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PSY 221 - Social > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

group

A

Two or more people who interact and are interdependent
- needs and goals of group members cause them to influence e/o

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2
Q

group benefits (4)

A
  1. accomplish objectives that would be more difficult to meet
    individually
  2. An important source of info
    - resolve ambiguity in the social world
  3. Important aspect of identity
    - define who we are and our place in the world
  4. est social norms
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3
Q

social role

A

Shared expectations in a group about how particular people in the group are supposed to behave/act

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4
Q

social role cost

A

individual identities and
personalities can get lost

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5
Q

group cohesiveness

A

Qualities of a group that bind its members together and promote liking between them
age, sex, beliefs, opinions

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6
Q

Cohesiveness can interfere with optimal performance

A

If maintaining good relationships are more important than performance

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7
Q

group diversity

A

diverse groups perform better at tasks that req problem solving b/c high cohesive group members tend to agree w e/o

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8
Q

social facilitation:
in the presence of others and when individual performance can be evaluated, ppl…

A

do BETTER on SIMPLE tasks
- arousal enhances performance
do WORSE on COMPLEX tasks
- arousal impairs performance

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9
Q

social facilitation theories (3)

A
  1. Other people cause us to
    become particularly alert and vigilant
  2. Other people make us feel like we are being evaluated and apprehensive
    - can cause mild arousal
  3. Other people distract us from
    the task at hand
    - Divided attention produces arousal
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10
Q

social loafing:
in the presence of others and
their individual performance CANNOT be evaluated, ppl..

A

do WORSE on SIMPLE tasks
- relaxation impairs performance
do BETTER on COMPLEX tasks
- relaxation improves performance

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11
Q

process loss

A

Any aspect of a group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
- ex the expert in the group doesn’t share their ideas

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12
Q

process loss occurs (3)

A
  1. Groups might not try hard enough to find out who the most competent member is
  2. The most competent member might find it difficult to disagree with everyone else (NSI)
  3. Communication problems can arise in general
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13
Q

reduce process loss (2)

A
  1. have group discussions last long enough to get beyond what everyone already knows.
  2. Assign different members specific tasks so that they alone are responsible for certain types of info
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14
Q

groupthink

A

maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

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15
Q

groupthink occurs (3)

A
  1. highly cohesive
  2. isolated from contrary opinions
  3. ruled by a directive leader who makes their wishes known
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16
Q

avoiding groupthink (4)

A
  1. remain impartial
  2. seek outside opinions
  3. seek anonymous opinions
  4. create subgroups
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17
Q

group polarization

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
- engaging in more extreme behaviors/activities as a group that you wouldn’t do alone

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18
Q

group polarization occurs (2)

A
  1. Persuasive arguments
    interpretation
  2. Social comparison interpretation
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19
Q

Persuasive arguments
interpretation

A

Individuals bring to the group a set of arguments, some of which have not been considered by other individuals, in order to PERSUADE the group to do something
ex “everyone does it. It’s gonna be fun”

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20
Q

Social comparison interpretation

A

When people discuss an issue in a group, they first explore how everyone else feels by COMPARING their feelings about the issue
“if everyone is doing it, then I’m gonna do it too”
- taking a position that is similar to everyone elseʼs but a little more extreme to be liked

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21
Q

Great person theory

A

certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

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22
Q

leadership styles (2)

A
  1. transactional
  2. transformational
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23
Q

transactional leaders

A

Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them

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24
Q

transformational leaders

A

Leaders who inspire followers
to focus on common, long-term goals
ex politicians

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25
Q

Social Dilemmas

A

A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects on everyone
- self interest over interest of others

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26
Q

Prisonerʼs Dilemma

A

Two people must choose one of 2 options without knowing what the other person will choose.
- Payoff depends on the choices of both ppl

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27
Q

adapting cooperative strategy in PD (3)

A
  1. playing game w a friend
  2. expecting to interact w other person in the future
  3. change norms about expected behavior
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28
Q

Tit-for-tat strategy

A

first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial

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29
Q

Integrative solution

A

conflict solution whereby parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests to unify their differences
- each side concedes the most on
issues that important to the other side

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30
Q

interpersonal relationships are determined by (5)

A
  1. proximity (propinquity)
  2. similarity
  3. reciprocal liking
  4. familiarity
  5. attraction
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31
Q

Propinquity/proximity Effect

A

the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
- occurs by chance

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32
Q

Functional distance

A

certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact w e/o more often than w others
- The environments we inhabit increase / decrease interaction opportunities

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33
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
- The more we are around a person, the better we like them

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34
Q

similarity

A

Greater similarity leads to more liking
- demographics
- interests
- physical attraction

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35
Q

reciprocal liking

A

We like people who like us
- For initial attraction,
reciprocal liking can overcome dissimilarity

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36
Q

familiarity

A

People prefer faces that most resemble their own
- b/c we are most familiar w our own

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37
Q

familiarity attributed to (3)

A
  1. propinquity: gain familiarity thru exposure
  2. similarity: similar = familiar
  3. reciprocal liking: ppl we like and get to know become familiar
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38
Q

psychical attractiveness

A

symmetry in facial features

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39
Q

attractive ppl assumptions

A
  • better health
  • better earnings
  • better teaching evaluations
  • social and extraverted
  • happy
  • popular
  • sexual
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40
Q

halo effect

A

assuming that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics
ex attractive ppl are perceived to be smarter, funnier, more likeable

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41
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

attractive ppl receive a great deal of social attention
-> Helps them develop good social skills

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42
Q

love/attraction types (2)

A
  1. companionate
  2. passionate
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43
Q

companionate love

A

The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person
- psychological intimacy: Don’t experience passion or arousal in the personʼs presence

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44
Q

passionate love

A

An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid HR)
- When our love is reciprocated = feelings of great fulfillment and ecstasy
- when it’s not = feelings of sadness and despair

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45
Q

attachment style def

A

relationship expectations based on the relationship a person had w their primary caregiver

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46
Q

attachment style assumption

A

attachment style learned in infancy becomes schema for all relationships

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47
Q

attachment style types (3)

A
  1. secure
  2. avoidant
  3. anxious/ambivalent
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48
Q

secure AS

A
  • Trust
  • a lack of concern w abandonment
  • View that one is worthy and well-liked
  • More likely to develop mature, lasting relationships
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49
Q

Avoidant AS

A

Suppression of attachment needs,
b/c attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed/rejected
- Less trustworthy of others
- find it difficult to develop close, intimate relationships
- often uncomfortable with
intimacy
- Extremely independent, self directed

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50
Q

Anxious/Ambivalent AS

A
  • Concern that others will not
    reciprocate oneʼs desire for intimacy
  • higher-than-average anxiety levels
  • Want closeness, but worry partner will not return affection
  • enter relationships the most quickly
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51
Q

Social Exchange Theory:
People’s feelings about a relationship depend on (3)

A
  1. Perceptions of rewards and costs (Comparison Level)
  2. The kind of relationship they deserve
  3. Their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
    (Comparison Level for Alternatives)
52
Q

Commitment investment model

A

relationship commitment depends on their investment and what would be lost if they left (kids, home)
- large investment = less likely to leave even when dissatisfied

53
Q

staying in relationship depends on (3)

A
  1. satisfaction
  2. alts
  3. investment degree
54
Q

Equity Theory

A

individual output/input = other’s output/input

55
Q

Exchange Relationships

A

Relationships governed by the need for equity (equal ratio of rewards and costs)
- New acquaintances

56
Q

communal relationships

A

primary concern is being responsive to other person’s needs
- friends, family, romantic partners

57
Q

prosocial behavior

A

Any act performed with the goal of
benefiting another person
- reason for helping is unimportant

58
Q

Altruism

A

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

59
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

we help others to increase the chance that we pass on our genes
- kin selection
- reciprocity norm

60
Q

Kin Selection

A

The idea that behaviors that help a
genetic relative are favored by
natural selection
- Increase chances genes will be
passed along by ensuring that
genetic relatives have kids
- more willing to help genetic relatives in life/death situations

61
Q

The Reciprocity Norm

A

The expectation that helping
others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

62
Q

Social exchange theory

A

maximize rewards and minimize costs
- People help when the benefits outweigh the cost

63
Q

rewards (3)

A
  • increase the likelihood of future help
  • social approval and feelings of self worth
  • relief of bystander distress
64
Q

costs (3)

A
  • physical danger
  • embarrassment
  • time
65
Q

Empathy-Altruism
Hypothesis

A

When we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless
of what we have to gain

66
Q

empathy

A

Put oneself in the shoes of
another person to experience their feelings

67
Q

in-group

A

The group with which an
individual identifies as a
member

68
Q

Urban overload hypothesis

A

ppl living in cities are constantly
bombarded with stimulation so they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

69
Q

Bystander effect

A

The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help the victim
- Pluralistic Ignorance
- Diffusion of responsibility

70
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

Bystandersʼ assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned
- If people assume that nothing is wrong, they will not help.
- When other bystanders are present, people are more likely to assume that is not an emergency

71
Q

Diffusion of
Responsibility

A

each bystanderʼs sense of responsibility to
help decreases as the number of witnesses
increases
- we have to decide that it is our responsibility
to do something about it

72
Q

Aggression

A

Intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person
- hostile
- instrumental

73
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger
and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

74
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

using aggression as a means to a goal other than causing pain

75
Q

Relational aggression

A

harming another person through relationship manipulation

76
Q

Evolutionary View of aggression

A

aggression serves an important function in terms of both individual survival and reproductive potential
- Males: behave aggressively to secure status
- Females: choose males who offer the greatest protection and resource

77
Q

Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

78
Q

frustration

A

the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal

79
Q

frustration–aggression link
depends on (2)

A
  1. Size and strength of the person
    responsible for your frustration
  2. A person’s ability to retaliate
80
Q

Weapons Effect

A

The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or
other weapon
- due to priming

81
Q

Consequences of Being Exposed to
Violence via Media (3)

A
  1. Numbs people to difficult, violent, and
    unpleasant events
  2. Increases indifferences to real victims of violence
  3. dehumanizing the enemy in video games can affect how players regard
    real people
82
Q

Catharsis

A

“blowing off steam”—by behaving aggressively or watching others do so—relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior

83
Q

Prejudice

A

A hostile or negative attitude (evaluation) toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group
- race, religion, gender, sexual orientation…

84
Q

prejudice components (3)

A
  1. Cognitive: Stereotypes about a group
  2. Behavioral: Discrimination toward a group
  3. Affective: Emotions toward a group
85
Q

Cognitive: Stereotype

A

A generalization about a group of people
- Certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual
variation among the members

86
Q

adaptive/maladaptive stereotype views

A
  • Adaptive: when stereotype accurately identifies attributes of a group well
  • Maladaptive: blinds us to individual differences
87
Q

Behavioral: Discrimination

A

unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group

88
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its target of societal or company prejudice
- religion, race, gender, sexual orientation

89
Q

Microaggressions

A

“slights” and put-downs

90
Q

affective: emotions

A

emotions we hold towards a group of ppl
Negative emotions about groups are often ingrained.
- This makes such attitudes difficult to dispel.

91
Q

ppl hide their prejudices b/c…(2)

A
  1. they have a sincere motivation to reduce their prejudice
  2. want to avoid being labeled
92
Q

prejudice causes (3)

A
  1. social identity theory
  2. blaming the victim
  3. realistic conflict theory
93
Q

social identity theory (4)

A
  1. in-group bias
  2. out-group homogeneity
  3. common in-group identity
  4. stigma based solidarity
94
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to favor member’s of one’s own group and give them special preferences

95
Q

out-group homogeneity

A

in-group members perceive out-group members as being more similar (homogeneous) than they really are

96
Q

common ingroup identity

A

social bias can be reduced by uniting people who belong to different social groups under one larger, COMMON, superordinate group

97
Q

Stigma-Based Solidarity

A

When common experiences
of discrimination are made salient, perceived commonality and support among members of disadvantaged groups increases

98
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Limited resources leads to conflict among groups, which leads to prejudice and discrimination
- Prejudice increases when times are tense, and conflict exists over mutually exclusive goals

99
Q

social identity/stereotype threat

A

feeling evaluated as a member of a group, rather than as an individual
- possibly based on a stereotype
1. ID becomes salient
2. neg stereotypes about your group can be applied to you

100
Q

reducing prejudice (2)

A
  1. contact hypothesis
  2. jigsaw classroom
101
Q

contact hypothesis

A

prejudice and conflict bt groups can be reduced if members of the groups interact w e/o
- groups must share common goals
- be of equal status

102
Q

jigsaw classroom

A

Classroom setting where children are placed in small, desegregated groups
* Each child dependent on others to learn the course material and do well

103
Q

stress

A

The negative feelings and beliefs that arise whenever people feel unable to cope with demands from their environment

104
Q

types of stress (2)

A
  1. major life stressor
  2. daily hassles
105
Q

ways stress impedes health (2)

A
  1. alters immune system’s functions
  2. disease onset by engaging in maladaptive coping styles
106
Q

resilience

A

Mild, transient reactions to stressful events, followed by a quick return to normal, healthy functioning
- Many people have the resources to recover quickly.
- The higher the resilience, the lower the vulnerability and risk of
illness

107
Q

resilience predictors (2)

A
  1. perceived control
  2. internal-external locus of control
108
Q

perceived control

A

Belief that we can influence our environment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes

109
Q

Internal-external locus of control

A

Believe that things happen because we control them INTERNALLY (I control my life) and EXTERNALLY (outside factors are in control)
- Do not believe that good and bad outcomes are out of our control

110
Q

coping w stress (2)

A
  1. fight/flight response
  2. tend/befriend
111
Q

fight/flight response

A

attacking the source or fleeing from it

112
Q

tend/befriend

A

respond to stress w/ nurturing activities

113
Q

social support (2)

A
  1. visible support
  2. invisible support
114
Q

visible support

A

portrays person as incapable of helping themselves
- telling person who needs help what to do

115
Q

invisible support

A

give support w/o implying person is incapable
- tell person who needs help someone they know went thru something similar

116
Q

social ID threat police

A

police think you won’t respect them (moral authority) then they’re more likely to use force (coercive authority) to get respect

117
Q

eyewitness testimonies can be wrong (4)

A
  1. encoding
  2. own-race bias
  3. storage/reconstructive memory
  4. retrieval
118
Q

false confessions causes (3)

A
  1. police ask leading questions
  2. isolate suspects and put them under considerable stress
  3. claim eyewitness has ID’d suspect
119
Q

reduce false confessions (3)

A
  1. req interrogation to be videotaped
  2. jury decided whether defendant was coerced into admitting things
  3. ask for a lawyer
120
Q

juror decision making is influenced by (3)

A
  1. story order
  2. witness order
  3. diversity of jury
121
Q

story order

A

presenting evidence in seq which events occured, corresponding to the story they want the jurors to believe
- jurors more likely to believe prosecutor

122
Q

witness order

A

presenting evidence in seq that they believe will have the greatest impact, even if events are described out of order

123
Q

false memory syndrome

A

recalling past traumatic experiences that are objectively false but that they believe to be true

124
Q

promises of meeting ppl online (3)

A
  1. aggregating a large number of profiles for browsing
  2. providing opportunity
    for communication with potential mates
  3. matching users based on analyses of compatibility
125
Q

pitfalls of meeting ppl online (2)

A
  1. Web site algorithms used to match potential mates by compatibility do not lead to higher relationship success rates
  2. inaccurate and dishonest profiles and photos on dating websites
    - learning more about a partner during a date often makes you like that person less than you did when you had only seen a profile
126
Q

cultures of honor

A

cultural norms and expectations literally “get inside” people, causing them to behave differently under similar provocation
- even small disputes put a man’s reputation for toughness on the line, requiring him to respond aggressively to restore his status

127
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loosening normal behavioral constraints when ppl can’t be differentiated

PSY 221 - Social (3 decks)

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