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REL 103: Introduction to Christian Theology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is soteriology?

A

The study of the doctrine of salvation.

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2
Q

What is contrition?

A

The step before repentance in which we reflect on our sin and wish we could make ourselves right with God.

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3
Q

What is repentance?

A

The action of turning away from sin and towards God.

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4
Q

What is justification?

A

God’s work in justifying the sinners by forgiving our sins and making us right with God.
Think the divine part of repentance.

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5
Q

What is imputed righteousness?

A

Refers to the righteousness of Christ that is the basis of our acquittal.

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6
Q

What is works of righteousness?

A

The attempt to earn justification from God by doing good works. Stands in opposition of legalism.

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7
Q

What is antinomianism?

A

Acting as though God’s laws have nothing to say to the Christian life, so it does not matter how we live. Stands in opposition of the doctrine of sanctification.

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8
Q

What is the focus of the Calvinist understanding of salvation?

A

The priority and sovereignty of God’s grace by emphasizing God as the sole agent of salvation.
*The Cat.

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9
Q

What is the focus of the Arminian understanding of salvation?

A

God’s loving desire to be in a saving relationship with humanity and sees this as connected to God opening up space for human agency, along with divine grace, in salvation.
*The Monkey.

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10
Q

What is prevenient grace?

A

A gift of grace from God that comes before us, preceding anything we do. Was given to all people, not just the elect.

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11
Q

What are the Remonstrant articles?

A

The summary of the beliefs of Arminianism. Written after Arminius’s death.

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12
Q

What is the first article of the Remonstrant articles?

A

God’s will is to elect those who through God’s grace believe in Jesus and persevere in faith and obedience.

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13
Q

What is the second article of the Remonstrant articles?

A

Christ died for all humanity.

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14
Q

What is the third article of the Remonstrant articles?

A

We cannot obtain saving faith by ourselves, and we stand in need of God’s grace through Christ to be renewed in thought and will.

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15
Q

What does the third article of the Remonstrant articles confirm?

A

The crippling effect of original sin and our need for grace.

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16
Q

What is the fourth article of the Remonstrant articles?

A

Grace is the cause of the beginning, progress, and completion of salvation.

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17
Q

What does the fourth article of the Remonstrant articles discuss?

A

Co-operating grace (God’s grace working with human freedom) and that all good works come from the grace of God, which humans can resist.

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18
Q

What is the fifth article of the Remonstrant articles?

A

In Christ, people receive the strength of the spirit to fight against sin, their flesh, Satan, the world, and still get the victory.

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19
Q

What does the fifth article of the Remonstrant articles maintain?

A

The possibility of apostasy (that someone might turn away from God).

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20
Q

What is the Synod of Dort?

A

A response to Arminianism that gives the soteriology of Calvinism or five-point Calvinism (TULIP).

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21
Q

What is total depravity?

A

The point that reaffirms the doctrine of original sin. In Adam, we are all sinners and unable to choose God. Emphasizes our complete inability to save ourselves.

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22
Q

What does total depravity emphasize?

A

Emphasizes our complete inability to save ourselves.

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23
Q

What is unconditional election?

A

God elects some people according to the good pleasure of his will without regard to their foreseen faith.

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24
Q

What does unconditional election serve as a rebuttal to?

A

The Arminian belief that belief and faith are the reason God elects people. Calvinists fear this leads to work-based faith.

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25
Q

What is limited atonement?

A

The atoning work of Christ is only effective for the elect and not for those who remain in sin.

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26
Q

What is irresistible grace?

A

The electing grace of God will not fail because it cannot be resisted.

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27
Q

What is perseverance of the saints?

A

God will finish his saving work in the elect who cannot fall away. Goes along with irresistible grace.

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28
Q

What do the concepts of limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints articulate?

A

The vision of God’s sovereign grace.

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29
Q

What is the definition of monergistic?

A

God is the only actor in salvation.
*Calvinist soteriology.

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30
Q

What is the definition of synergistic?

A

God works with humanity in the process of salvation.
*Arminian soteriology.

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31
Q

What is atonement?

A

The description of the way Christ’s work undoes the separation between God and humans. Opens the possibility for us to be reconciled or made one with God.

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32
Q

What is deification?

A

The process in which Christ became human, so that humans could become one with God. Model of atonement.
Attributed to Athanasius.

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33
Q

What is Christus Victor (Christ the Victor)?

A

The dramatic model of atonement with the central theme of atonement as a divine conflict and victory.
Attributed to Gustaf Aulen.

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34
Q

What is satisfaction atonement?

A

The cross-centric atonement theory that thinks God’s offended honor and dignity could only be satisfied by the sacrifice of Jesus.
Attributed to the thinking of Anslem of Canterbury.

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35
Q

What is substitutionary atonement?

A

The cross-centric atonement theory that thinks Jesus served as a substitute for humans in receiving God’s wrath.
Attributed to the thinking of Anslem of Canterbury.

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36
Q

What is forensic atonement?

A

The cross-centric atonement theory that views atonement as happening in something similar to a court. God as judge finds Jesus guilty and punishes him, despite us being the guilty ones.
Attributed to the thinking of Anslem of Canterbury.

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37
Q

What is moral exemplar?

A

Christ, with his perfect love, became a moral example for us who witnessed this love.
Attributed to Peter Abelard.

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38
Q

What is pneumatology?

A

The study of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit.

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39
Q

What are some incorrect ways of classifying The Holy Spirit?

A
  1. As a power, energy, or force.
  2. Jesus in another mode.
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40
Q

What is the correct way of classifying The Holy Spirit?

A

Equal in divinity, distinct in person.

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41
Q

What is the filioque controversy?

A

The disagreement between whether to say that The Holy Spirit proceeds from The Father or The Holy Spirit proceeds from The Father and The Son.

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42
Q

Which group believes that The Holy Spirit proceeds from The Father alone?

A

The Eastern Church.

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43
Q

What does the Eastern Church’s belief stand on?

A

Not risking subordinating The Spirit to The Son.

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44
Q

Which group believes that The Holy Spirit proceeds from The Father and The Son?

A

The Western Church.

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45
Q

What does the Western Church’s belief stand on?

A

Galatians 4:6 (Spirit of The Son) and Matthew 10:20 (Not just The Spirit of The Father).

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46
Q

What was John Calvin’s belief about The Holy Spirit?

A

That The Holy Spirit shifts accent from sacraments (channels of salvific grace) to personal work of The Spirit in the human heart.

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47
Q

What is the definition of catholic?

A

Universality and wholeness of the church.

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48
Q

What is the definition of apostolic?

A

The modern church having the same qualities as the church of the apostles.
Our church is the same church as the church of the apostles.

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49
Q

What is the Donatist controversy?

A

When the Donatists decided that baptisms done by those that gave up The Gospel to the Romans were invalid.
Decided to separate from the main church and create a pure church.

50
Q

What is Constantinianism?

A

The church’s corruption by and collusion with the state, trading Christ’s love for worldly power and wealth.

51
Q

What is a sacrament?

A

An outward visible sign of an inward spiritual grace.
*Sometimes called an ordinance.

52
Q

What is sacramental?

A

Sacrament-like, but not necessarily a true sacrament.
ex: Marriage.

53
Q

What is priesthood of all believers?

A

The Protestant belief that limits sacraments to church practices that truly belong to all Christians.

54
Q

What is consubstantiation?

A

The belief that Christ is truly present in and with the bread and wine used in Eucharist.
Belief of Martin Luther.

55
Q

What is eschatology?

A

The Christian teaching about the last things (judgement, death, heaven, hell, the kingdom of God, and the second coming of Christ).
or
The Christian doctrine of hope.

56
Q

What is eschatological tension?

A

The double state of eschatology being simultaneously focused on the present (already) and the future (not-yet).

57
Q

What is eschatological reservation?

A

Acting in the knowledge that something is always reserved for the not yet. Trains us in the posture of present humility.

58
Q

What is Parousia?

A

The second coming of Christ.

59
Q

What is general resurrection?

A

Having the same resurrection as Jesus Christ.

60
Q

What is soma psychikon?

A

The body dominated by the human soul.

61
Q

What is soma pneumatikon?

A

The body dominated by The Holy Spirit.

62
Q

What is intermediate state?

A

A life for the soul in the time between death and resurrection day.
*Majority Christian view.

63
Q

What is soul sleep?

A

When an individual dies, they enter a sleep state until the day of resurrection.
*Minority Christian view.

64
Q

What is incarnation?

A

God taking on flesh in the form of Jesus Christ.

65
Q

What is atonement?

A

When Jesus sacrificed himself on the cross to pay for the sins of humanity.

66
Q

What is Good Friday?

A

The day when Jesus was crucified in order to provided humanity with atonement.

67
Q

What is Easter?

A

The day when Christians celebrate the resurrection of Jesus and the defeat of death.

68
Q

What is recapitulation?

A

A theory of atonement that sees Christ as the new Adam who succeeded where the original Adam failed. Adam, a human, brought death into this world and Jesus, a human, took death away from the world.

69
Q

What are the 3 descriptions of how Christ heals?

A
  1. Restoration of the divine image.
  2. Opening and Unity.
  3. The Word, Union, and Marriage.
70
Q

What falls under restoration of the Divine Image?

A
  1. Sin= Loss of Divine Image, but Christ=Restoration of Imago Dei.
  2. Christ restores our image and enables us to do good.
  3. Humans are made ready to receive, we are ready but deformed.
71
Q

What falls under opening and unity?

A
  1. Maximus= Communicatio as healing, opening.
  2. Real union + Chalcedon: Exchange of human and divine properties w/o either being overcome. Four fences: “ Separation, Change, Division, Confusion”.
  3. Divine embrace of humanity: Open to divine, healing human nature, communicating divinity.
72
Q

What falls under The Word, Union, and Marriage?

A
  1. Union in Christ: Luther- Union IN Christ —> Union IN faith.
  2. Union between us and the Word: Intoxicated, saturated —> Communicated.
  3. Communication as Holy Marriage: Christ and soul are one flesh, soul boasts “as though it were its own”, marriage (Everything held in common), and person (in Christ) —> salvation (in faith).
73
Q

What is ontology?

A

The area of theology concerned with existence and essence.

74
Q

What is Christology?

A

The area of theology concerned with the works and nature of Christ. This includes The Resurrection, Ascension, his dual nature, etc.

75
Q

What is ecclesiology?

A

The area of theology concerned with the church and its sacraments.
or
The systematic reflection on the shape which this dwelling of God takes in the community of Christ that journeys between Pentecost and paraousia.

76
Q

What is the objective view of sanctification?

A

God’s transforming work.

77
Q

What is the subjective view of objective sanctification?

A

Our growth and free acceptance.

78
Q

What are Felker Jones’s 2 images for the church?

A
  1. Body.
  2. Bride.
79
Q

What are the 4 marks of the church?

A
  1. One.
  2. Holy.
  3. Catholic (lowercase c).
  4. Apostolic.
80
Q

What does Holy refer to as a mark of the church?

A

Set apart as part of an ongoing moral formation.

81
Q

What does One refer to as a mark of the church?

A

Unity of one church under one God. One-ness as a hope and promise.

82
Q

What are the 5 biblical images?

A
  1. Ecclesia.
  2. The People of God.
  3. Servant People.
  4. Body of Christ.
  5. Another city.
83
Q

What falls under Ecclesia?

A

The people gathered by the Spirit, for the worship of God in Christ.

84
Q

What falls under The People of God?

A
  1. Covenant People: OT, NT, and Beyond. Organic description.
  2. The role of institutions?: Aid in formation?, Communicate God’s grace?, Unecessary?
85
Q

What falls under Servant People?

A
  1. People on Mission: Described by their mission.
  2. Described by Vocation: Known by their witness and mission, Role of institutions and offices in this mission?
86
Q

What falls under Body of Christ?

A
  1. Christ’s Presence: Church as Christ’s person and presence in the world today.
  2. Church’s sacrament: Raises the question-How is Christ present?
  3. Practices: Continuing Christ’s work.
  4. Strong claim: To be joined to the church is to be joined to Christ’s flesh.
87
Q

What falls under Another City?

A
  1. Distinct Social Body: Hebrews 13:14- “another city”.
  2. Practices: Known by its alternative practices and by its love, Institutions as formative and revolutionary.
88
Q

What led to the Donatist Controversy?

A

Diocletian’s purge of Christians from North Africa leading to members of the church being branded traditores. Rendered the church impure, so the Donatists formed their own pure church.

89
Q

Who are traditores?

A

A North African term for those who handed over the scriptures and lists of congregation members during the Diocletianic purge.

90
Q

What was Augustine’s problem with the Donatists?

A

The Donatists saw the True Church as holy and only made up of saints. Augustine agreed with the holy part, but argued that the church was also catholic and apostolic, which the Donatists were denying.
How do the Donatists know that they are the good ones?

91
Q

What was Augustine’s view on the Church?

A

That there is always some good and some bad, but if we try to root out all of the bad, we will end up tearing up some of the good.

92
Q

What context was Barth writing the Barmen Declaration in?

A

The Nazi’s had turned the protestant churches in Germany into The German Evangelical Church. The German Evangelical Church became an arm of the Nazi party.

93
Q

How did the Nazi party twist the church for their purposes?

A
  1. They appointed a Reichsbishop, who acted as the Church’s Fuhrer.
  2. Placed The Holy Bible and Mein Kampf on the same level on the altar. Sometimes the latter was further forward than the former.
  3. They combined the cross and the swastika.
  4. Dejudaized The Holy Bible, hymns, and other church music.
94
Q

What was the main crime that the Nazi’s had committed in the church according to Barth?

A

Removing and replacing the real Jesus with a national Jesus.

95
Q

What did Barth and others feel the crimes of the Nazi’s in the church warranted?

A

Political resistance.

96
Q

What is eschaton?

A

The prefix meaning last.

97
Q

What is eschata?

A

The Greek prefix that means the end or the final.

98
Q

What is Prolepsis?

A

The anticipation of answers to questions. In Christianity, we have the answers to the questions but, they have not been confirmed. This leaves us in a state of waiting to see if the answers we have been given are true.

99
Q

What are the 3 rival versions of hope?

A
  1. Progressive History.
  2. Utopianism.
  3. Neo-Apocalypticism.
100
Q

What is beatific vision?

A

When God, though transcendent, opens himself to man and gives man the capacity to contemplate God in all His heavenly glory.
*Catholic belief.

101
Q

What are the two parts of eschatological speech?

A
  1. Humility.
  2. Hope.
102
Q

What falls under progressive history?

A
  1. Theory of progress.
  2. Christians acquiesce.
103
Q

What is the theory of progress?

A

History is a process of moving toward perfection.

104
Q

What is the problem with progressive history?

A

History’s goal as immanent (permanently pervading and sustaining the universe); shattered dreams.

105
Q

What falls under utopianism?

A
  1. Building of perfection now.
  2. Measuring perfection by present possibilities.
106
Q

What falls under Neo-Apocalypticism?

A
  1. Perfection as un-worldly.
  2. Escape from suffering and denial of Creation.
107
Q

What is Maimela’s overall thought on early works about atonement?

A

They are inadequate in describing how atonement affects those that are oppressed or downtrodden because they were written by people who had never truly suffered.

108
Q

What is ransom theory?

A

The overemphasis on Christ’s death on the cross over the whole life and works of Christ. Also, Christ’s death as payment is unpersuasive because it ignores the complexity of human suffering and the divine involvement in human suffering.

109
Q

What is liberation theology’s problem with ransom theory?

A

Ransom theory views atonement as reconciling the whole human race to God to get rid of physical sin, not spiritual deficits (ex: White supremacy), so the basis of oppression is not atoned for.

110
Q

What is liberation theology’s problem with satisfaction theory?

A

It abstracts God’s redemptive work and makes it something that is acted out in Heaven and not here on Earth. Not grounded in history, even though God through Christ is part of history.

111
Q

What is moralistic/subjective theory of atonement?

A

The atonement theory where the death of Christ on the cross revealed God’s sacrificial love for the world. As believers reflect on this love, they are moved to repentance and amendment of their lives.
Attributed to Peter Abelard.

112
Q

What is liberation theology’s problem with moralistic/subjective theory?

A

It allows for Christ’s work to be personal to each believer, which defeats Christ’s universal love for the world. It dampens the true tyranny that the oppressed are under while serving the oppressors by reflecting the upper-class social conditions.

113
Q

What was the main topic Blomberg discussed in his article?

A

The scholarship around degrees of reward in Heaven.

114
Q

What is Blomberg’s main critique?

A

That it does not say anywhere in The Bible that people will receive different degrees of rewards. The Bible says that all who follow are equal in the eyes of God.
However, he understands that telling people this will convince them to do the bare minimum.

115
Q

What are the major arguments Gibson poses about pneumatology and the church?

A

There is a lack of diversity in the modern church despite Jesus dying on the cross for ALL of us. If the church truly has and follows the Holy Spirit, then all congregations should be heterogeneous.

116
Q

What is Cyprian’s wild claim about the church?

A

Someone cannot be a Christian without the Church. God is their Father and the Church is their Mother.

117
Q

What was the argument between Augustine and the Donatists concerning sacraments?

A

Augustine viewed sacraments as coming from God, making them incorruptible. The Donatists viewed sacraments as being corruptible by people, which is why they felt rebaptism was necessary.
Can have good fruit despite the tree being diseased or dead.

118
Q

What are the major arguments of the Barmen Declaration?

A
  1. The German Evangelical Church allowed for forces outside of Scripture to declare what God’s will and intentions for the world were. Only scripture should direct the lives of Christians.
  2. The German Evangelical Church taught that there were areas of its members lives that were not dedicated to God. A Christian’s whole life is given to God.
  3. The German Evangelical Church had allowed its message to include political propaganda and promote the prevailing views of the Nazis. Only God’s message should be taught in a church.
  4. The German Evangelical Church allowed for its leaders to have political roles, not just ministry roles. Leaders in the church should be fully focused on ministry.
  5. The German Evangelical Church allowed for church and state powers and/or business to intermingle. The state should not have the same powers the church does and the church should not have the same powers the state does.
  6. The German Evangelical Church has used the word and work of God to justify and accomplish their own plans and selfish desires. The church should be acting in Christ’s place on earth to deliver the message of God’s free grace to the world.
119
Q

What Holy Spirit imagery is seen in The Hospitality of Abraham?

A

Three identical or similar figures = Trinity.

120
Q

What Holy Spirit imagery is seen in artwork depicting the baptism of Jesus?

A

The entire trinity is present for one event, which rarely happens.

121
Q

What Holy Spirit imagery is seen in Gnadensteul?

A

The Throne of Grace/ What The Father and The Son are doing in the crucifixion in grace. The Father is stern and sad. The Holy Spirit takes a lesser role in this imagery.

122
Q

What Holy Spirit imagery is seen in Not Gottes?

A

The crucified Jesus is being held by The Father, who looks saddened. The Holy Spirit also plays a smaller role in this artwork.

REL 103: Introduction to Christian Theology (3 decks)

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