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Biology in Society > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

heat index

A

combine temp and rel. humidity to estimate perceived temp

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2
Q

extreme hot effects

A

corn production, agricultural effects
animal domestication
functional cities

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3
Q

these are two examples of where climate has fallen civilizations

A

mayan
old kingdom of eqypt

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4
Q

reacting to the outside environment, reproducing, and water are all factors of

A

self-sustainability

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5
Q

Life Unity of Characteristics

A

organization, information flow, energy utilization, interactions, evolution

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6
Q

all cells have; (4)
PCPD

A

have a plasma membrane
cytosol found in interior
use ribosomes in protein synthesis
and use DNA as the heritable material

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7
Q

emergent properties are

A

new emerging properties

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8
Q

gene

A

hereditary units of information that encodes for a protein

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9
Q

two types of metabolism

A

anabolic reactions which use energy to synthesize (combine) more complex molecules
and catabolic reactions that break down complex molecules to capture energy and recycled materials

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10
Q

producers…

A

decomposers, consumers

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11
Q

element can/cannot be broken
compound can/cannot be broken

A

cannot
can

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12
Q

there are __ naturally occurring elements

A

92

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13
Q

__ __ __ and __ make up about 96% of our body

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

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14
Q

the atomic number is at the

A

top of the element and is the number of protons

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15
Q

the letter in the middle is the

A

element symbol

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16
Q

the atomic mass is

A

at the bottom of the element and is the sum of protons and electrons

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17
Q

Charles Darwin 1859

A

natural selection, LUCA was Darwins explanation of the evolutionary relationship between species, (Last Universal Common Ancestors)

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18
Q

Assumption

A

more similar two DNA sequences move closely related species

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19
Q

the scientific method has

A

6 steps
form a hypothesis
make predictions
run experiments
gathering data
interpreting data
drawing conclusions

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20
Q

plausible and falsifiable

A

plausible; likely to be true giving existing information
falsifiable; allows statistical information to prove a hypothesis

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21
Q

independent variable
dependent variable
control variable

A

the independent variable is what you change, and the dependent variable is what changes because of that. You can also think of the independent variable as the cause and the dependent variable as the effect
control group

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22
Q

dioxine is

A

one of the most cancer causing compounds, highly effects liver enzymes

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23
Q

placebo and nocebo

A

observed negative effect of placebo not attributable to any active ingredient or procedure

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24
Q

sham surgery and sugar pills are examples of

A

placebo

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25
Q

internal communication

A

share results in lab or department

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26
Q

external communication

A

meetings, websites, other departments

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27
Q

neutrons=

A

atomic mass - atomic number

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28
Q

unstable

A

tend to spontaneously decay and give off subatomic particles and energy which leads to the transformation of another element

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29
Q

nuclear medicine

A

controlled use of radioactive material in the body to diagnose and/or treat certain diseases
ex; CAT scan, x-ray, radioactive seeds for prostate cancer

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30
Q

ionic bond

A

two ions that are held together by opposite charges

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31
Q

covalent bond

A

two atoms share at least one electron pair/s to form bond

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32
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak interaction between hydrogen atom in one molecule and an oxygen atom in another molecule

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33
Q

molecule

A

at least two atoms held together by covalent bonds

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34
Q

chemical compound

A

molecules containing atoms of two or more elements

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35
Q

organic compound

A

molecules containing at least one carbon atom

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36
Q

ions

A

Ions are formed when the number of protons in an atom does not equal the number of electrons. An ion therefore is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore has a negative or positive charge.

Ionization is the process of exchanging electrons among atoms or molecules

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37
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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38
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

39
Q

electrolyte

A

soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current

40
Q

salts

A

ionic compound consisting of any cation except H+ and any anion, except OH-
dissociate completely in water

41
Q

old chemical bonds

A

combination of atoms are broken

42
Q

new chemical bonds

A

nominations of atoms are formed

43
Q

single covalent bond

A

one pair of e- shared y 2 nuclei

44
Q

double covalent bond

A

2 e- pairs are shared between 2 nuclei

45
Q

free radical

A

species containing an unpaired e- in its outer shell

46
Q

electronegativity

A

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a shared e-

47
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

A non-polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
so bond is electrically neutral

48
Q

unequal sharing of e-

A

by atoms with different electronegativity values, polar covalent bonds

49
Q

Weak attractive force between: partical + charge on

A

H atoms

50
Q

Weak attractive force between: partical - charge on

A

an O, N, F atom in another covalent bond

51
Q

Weak attractive force:

A

not creating new molecules, change shape

52
Q

water molecules are

A

cohesive
high heat capacity
absorbs small polar molecules
good solvent of ionic compounds
H2O=H+ + OH-
Hydrogen bonds must break to change phases

53
Q

cohesion

A

attractive force between molecules, transport against gravity

54
Q

adhesion

A

cling of one substance to another, adhesion to cell walls resist gravity

55
Q

surface tension

A

ordered, arranged hydrogen-bonded H2O atoms
H2O not H-bonded to overlying air

56
Q

water is polar, not

A

a universal solvent

57
Q

when a solute dissolves in a solvent this forms a

A

solution

58
Q

solutions; homogenous mixture

A

greater than or equal to two substances

59
Q

solutions; agueous solution (aq)

A

water is the solvent
fluids of organisms are Aqueous

60
Q

specific heat is

A

heat capacity

61
Q

earths body of water

A

moderates earth’s temperatures

62
Q

base

A

substance that accepts H+ in solution

63
Q

acid/ pH

A

measure of the concentration of H+
pH=-log(H)
H=-(number on pH scale)

64
Q

some substances dissolve in water and release

A

H+=(acid)
H+=hydrogen ions

65
Q

pH scale measures the

A

hydrogen+ concentration

66
Q

a pH of less then 7 is
a pH of more then 7 is
a pH of 7 is

A

basic or alkaline
acidic
neutral

67
Q

buffer

A

A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH of a buffer changes.
An example of a buffer solution is bicarbonate in blood, which maintains the body’s internal pH.

68
Q

monomers

A

small, molecular subunits that become covalently linked to polymers

69
Q

polymer

A

large molecule composed of covalently linked monomers

70
Q

may be composed of the same monomer or related monomers, the biomolecules synthesize and therefore utilizes dehydration reactions. the biomolecules are;

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

71
Q

dehydration rxn

A

two molecules join to form a larger molecule
Condensation, also called dehydration, refers to the removal of a water molecule during the linking of monomers.

72
Q

carbohydrates are about __ of body weight
function

A

1-3% of body weight
energy source, storage molecules, structural molecules

73
Q

hydrophilic

A

have a tendency to dissolve in water
small sugars dissolve in water

74
Q

monosaccharides
3 dietary sugars (hexose)

A

3-7 carbon atoms
glucose, galactose, fructose

75
Q

glucose is __ monosaccharides

A

6

76
Q

equilibrium factors linear or ring structure?

A

ring

77
Q

isomers
different _____ = different ______

A

same chemical formula but different structures, the minor differences convey different properties

Glucose and fructose are an example of C6H12O6 isomers, which differ based on the position of a double bonded O atom

ex; C6H1206 is glucose, galactose, and fructose

78
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides react to form a glycosidic linkage
glycosidic linkage: A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

79
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of sugars
Hydrolysis is the opposite of a condensation reaction. During hydrolysis, a water molecule is used up in the breaking of a bond between two monomers. An H is added to one monomer, and an OH is added to the other.

80
Q

polysaccharides

A

chains of around 100-1000 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
used for storage and structure

81
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose in plant cells

82
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose in muscle and liver cells

Glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose

83
Q

cellulose

A

major component of cell walls
most abundant organic compound

84
Q

lipids are synthesized by ________ and broken down by __________.

A

dehydration
hydrolysis

85
Q

_______ are assembled by dehydration reaction

A

fats

86
Q

di-polysaccharides cannot produce energy before

A

they’re broken down by hydrolysis

87
Q

adipose cells

A

adipocytes swell and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn

88
Q

triglycerides =

A

Triacylglycerols = are the most abundant fat category, formed by linking glycerol and fatty acids

89
Q

fatty acid

A

carboxylic acid linked to a hydrocarbon chain
energy source
insulation
protection

90
Q

protein polymers are made up of ____
carbohydrate polymers are made up of ____
nucleic acid polymers are made up of ____

A

amino acid monomers
simple sugars
nucleotide monomers

91
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

92
Q

what is the basic building block of each kind of molecule?

A

each biological macromolecule is a polymer made from a basic building block a monomer

93
Q

how are these building blocks linked together to form the larger molecule?

A

monomer building blocks are linked together via dehydration reactions to form polymers

94
Q

how are larger molecules broken down?

A

polymers can be broken down into monomers that make them up via hydrolysis reactions

Biology in Society (4 decks)

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