exam #3 Flashcards
cultural component use of lube
-seen as unimportant, men and women should both be enjoying it enough to be wet
-arousal=wet or dryness=arousal depending on culture
-in US: either completely ok with it or don’t think its important
condom breakage/ slippage/ STI risk
no data on lube increasing them, but stigma exists bc sexual scripts
use of toys in partnered experiences
-assumptions of men who use: gay or wants to make sure partner really enjoys experience
-depends on who uses the toy and what type
types of anal sex
-penis-anus
-finger or toy
-pegging (woman w strap on)
-analingus or rimming: seen as gross or unclean
anal sex benefits
-studies show its most satisfying, but this may be influenced by inc lube use, foreplay
-may be alternative way of g-spot/ clit stimulation
lesbian bed death
WSW get bored w same sex behaviors
prevalence of oral sex, finger penetration, mutual masturbation, penetration w toys in lesbians
-oral: 72%
-finger: 86%
-mutual: 71%
-toys: 16%
prevalence of MSM oral sex, mutual masturbation, anal
-oral: 73%
-mutual: 68%
-anal: 33%
are stereotypes of promiscuity for MSM true and why
-no
-33% w dating partner or SO
-21% w friend
-72% of sexual behavior in their home or partner’s home
why might MSM stereotypes of promiscuity exist
in 80s and 90s: had to hide behavior
group sex stats, types
-fantasy super common
-more men do it than women
-not rare
-2 W 1 M most common, seen as ultramasculine
-more types and variability than ppl are aware of
reasons for engaging in group sex
-sexual altruism: doing it bc partner wants it
-power
-novelty and high openness
-risk taking tolerance
-high body image and self-esteem
defining a sexual dysfunction difficulties
-dysfunction not a one time occurrence
-creates distress at individual and/ or relationship level
-subjective perceptions matter in defining what is satisfying and functional
-some are present in DSM
chronic illness cause of dysfunction
-overlap or heart problems, blood flow issues, diabetes
-males w diabetes 3x more likely to experience ED, often occurs 10-15 years earlier in life
-frontotemporal dementia: brain cell death- first symptoms seen in hypersexuality
-ED as a warning sign of heart issues
-physical disability inc arthritis risk
secondary erogenous zones and dysfunction
particularly helpful for dys caused by bio factors
drugs and sex dysfunction
-smoking, SSRIs
-blood pressure meds
-chemo and radiation
-blood pressure meds
-chronic substance use
polypharmacy
as you get older you take more medications and risk of dys goes up
pelvic inflammatory disease
-F
-common STI side effect
-inflammed reproductive organs cause pain
prostatis
-“male pelvic inflammatory disease”
-inflammed prostate
STIs and dysfunction
-chlamydia and gonorrhea
-pelvic inflammatory disease
-prostatis
-inc risk of cancer and infertility
-stigma surrounding diagnosis and treatment
distraction and dysfunction
-higher rates of sex dysfunction in ADHD
-spectatoring: overanalyzing one’s own sexual performance while having sex
-wondering if you’re pleasing your partner
-inc anxiety
-reduced arousal and likelihood of orgasm
previous learning experiences and dysfunction
-growing up learning sex was shameful and women shouldn’t enjoy it: the more you think about it, the worse it gets
-traumatic sexual events and conditioning, doesn’t include abortion
-earlier onset of sex experiences and little knowledge of safe experiences at young age
-lack of familiarity with ones own anatomy
beliefs about sexual difficulties and dysfunction (self fulfilling prophecy)
-self-fulfilling prophecy: the more prevalent one believes difficulties, the more likely to experience dysfunction
-thinking women don’t orgasm or older men can’t hold an erection
body image and dysfunction
-focus more on how you look and hyperaware
-anxiety can lead to very limited script surrounding sex (ex only while wearing shirt, w light off), which lowers sex satisfaction and frequency
personality/ big 5 and dysfunction
-lower E and O: worse sexual functioning, especially among women
-less willing to use words to fix awkwardness, etc
attachment and dysfunction
-disrupting events during childhood linked to adult ED
-insecure attachment and reduced arousal and orgasmic responsively and elevated rates of vaginismus among women
mental illness and dysfunction
-affective DOs and hyper sexuality
-bipolar and mania, BPD
-schizophrenia and inc rates of sexual dysfunction
-hallucinations and paranoia throw off perceptions of reality
-learning disabilities: infantilize people with these DOs and assume they can’t do sexual behaviors
bio and psych factors for dysfunction difficulties
-hard to distinguish between and often a combo of the two
-coronary artery disease can lead to ED
-ppl also tend to be anxious about heart racing
-no way to distinguish what causes It in the moment
social causes of sexual dysfunction
-ineffective communication in sex
-unresolved conflict in relationship
-context that sex is viewed in a relationship
-actively trying to have a baby inc stress and anxiety
-schedule of when to have sex makes it boring
-cultural and religious factors surrounding sex acts, frequency, motivations, pleasure
female sexual interest/ arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire DO
-reduced or absent sexual fantasies and thoughts/ lack of desire for sexual activity
-personal distress/ persistence
SIAD
reduced or absent excitement during sex and lack of responsive desire (ability to be turned on in the moment)
most common form of female sexual dysfunction
lower desire
compulsive sexual behavior/ hypersexuality
-excessive sexual desire or behaviors that result in distress or impairs daily life
-not in DSM
-presumes a correct or right amount of sex people should be having
-important to consider why someone might consider their desire/behavior excessive
-stereotype of middle aged men and sex addicts
difference between hypo and hyper sexuality
-depends on the culture what is included as a DO
types of arousal DOs for females
-sexual interest/ arousal DO
-persistent genital arousal DO
-priapism (M and F): erection that won’t go away
-cause uncomfortableness, make it difficult for partner w constant sex, partner doesn’t know if they’re doing something right
types of arousal DOs for males
-erectile DO: more thought about in older men
-priapism (M and F): erection that won’t go away
premature orgasm (M and F)
-defined as occurring within one minute
-argument to focus instead on subjective perception and impacts self/ partner
-more likely among males with strict upbringings, especially where masturbation is condemned: lack of muscle tone, used to orgasming as quickly as possible so they don’t get caught
anorgasmia
-F; inability to orgasm
-delayed or absent orgasm
-reduced orgasmic intensity
-rarely caused by physiological things, mostly psychological
phimosis
-males
-foreskin very tight
Peyronie’s disease
-males
-trauma to groin causes scar tissue to build-up, resulting in severe curvature of penis
-makes erection painful
Genito-pelvic pain DO types and rates
-females
-dyspareunia
-vaginismus
-higher rates among those with younger exposure to sex, those w previous painful sex, chronic relationship problems, relationship inequity, past experiences w sexual coercion or assault
sexual double standard of dysfunction
-more talked about for men
-men: physical causes; women: psychological
-specificity: more specific for men, more fluid, open for women
-women’s dysfunction considered more problematic for women if they don’t fit the typical sexual standard
-healthcare for women less emphasized
-less FDA approved medications for women
Masters and Johnson sex therapy approach
-behavioral therapy
-dysfunction a product of punishment and reinforcement
-orgasmic imperative -> sensate focus techniques
-focus on associating sexual activity and arousal with relaxation and pleasure, not anxiety
-often combined with sex ed
emotion focused therapy (EFT)
-more effective
-focus on communication, intimacy
-comprehensive focus of everything in a relationship, not just sex
-improved communication -> more feelings of safety
sex surrogate therapy
-practice w a substitute partner who is knowledgable and experienced
-Masters and Johnson: recruited female volunteers to serve as sex surrogates for single heterosexual men experiencing difficulties; achieved a very high rate of success in treating ED
–surrogate supplied by sex therapists, largely anonymous to the client
-high success rates; technically legal, but ethical concerns
pharmacotherapy for dysfunction
-hormonal therapy
–often used for women past menopause and men w low T levels
-viagra
-SSRIs for premature orgasm
-Botox for vaginismus (not FDA approved)
common sex therapy treatments for desire dysfunctions/ discrepancies
-inc communication
-scheduling sex
-introducing sex novelties (ex lingerie)
-regular date nights
-spending more time on non-sexual intimacy
-testosterone can be effective but only to an extent for males
-“female viagra” not effective in studies
common sex therapy treatments for arousal
-estrogen replacement, esp in post-menopausal women
-EROS clitoral therapy devide
-medicines to draw blood out of penile tissue (priapism)
-viagra: not automatic results, still require stimulation and most effective when combined w psychotherapy to improve communication and intimacy
-CBT
-kegels
-penile pump or implant
psychotherapy vs medical therapy for arousal difficulties determined by
-sex of person
-physiological arousal while the person is asleep
common sex therapy treatments for orgasm problems
-stop start technique/ edging
-squeeze technique for males: edging and squeezing at the end to delay orgasm
-desensitizing spray or cream
-kegels
-lowering SSRI dose
-CBT and behavioral therapy
-anatomy education
common sex therapy treatments for pain problems
-dilators (F) for vaginismus
-surgery (phimosis and Peyronie’s)
-Botox for vaginismus, allow for reconditioning
-CBT, inc communication and intimacy
efficacy of sex therapy
-70-75% of individuals/ couple move from distress to recovery
-90% report some level of improvement
stigma of sex therapy and therapists
-prevents many from becoming therapists
-no significant difference in rates of masturbation, partnered sex, or reported satisfaction from general population
why to people become sex therapists and rates
-interesting (94%)
-lot to learn about sex (83%)
-desire to improve sexual health (74%)
history of sexuality
-homosexuality and bisexuality have been around for a long time and are common
-changes triggered by colonization and change of sex for pleasure, not just reproduction
-same-sex activity, oral sex, sodomy (sex w an animal), adultery made illegal
-sex before marriage, cohabitation, contraception, sex w opposite religion, sex in mountains and others illegal
pederasty and other forms of sex for power
-older men “mentor” younger boys and have intimate relations as a rite of passage
-no equivalent for women
compulsory reprosexuality
-penile-vaginal intercourse for reproduction only valid form of sexual activity
why do we continue to regulate sexual behavior, assuming it’s between consenting adults
-depends on dominant religions, majority groups rewarded and minority penalized
-money in sex work
-patriarchal v matriarchal
-very little consistency -> culturally unique
sexual assault definitions
-event where someone is touched in a sexual way against their will or made to perform a nonconsensual sex act by one or more people
-definition varies by state
-may be considered assault in one but not other
SA stigma and victim definitions
-some states define as only women can be victims (ex Mississippi)
-invalidates and victim blames people who don’t fit in that category that are assaulted
-perpetuating myths about victims
-encouraging underreporting of sexual violence
-minimizes the victims’ experiences
rates of SA
-over half of women, almost 1 in 3 men
-males may be less likely to report, feel like it’s demasculinizing, hard to determine what is assault
typical SA assailant
-friend or known contact (41%)
-romantic partner (56%)
who’s more likely to be victimized in SA
-non-cis people, non-heterosexual people, especially bisexual
-inmates, children, military
5 motivations underlying men’s sex. violence against women
-fundamentally about power and control, little about sex
-anger and resentment
-hostility toward women
-seeing women only as sex objects
-uncontrollable sex drive
-feelings of entitlement
psych impacts on victims and social networks
-depression and anxiety
-anger at assailant
-feeling powerless
-fear of future victimization
-shame and guilt
-substance use
-inc risk of revictimization
-heightened rates of dysfunction; largest cause of PTSD
post-secondary support and “second rape”
can often be more traumatic than initial experience
SA myths
-“she asked for it by dressing that way”
-“he must have wanted it to get erection/ orgasm”
-“she shouldn’t have had so much to drink”
-place blame of victim
media portrayals of SA
-often paints the assailant in better words, use good photos of them, don’t use words like rape
-use euphemisms
-skepticism toward survivors: don’t include details of victims, make assailant look better
-unnecessary sensationalization: all over the media
MeToo and awareness
-want to spread info about the victims, not just assailant
-association between victimization and mental health support seeking decreased
-may inc feelings of solidarity, resistance, empowerment
causes of child sex abuse
-legal definitions vary across states bc different ages of consent
-abuse by relatives and non relatives
-most cases attributed to pedophilia or other aspects of sexual gratification
-heightened risk of victims later becoming a perpetrator: one of most difficult to find legal support