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Biology in Society > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals have what kind of fat?

A

saturated

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2
Q

Plants have what kind of fat?

A

unsaturated

exception; fish oils tend to be unsat

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3
Q

palm oil has the

A

highest saturated fat content

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4
Q

cocoa butter is an example of

A

a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats
- solid at room temp and liquid at body temp

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5
Q

atherosclerosis

A

lipid containing deposits = plaques that build up in blood vessels

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6
Q

C=C /

A

trans fat (greatest risk of atherosclerosis)

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7
Q

add H to C=C (unsat fats) and it converts to (this is called?)

A

unsaturated fats to saturated fats this process is called hydrogenation

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8
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A

fatty acids w C=C3 carbons away from end
omega 3 fatty acids
fish oils, walnuts
protects against cancer and improves cardiovascular health

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9
Q

steroids characteristic structure

A

of 4 fused rings

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10
Q

cholesterol is a

A

steroid that is a precursor for steroid synthesis
synthesized in liver, obtained in diet, common in animal cell membranes for fluidity

a chemical that is transformed into another compound, as in the course of a chemical reaction, and therefore precedes that compound in the synthetic pathway: Cholesterol is a precursor of testosterone

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11
Q

estradiol

A

type of estrogen that is a steroid

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12
Q

testosterone

A

male-sex hormone that is a steroid

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13
Q

proteins are polymers of

A

of amino acids

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14
Q

characteristics of proteins

A

great diversity in structure and function
provides support
movement
provides amino acids for growth
helps transport substances

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15
Q

amino acid monomers are covalently joined in _____ that form a ___

A

dehydration reactions that form a peptide bond

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16
Q

carboxyl group donates

A

donates -OH

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17
Q

amino group donates

A

donates -H

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18
Q

oligopeptide

A

short chain <20

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19
Q

polypeptide (size)

A

long chains >100

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20
Q

one protein structure

A

one polypeptide in its properly folded form

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21
Q

the carboxyl and amino group are bonded by a

A

peptide bond

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22
Q

the amino, which ends in amine (H) is also called the

A

n-terminus

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23
Q

the carboxyl group is also called the

A

c-terminus
+129

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24
Q

hydrophobic side chains

A

mostly C and H, exclude water
interior of protein and domains crossing cell membranes

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25
Q

polar side chains

A

hydrophobic

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26
Q

electrically charged side chains at pH of

A

7
acidic side chains (- charge)
basic side chains (+ charge)

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27
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalophathies (TSE)

A

fatal neurodivergent disease in mammals

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28
Q

prion

A

proteinaceous infectious particles; miss folded protein, transmitted through eating contaminated brain meat

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29
Q

DNA and RNA are both classified as

A

polymers of nucleotides used to transmit information

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30
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helical molecule that carries heritable material, genes are transcribable information used to synthesize a complementary RNA deoxyribonucleic acid

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31
Q

RNA

A

single stranded nucleic with a variety of functions
ribonucleic acid

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32
Q

Structure of RNA and DNA
(what’s the difference)

A

Phosphate group—sugar (deoxy/ribos)—nitrogenous base
Both are double helix with anti-parallel strands
RNA (A, G, C, U)
DNA (A, G, T, C)

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33
Q

Base Pairing

A

hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in opposite strands
A=T
G=C (three pairings)

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34
Q

sickle cell

A

mutation disease inherited affecting red blood cells

anemia, pain crises, peripheral swelling, reduced life span

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35
Q

What is biologically happening in sickle cell?

A

RBC shape causes it to be less flexible and therefore transport less oxygen

in normal cell protein do not associate with each other, in sickle cell the proteins aggregate into a fiber

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36
Q

lactase is the enzyme that breaks lactose down -ase stands for

A

enzyme
lactose tolerance is inherited

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37
Q

Cell Theory; originally formed in the ___ by Schleiden and Schwann

A

19th century
the cell is the smallest living unit of life
all living things are made of cells
all cells come from other pre-existing cells

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38
Q

Main ideas in the cell theory are that;

A

energy flow occurs within cells
heritable info is based down from cell to cell
cells utilize similar classes of biomolecules

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39
Q

prokaryotes, bacteria, and archea are

A

unicellular
can form stable aggregates

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40
Q

eukaryotes

A

unicellular (protozoa, single celled algae and fungi)
multicellular (some algae, some fungi, plants and animals)
human body has trillions (10^12) of cells

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41
Q

plasma membranes function

A

semipermeable lipid and protein barrier organizing interior

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42
Q

cytosol function

A

semifluid, jelly like substance, holds ribosomes, fills cell

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43
Q

chromosomes function

A

DNA polymers carrying genetic information with structural proteins

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44
Q

ribosomes function

A

platforms composed of proteins and rRNA that are used for translation (protein synthesis)

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45
Q

What parts of the cell are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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46
Q

difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, are more complex and have linear chromosomes
prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, and must have at least one circular chromosome

47
Q

phospholipid is made out of

A

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

48
Q

plasma membrane is composed of

A

a phospholipid bilayer with attached and embedded proteins
it is selectively permeable- semi-permeable depending on surface area and volume which effects cell size

49
Q

ribosomes consist of

A

2 subunits, large subunit and small subunit
composed of proteins and amino acids
pro-eukaryotic ribosomes have different compositions and different sizes

50
Q

morphology

A

pro/eukaryotes

51
Q

phylogeny

A

classified 3 domains based on different sequences in rRNA genes

prokaryotic cells have 2 domains, bacteria and archea
3rd domain; eukaryotes

52
Q

archea are similar to bacteria;

A

cell size, gross, structure, cell division, similar to Euks; DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, initiation of protein synthesis

53
Q

bacteria are approx ___ qm

A

0.1-10

54
Q

plant and animal cells are approx ___ qm

A

10-100

55
Q

eukaryotic organelles are approx ___ qm

A

1-10

56
Q

bacteria cell structure

A

cell wall; external to plasma membrane, composed of peptidoglycan, tough, fibers exoskeleton

structure; lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

genetic material; have at least 1 chromosome, the DNA or genetic information is found floating freely in the cytoplasm of the cell

cell division; binary fusion

cytoskeleton; actin- and tubulin- like proteins

57
Q

eukaryotic cells cell interior

A

partitioned into organelles bound by membranes
nucleus; DNA replication, transcription
endoplasmic reticulum; site of lipid synthesis (SER) and translation of membrane inserted in secreted proteins (RER)
golgi apparatus; site of proteins medication and sorting

58
Q

ribosomes are assembled in the

A

nucleus

59
Q

Organization of DNA

A

chromatic; fibers consisting of a long strand of DNA wrapped around a protein cell
chromosome; one long chromatin fiber

60
Q

central dogma

A

transcription
translation

61
Q

nuclear pores

A

opening in nuclear envelope, allows things through or not

allow movement of DNA to mRNA to protein, amino acids direct proteins to nucleus

62
Q

ribosomes are assembled

A

in nucleus transported through the pores

63
Q

cytosolic proteins

A

synthesized on free ribosomes in cytosol

64
Q

membrane proteins and secreted proteins

A

protein synthesis initiates on ribosomes in cytosol

complex moves to rough endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

endomembrane system

A

different membranes dividing cell into compartments, either physically linked or exchange materials via vesicles

organelles include; nucleus, endoplasmic regulus (sER and rER), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane

66
Q

newly synthesized polypeptide inserts across ER membrane then

A

polypeptide is cleaved, often notified and packaged and transported in transport vesicles

transport vesicles bud off ER and transport to golgi apparatus

67
Q

lysosomes are the

A

membrane vesicle containing digestive enzymes for
recycling (breaking down damaged or ages organelles) and
endoscopes or food vacuoles pinch off from plasma membrane (digestion) and fuse with lysosomes and contents broken down

68
Q

tay Sachs disease

A

absent enzyme that degrades lipids = gangliosides
toxicity leads to neuronal death
loss of ability to sit or crawl followed by seizures, loss of motor control and death

69
Q

what are vacuoles?
contractile vacuoles?
central vacuole?

A

larger vesicles

used by certain protists to pump water out of the cells

compartment that takes up most of the volume in plant cells which helps 1) maintain tugor pressure and 2) stores chemicals that may protect plants from herbivores

70
Q

Exocytosis is the process

A

Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior

71
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration (aerobic (O2)) where energy is obtained by breaking down sugars
some of this energy is chemical energy ; ATP

72
Q

double membrane structure;

A

Outer membrane and inner membrane
made of;
matrix- thick fluid bound by inner membrane
cristae- inholdings of inner membrane

73
Q

what are microfilaments? and its functions?

A

polymers of actin modified by interactions with proteins
smallest diameter of cytoskeleton elements

function: cytokinesis, cell mobility, endocytosis, exocytosis, and mechanical stability

74
Q

polymers are about __ nm

A

9-11

75
Q

nuclear lamina

A

dense layer of lamina and proteins associated with inner layer nuclear envelope

provide structural support and integrity to the nucleus

76
Q

progeria

A

autosomal dominant disorder resembling early aging
mutations in lumen A gene, weakening nuclear envelope

77
Q

what provides internal structure to cilia and flagella?

A

microtubules
hollow polymers of tubular with diameter of about 25 nm
form spindle apparatus which separates chromosomes during mitosis
important for intracellular transport: motor proteins move vesicles and organelles along length

78
Q

two types of cilia

A

motile and nonmotile cilia

79
Q

only plant cells have:

A

chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuole

80
Q

secrete extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

helps cells stick together

81
Q

simplistic; plant cell is composed of:

A

cell wall (composed of cellulose), plastids (photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and store starch), a large central vacuole (tugor pressure), plasmodesmata (channels between cells)
flagella restricted to gametes

82
Q

chloroplasts

A

divided into compartments, inner and outer membranes,
stroma; fluid filling interior of chloroplasts, contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

83
Q

thakakoids

A

network of stacked saws in stroma where light is converted to chemical energy

84
Q

penicillin and ampicillin work by

A

targeting synthesis of cell wall

85
Q

ciprofloxacin targets

A

bacterial DNA gyrase

86
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

bacteria found in upper respiratory tract and on kin, immune to antibiotics
commensal: obtains nutrients from host without obvious benefit to host
opportunistic pathogen: causing skin infections

87
Q

teixobactin

A

weakens bacteria cell walls to stun bacteria growth

88
Q

somatic cells

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes, divide by mitosis

89
Q

germ cells

A

divide by meiosis (gametes)

90
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

91
Q

haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

92
Q

histones are the

A

core of proteins wrapped in DNA
these are called nucleosomes

93
Q

mitosis

A

divides nuclear contents and distributes to daughter cells

94
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

set of maternally and paternally inherited chromosomes

95
Q

centromere

A

region of structural DNA needed for daughter chromosomes to segregate properly

96
Q

interphase

A

G1 + S + G2

97
Q

G1 phase

A

cell receives growth promoting signals and normal function

98
Q

S phase

A

chromosomes are replicated (s=synthesize)

99
Q

G2 phase

A

checks for errors in DNA replication and prepares to divide

100
Q

M phase

A

separates nuclear (mitosis) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis contents)

101
Q

Interphase in animal cells prior to mitosis a cell must

A

duplicate its chromosomes (s phase)
and duplicate its centrosomes and centrioles (by end of G2)

102
Q

Prophase

A

beginning of mitosis
centrosomes extend microtubules = mitotic spindle

103
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids have moved to center = metaphase (equatorial) plate
each sister chromatid is attached to microtubules from opposite centrosomes
this is the check point phase

104
Q

anaphase

A

loss of sister chromatid cohesion
separated sister chromatids = daughter chromosomes
move toward the poles

105
Q

telophase

A

daughter chromosomes have migrated to poles
mitotic spindle disassembles
nuclear envelope reforms
cytokinesis

106
Q

immortal

A

cell that continues to proliferate

107
Q

HeLa cells

A

henrietta lacks 1951, cervical cancer

108
Q

primary tumor

A

site of origin, cancers are named based off this

109
Q

malignant tumor

A

potential to invade surrounding tissue

110
Q

matastasis

A

tumor spread beyond origin
secondary tumors

111
Q

cancer is often fatal because

A

of mutation to the genes involved in cell cycle check points

112
Q

heat is a type of

A

kinetic energy due to the motion of atoms and molecules

113
Q

combustion reaction

A

substance reacts with oxygen to release CO2 and heat

114
Q

enzymes are

A

biological/ organic catalysts

Biology in Society (4 decks)

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