervical mucus when ovulating

136
Q

male condoms effectiveness and issues

A

-82% usually
-may be using after intercourse started, removed before intercourse was over, application errors: no space at tip, don’t remove air when applying, fail to remove after ejaculation, latex incompatible w lube, reusing same condom)

137
Q

female condoms usage and benefit

A

-used a quarter as much as male
-more pleasurable for F

138
Q

spermicides stigma, effectiveness, and benefits

A

-92% had poor knowledge of products, 53% unable to describe use
-typical use: 72% effective
-cheap and affordable
-little side effects, don’t affect pleasure
-wide range of products

139
Q

cervical barriers/ diaphragm usage, requirements, effectiveness

A

-typically used w spermicide
-most need to remain in place for at least 6 hours
-can be reused, must be inserted before sex, but not uncomfortable
-88% effective w typical use
-people don’t know it exists, how to use it, might think it’s inconvenient, worried partner will feel it or move it

140
Q

birth control effectiveness and use

A

-91% effective w typical use
-most methods are combined: ex estrogen and progestin

141
Q

pros and cons of birth control

A

-pros: manage mood swings/ menstrual cycle/ endometriosis, don’t have to stop in middle of sex to use
-cons: many side effects, need to see physician, expensive, no STI protection, weight gain, mood changes, nausea

142
Q

psych effects of birth control

A

-alters appearance and related behaviors during ovulation
-inc preference for short-term sexual relationships w more masculine men
-more stable preference for men
-inconsistency in use can cause libido changes, relationship satisfaction

143
Q

birth control equivalent for me

A

exist, but are very new and not FDA approved

144
Q

tubal ligation

A

-post op regret: associated more with it than any other methods
-women questioned more, need spouse permission

145
Q

vasectomy

A

-post op feelings of masculinity
-post op satisfaction v coping w private consequences
-concerns of pain complications
-depression and sexual dysfunction following

146
Q

stereotypes of pregnant women

A

-emotional, weird cravings, fragile, incompetent, weak, less committed to their job, warm and maternal (empathy, compassion, comfort), uncommitted
-“Baby brain” and competence in math, logic, memory
-stereotypes greater for higher weight women and minorities

147
Q

impacts of stereotypes of pregnant women

A

-discrimination in workplace and hiring
-stress
-harm
-internalize neg views heavily over the long period of pregnancy

148
Q

mental health impact of planned v unplanned pregnancy

A

-both correlated w depression, prenatal and postpartum
-navigating problems in pregnancy
-anxiety, depression, PTSD, SUD, body dysmorphia, suicide: women told to be more kept to themselves, assume that they’re going through it alone and that there’s something wrong with them

149
Q

postpartum depression

A

-super common
-higher for minority groups

150
Q

problems during pregnancy

A

-brith defects
-premature birth
-miscarriage: women more likely to consider it the worst experience of their lives than men are; incredibly common, but not talked about

151
Q

definition of infertility

A

-inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex (women under 35) or to carry a pregnancy to term

152
Q

infertility rates and sex differences

A

-rates go up as people get older
-women more likely to be seen as infertile bc its “a woman’s job” to get pregnant
-30% M and F likely to be infertile
-higher among minority groups: higher levels of stress and economic inequality, smoking, drinking can inc chances of being infertile

153
Q

psych impacts of infertility and w treatment

A

-inc anxiety and depression, espc when undergoing intense treatments
-sexual self-esteem, desire, performance
-conditioning of sex and relationship satisfaction: sex associated w pressure of getting pregnant
-gender differences in feelings of guilt: women feel more guilty and like it’s their fault

154
Q

abortion rates over time

A

-went up right after 1973 roe v wade
-steadily dec after
-inc again around 2020 bc political and economic climate were getting more scary

155
Q

reasons for getting an abortion

A

-not being able to afford a child
-not being ready
-not wanting more kids
-being in unstable relationship
-being too young for kids
-personal health problems

156
Q

risk factors for abortion

A

-already a mother
-late 20s
-attended some college
-low income: highest for people just at or below poverty line
-unmarried
-first 6 weeks of pregnancy
-having 1st abortion

157
Q

percent of women who have had an abortion by end of childbearing years

A

25%

158
Q

does abortion have direct psych impacts

A

no

159
Q

percent of women satisfied w decision to have abortion

A

72%

160
Q

percent of women who experienced clinical depression after abortion

A

20%

161
Q

multiple causation and abortion

A

we can’t say that abortion causes mental health issues

162
Q

researcher bias and abortion

A

-most have political bias
-not easy to get factual research

163
Q

abortion views in 1970s

A

seen as a threat to family structure, along w gay rights and women’s rights to work outside the home

164
Q

legal access to abortion and mental health

A

-having access to abortion associated w lower prevalence of depression in women aged 25-49
-regardless of people’s views of it
-abortion is a proxy for other discrimination

165
Q

how can comprehensive sex ed help lower abortion need

A

-give contraceptive counseling and birth control
-lowers rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion

166
Q

Thompson and Barnes: meaning of sexual performance among men w and w/o ED findings and limits

A

-believed that men base their identity around how sexually active they are able to believe and masculinity determined by performance in sexual behaviors, but most men don’t agree with this
-only men who had ED and used meds believed masculinity was linked to performance
-most men disagreed that sexual performance determines masculinity
-age didn’t change views of sexual performance impacting masculinity
-aging can cause behaviors like erection carnalities to be less important
-people who believed more in traditional masculine ideals were more likely to value performance in masculinity determination
-men in partnered relationships feel less inclined to “prove” their masculinity
-small population, based on self report
-population highly educated
-mostly partnered white men ~60 yo

167
Q

Spurgas: shifting Dx of female sexual dysfunction

A

-shift from hypoactive sexual desire DO to FSIAD to highlight biological reasons why females aren’t interested in sex
-female’s arousal drives sexual behavior
-interest in more important than desire
-arousal and interest are out of tune w each other
-HSDD diagnosed more in women, thought to be a lack of response to partner’s advances, shouldn’t be sole reason for diagnosis
-shows cultural norm that F should always be interested in sex
-denying partner the experience indicates mental issues
-arousal and sexual behaviors of women are seen as more complex than males
-mental health difficulties may lead to change in sexual behaviors
-cognitive based drive for dysfunction
-w/o interest: females less motivated to engage in behaviors
-in DSM: women don’t care about partner or potential benefits of sex

168
Q

McCool-Myers et al: female dysfunction predictors and limits

A

-first paper on female dysfunction for each domain of dysfunction
-significant protective predictors: older age at marriage, exercise, good health, daily intimacy, relationship satisfaction, positive body image, sex ed, think sex is important
-significant risk factors: mental, physical, partner health problems; abuse and genital mutilation, partner’s dysfunction, religion, unemployment, smoking, age, dissatisfaction in relationship
-antidepressants in Western cultures, more male-centered culture in other countries
-more than low interest levels that can effect dysfunction
-can’t determine causal relationship

169
Q

Johnson, Simakhodskaya, Moran: EFT and usefulness

A

-EFT: change behaviors from neg to pos
-allow each other to understand their needs to provide support
-understand each partner’s attachment style and help w distress
-learn about reasons, such as emotional disconnect, why they experience conflict and how it is made worse
-correct neg emotions people feel
-process past trauma
-understand what they need to do to be happy together
-reform connection that was lost through difficulties or stress from dysfunction

170
Q

Bullock and Benson: male victims of SA

A

-most common forms of assault of males were oral or anal
-females victimized 2 to 3 times more than males
-more assaults w younger people
-male ejaculation primarily seen as indicator of enjoyment, leads to others assuming the experience was not assault and was enjoyable for victim if he ejaculates
-perpetrators use this to advantage and believe if they can get victim to ejaculate they will be less likely to report or take legal action
-victims that ejaculate question their feelings of it, causing anxiety and disgust
-laws make it difficult to define assault, some state that men with full erections can’t pursue legal action
-males can ejaculate prematurely in states of anxiety
-3-5% of victims at recovery centers are male
-most non-heterosexual
-believed to have been done more by minority groups

171
Q

Abel: sex work and emotional health

A

-dif mentality at home vs work
-two personalities, two different people
-inc stress, feel exhausted from maintaining identities
-inc depression, anxiety, PTSD
-paranoia of partner, unsure if they actually have emotional, not just sexual, connections
-feel guilty when they have a relationship outside of work
-commonly use drugs and alcohol
-expected to hide negative emotions
-dissociation and deep acting: separate the negative effects

172
Q

Cachet and Thorn: psych effects of sex trafficking and limits

A

-predispositions (ex absent father, sex abuse as a child) inc vulnerability
-low self worth and SE
-want to be loved, was in relationship w pimp, had family member in trade, neighborhood where trade was common all played role in recruitment
-threat to life: punishment from pimps, attempted murder, substance abuse-> lived in constant fear
-feel they have no worth and can’t love themselves
-leads to little trust in others or wanting to be sexually touched again
-leads to severe trauma, depression, anxiety, flashbacks, avoidance, PTSD
-small population, potential religious effects

173
Q

Czajeczny et al: sex differences among porn users

A

-more men watched porn
-no difference in amount of time watched
-both M and F masturbated while watching
-M who used more and for longer scored higher on tests of difficulty functioning at home and work envts, and more anxious thoughts and symptoms
-negative effects may be explained more by motivations to use (ex boredom, fantasy)

174
Q

Guttmacher: sex and HIV ed in US

A

-very inconsistent coverage, 3/4 of states required teaching of one or the other
-some use religion or abstinence
-very few required medically backed info
-many need parental consent or “age appropriate” material
-most emphasize healthy and nonviolent relationships
-some required negative or prohibited teaching of non-hetero relationships; others inclusive

175
Q

Steinberg and Rubin: psych effects of contraception, unplanned pregnancy, abortion

A

-not using contraception or incorrect use was associated with higher depression rates than using it
-women with depression may want to use contraception but their symptoms prevent them from consistently doing so; might also have less bodily autonomy from violent or controlling partners
-unintended pregnancy associated with higher pre and post partum depression, stress, disappointment, uncertainty
-more expenses and commitments that come with having a child unexpectedly
-not all women are able to take maternity leave
-having an abortion didn’t inc risk of mental health issues
-women who had more abortions had more preexisting mental health conditions
-abortion not a cause of mental health DOs
-post abortion adjustment can influence mental health

176
Q

Rooney and Domar: stress and infertility

A

-women appear more optimistic or happy at start of treatment, and this skews idea of mental health and fertility treatment
-common to feel anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts
-meds for treatment can inc mental health problems
-people further in treatment more likely to develop mental health issues
-failure in treatment makes symptoms more likely
-pregnancy loss leads to PTSD, anxiety, depression
-can use preimplantation genetic screening to look for genetic abnormalities, but this can cause stress from waiting for results
-positive reappraisal: helps with this, look for positive and negatives of situation and process it
-mind/body program: use CBT to turn neg thoughts to positive, relaxation and mindfulness
-cognitive coping and relaxation: lower anxiety on own

177
Q
A

psych of sexuality (3 decks)

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