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Biology in Society > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

exergonic

A

down hill, easier, spontaneous

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2
Q

endergonic

A

up hill, more difficult
enzyme helps to speed the reaction by lowering the burier, reducing energy of activation

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3
Q

diffusion move concentration is less so it is: __________ transport

A

passive transport

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4
Q

endocytosis

A

pinches in, outside material in -> phagocytosis: food vacuole
closes to form a vesicle: endosome

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5
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingulf liquid, cell drinking

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6
Q

lipid bilayer is made of

A

phospholipids + cholesterol + proteins

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7
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules, from a region of high-concentration to low-concentration (like osmosis)
kinetic energy (thermal energy)
no net movement: concentration no longer changing
equilibrium: molecules equality distributed, molecules still moving

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8
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement across membrane in direction of concentration gradient
passive transport: doesn’t require input of energy

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9
Q

osmosis

A

net movement water across a semipermeable membrane and down its gradient

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10
Q

fluid balance

A

amount of water loss (respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation) and amount of water gained (eating and drinking)

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11
Q

carrier protein

A

binds small number of solute and moves protein to other side of membrane

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12
Q

solute uses _______ proteins to cross plasma membrane

A

transport
a channel is an: ageous passage across membrane

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13
Q

active transport

A

transport solute across, against plasma membrane, needs ATP hydrolysis

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14
Q

electrochemical potential

A

voltage difference, uses positive and negative charges to move ions within and out of the cell driven by ATP
creates store of potential energy

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles released outside the cell
vesicle fuses with plasma membrane

out of cell
exo cyto sis

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16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

the signal from the cell body that will release the neuron from the cell

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf food particles and pathogens

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18
Q

receptor

A

mediated endocytosis: signal binds to transmembrane receptor
used as entry by many viruses
binding stimulates internalization

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19
Q

examples of viruses binding to cell membrane:

A

HIV binds and triggers fusion of virus and cell membrane
mutation of genes proves resistance to virus
COVID-19: enters cell with spike proteins

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20
Q

Free energy

A

energy in a form to do work
photosynthesis: energy of sunlight, releases sugar and oxygen
hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work

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21
Q

Phototrophs

A

an organism that can use visible light as a primary energy source for metabolism

make energy by itself (autotrophs)

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22
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain energy by ingesting organic molecules

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23
Q

cellular respiration

A

use oxygen in metabolic pathway to break down glucose
part of energy captured by synthesizing ATP
releases water and CO2

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24
Q

catabolism

A

pathways breaking down more complex molecules into simpler molecules
requires gas exchange
INPUTS; sugar + O2 + ADP + P
OUTPUTS; CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat

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25
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

exchange of air through lungs

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26
Q

cellular respiration

A

break down glucose (mitochondria) in presence of O2
produces CO2
synthesizes large amounts of ATP/ glucose

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27
Q

glucose breakdown

A

captures energy needed by cell to do work

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28
Q

glycosis

A

split glucose into 2-3 carbon molecules = pyruvate

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29
Q

citric acid cycle

A

completes breakdown of pyruvate to CO2 and electron shuttles = NADH and FADH2
occurs in matrix of mitochondria, produces per glucose
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4CO2

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30
Q

electron transport chain

A

electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to create a proton gradient
proton gradient used to synthesize ATP

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31
Q

metabolic pathways

A

products of preceding step are the reactants of the next step
allows small inputs and outputs of energy
allows regulation by feedback

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32
Q

cycle
metabolic pathways are an example of this cycle:

A

product of last reaction also reactant in first reaction

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33
Q

glycolysis system:

A

investment phase: uses 2 ATP
payoff phase: produces 4 ATP per glucose
net: 4-2 = 2 ATP
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
anaerobic: O2 is not a reactant

34
Q

coenzyme A

A

coenzyme derived from vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid); binds acetate and delivers to first enzyme of citric acid cycle

35
Q

completes oxidation of glucose
reactions occur in ______ in eukaryotes and ________ in prokaryotes.

A

8 enzyme catalyzed reactions
acetyl group oxidized to 2CO2

mitochondrial matrix
cytoplasm

36
Q

energy captured intermediates

A

ATP
3 NADH
FADH2

37
Q

breakdown products of fats and proteins also enter CAC

A

as acetyl group

38
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

NAD cycle
coenzyme: non-protein, organic part of an enzyme
dehydrogenase: enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by reducing a coenzyme

39
Q

23 chromosomes =
46 chromosomes =

A

22 autosomes + 1 sex
2 (22 + 1)

40
Q

terminal electron acceptor:

A

02
“pulls” electrons through transport chain

41
Q

fermentation

reactions between ____ and an organic electron acceptor

A

reactions between NADH and an organic electron acceptor
electron acceptor: pyruvate or derivative
regeneration of NAD+ is necessary for glycolysis to continue

42
Q

ethanol fermentation

A

(yeast) two step pathway producing ethanol and NAD + as final products
- Decarboxylation; Acetaldehyde and CO2
- Reduction; Acetaldehyde to ethanol

43
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

(muscle cells) one step reaction producing lactic acid and NAD+ as final products
pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid
NADH is oxidized to NAD+
allows glycosis to continue in periods of O2 deprivation
lactic acid converted back to pyruvate in liver

44
Q

lactic acid hypothesis

A

muscles produce lactic acid under aerobic conditions
(A.V. Hill, 1920s) lactic acid is the primary cause of muscle fatigue
muscle soreness = microtrauma and inflammation and electrolyte imbalance
correlation doesn’t equal causation

45
Q

people unable to produce lactic acid

A

fatigue more easily

46
Q

egg and sperm fertilization

A

fusion of haploid reproductive cells = gametes
produces a diploid cell = zygote
mutilticellular organism develops from zygote

47
Q

meiosis

A

reductive division of germ cells to produce gametes

48
Q

n=

A

number of chromosomes in single set = haploid set
n=23 chromosomes

49
Q

Prophase 1

A

centrosomes move towards opposite poles
asters of microfibers begin to form
synapsis: homologous pairs align
early meiotic spindle forms
exchange of genetic material = crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologs
nuclear envelope begins to break down

50
Q

meiosis 2

A

create four haploid cells with non duplicated chromosomes

segregation of sister chromatids
proceed to meiosis 2 without duplicating chromosomes
duplicate centrosome
separate sister as daughter chromosomes

51
Q

prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes enter into synapses
crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids

52
Q

metaphase 1

A

random alignment of homologs

53
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologs segregate; sister chromatids remain intact

54
Q

end meiosis

A

two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

55
Q

crossing over is during

A

prophase 1
and is when it produces new combinations of alleles which is called
recombinant chromosomes

56
Q

independent assortment of homologs is what phase?

A

metaphase 1
homologs in synapsis align randomly at metaphase plate

57
Q

synapsis

A

homologous pairs align

58
Q

random fertilization

A

each egg or sperm represents 8.4 million (2^23) possible chromosome combinations
fusion of male and female gametes produces 70 trillion (2^23 x 2^23)
increases combinations with further recombination

59
Q

recombinant chromosomes are

A

new combinations of alleles

60
Q

the calvin cycle inputs and outputs;

A

INPUTS: CO2, ATP, NADPH
OUTPUTS: energy rich sugar glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P)

61
Q

the calvin cycle steps:

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration
62
Q

first phase of the calvin cycle

A

called carbon fixation
CO2 is added to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
enzyme = rubisco (RuBP carbozylase-ozygenase) [most abundant protein in plants]
PRODUCT: unstable 6C intermediate
- splits into 2x3- phosphoglycerate
- to balance equation add 1 carbon to each RuBP

63
Q

second phase of calvin cycle

A

reduction stage
(6) 3- phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated
- increases potential energy
- uses (6) ATP

64
Q

third phase of calvin cycle

A

regeneration stage
remaining 5 G3P remain in cycle
INPUTS: 3 ATP provides energy to rearrange 5 G3P to 3 RuBP
gluconeogenisis; reactions using G3P to synthesize glucose
- glucose synthesizes sucrose and polymerized to starch

65
Q

Microtubules of the meiotic spindle are organized by the

A

centrosomes

66
Q

The alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis is known as

A

synapsis

67
Q

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?

A

Anaphase II

68
Q

Independent assortment of homologs happens during

A

Metaphase 1
which creates 4 haploid cells

69
Q
  • Character;
A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals
- Flower color

70
Q
  • Trait
A

each variant for a character
- Purple vs white flower

71
Q
  • Gregor mendel
A
  • Worked with transmission genetics
  • First theory about the units of inheritance
  • Two laws of inheritance
  • Law of segregation and - Law of independent assortment
72
Q
  • P generation
A

true breeding + identical alleles
- Gametes produced by one parent will contain same allele
- Homozygous genes

73
Q
  • F1 generation
A

union of parental gametes and produces hybrids

74
Q
  • F2 generation
A

random combination of gametes in F1 X F1 cross results

75
Q
  • genome :
A

complete set of genes or genetic material in a cell or organism

76
Q
  • Phenotype :
A

set of observable characteristics of an organism due to the interaction of genetics and the environment

77
Q
  • Genotype
A

the genetic constitution at a given locus in the genome
- homozygous
- Heterzygous

78
Q
  • Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme
A

limits contraction of skeletal muscle

79
Q

Photosynthesis
- Jan baptist van Helmont

A
  • 1st known quantitative experiment in biology
  • Weighed a willow tree sapling and then weighed in 5 years later
  • Found that water is responsible for plants growth
80
Q

photosynthesis and its structures

A
  • Captures light energy to synthesize carbohydrates
  • Chloroplast
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Epidermis: Outer layer; covered in waxy cuticle stomata on underside
  • Mesophyll: Internal tissue,Contain chloroplasts
  • Vascular tissue; Veins extending through mesophyll carrying water and nutrients
81
Q
  • Light reactions
A
  • Solar energy to chemical energy
  • Chlorophyll in the thylakoid absorbs solar energy, which is converted to ATP and NADPH
  • When solar energy is absorbed an electron is pushed into an excited state.
  • Takes place in the thylakoid membrane

Biology in Society (4 decks)

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