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PSY 221 - Social > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Behaviorism

A

Only need to consider reinforcing properties of the environment to understand human behavior

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2
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Studying the subjective way an object appears in a person’s mind
- not the objective (physical attributes) of it

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3
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after the fact
- After the fact, we knew the outcome all along

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4
Q

Interjudge reliability

A

Level of agreement bt 2+ ppl who independently observe a data set
- ensures that observations aren’t subjective

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5
Q

Random assignment to condition

A

Ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of the experiment

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6
Q

P level

A

Probability that the results occured by chance and not bc of the IV

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7
Q

Psychological realism

A

Psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life

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8
Q

Cover story

A

Description of the study’s purpose given to the participants that’s diff from the study’s true purpose to maintain psychological realism

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9
Q

Social psychologist delima

A

Difficult to do one experiment that is both high in internal validity and is generalizable to other situations and ppl

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10
Q

Cross-cultural research

A

Research that’s conducted with members of diff cultures to see if the psychological processes of interests were present in both cultures or if they’re specific to the individual’s own culture

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11
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Explanation to the ways animals adapt to their environments

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

Hereditable traits that promote survival in a particular environment are passed down to future generations
- more likely to produce offspring

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13
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Explain social behavior in terms of of genetic factors that evolved over time acc to the principles of natural selection

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14
Q

Construal

A

The way in which ppl perceive, interpret, comprehend the social world situation

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15
Q

Social cognition

A

How people think about the social world
- select, interpret, remember and use social info to make judgements and decisions

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16
Q

Social influence

A

Effect that words, actions, others’ presence have on our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behaviors

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17
Q

Theory

A

Principle formed to explain the things shown in the data
- predicts outcomes

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

Propsed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

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19
Q

Ethnography

A

Observing people’s actions from afar (insider’s POV)

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20
Q

Archival analysis

A

Examining accumulated documents/ archives

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21
Q

Spurious

A

Variables are random (not related)
- no explanation for why one causes the other
Ex tangled in sheets and time spent playing video games

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22
Q

3rd variable

A

Doesn’t explain why both variables occur
Ex ice cream sales and crimes committed could both be due to the summer heat

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23
Q

IV

A

manipulated variable to see if it has a causal effect

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24
Q

DV

A

measured variable to see if it’s affected

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25
IV manipulation types (4)
1. Presence / Absence 2. Type variable 3. Amount variable (multivalent) 4. Quasi IV
26
Presence/absence
Main variable is present or absent Ex college logo vs no logo
27
Type variable
Diff types of same main variable Ex Harvard vs JJ
28
Amount variable (multivalent)
3+ variables Ex Harvard vs JJ vs no logo
29
Quasi IV
allows comparison of groups w/o manipulation Ex male vs female VS Harvard vs JJ vs no logo
30
Bt subject design
Compares groups of participants to determine IV effect - diff participants used in each group
31
Within subject design
All subjects are exposed to all IV levels - participants’ performance is the basis of comparison
32
Internal validity
Making sure that nothing besides the IV can affect the DV
33
External validity
Extent to which the study’s results can be generalized to other situations 3 ways: - replications - meta-analysis - field experiments
34
Replications
Repeating a study using different subject pop of in diff settings
35
Meta analysis
Statistical technique that averages 2+ study results to see if IV effect is reliable
36
Field experiments
Experiments are conducted in natural settings Ex police officer completing a study in police office
37
Correlational method
Examines associations bt 2+ variables 3 types: - spurious - 3rd var - reverse
38
Applied research
Answer questions related to solving real-world problems
39
Basic research
Studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question: why ppl behave the way they do
40
Exempt studies
Studies w the smallest amount of risk involved Ex educational or cognitive testing
41
Expedited studies
Studies reviewed by only one IRB member -small amount of physical or psychological risk Ex students completing a stressful test
42
Full review studies
Each IRB member reviews study - high risk or harm Ex invasive medical procedures or emotional distress
43
Deception
Misleading participants about study’s true purpose or the events that will eventually transpire
44
Debriefing
Explaining to the participants at the end of the study the true purpose of it and what actually transpired
45
Schema
Mental structures that organize our knowledge of the social world - interpret new info
46
Past experience
Extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of ppl’s minds based on the past - more likely to be used when making judgements about the social world
47
Priming
Process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept
48
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Original expectations of others lead to its own confirmation
49
Self-fulfilling prophecy steps (3)
1. Have expectation about what another person is like 2. This expectation influences how you act towards them 3. Your treatment towards them causes them to behave consistently w your original expectations- making them come true
50
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts to make quick and efficient judgments 3 types: - availability - representative - base rate info
51
Availability
Basing a judgement by the ease in which they bring can example to mind Ex is the letter R more common as the first or last letter of a word
52
Representative
Classifying something according to how similar it is to a typical case
53
Base-rate info
Info about the freq of members of diff categories in the pop
54
Dwelling on past (2)
- counter-factual reasoning - rumination
55
Counter-factual reasoning
Mentally changing some aspect of the past by imagining what could’ve happened - can have a big influence on our emotional reactions to events
56
Rumination
Maladaptive coping style of emotional regulation marked by repetitive, self-focused thoughts - dwelling on the past about what could’ve gone differently
57
Analytic thinking style
Focus on objects w/o considering surrounding areas Ex trees and not the Forrest - western cultures
58
Holistic thinking style
Focus on overall context - relation bt objects Ex Forrest as a whole - eastern cultures
59
Social perception
how we form impressions about other ppl and make inferences about them
60
Nonverbal communication
How ppl communicate w/o words Ex facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement
61
Encode
Express/emit nonverbal behavior
62
Decode
Interpret meaning of nonverbal behavior
63
Display rules
Dictate what kinds of emotional expressions ppl are supposed to show - culture specific Ex in America, men are discouraged from crying
64
Thin slicing
Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief behavior sample
65
Primacy effect
The 1st traits we perceive in others influence how we view info that we learn about them later
66
Belief perseverance
Tendency to stick w an initial judgement, even when learning new info that should prompt us to reconsider
67
Attribution theory
The way ppl explain the causes of their own behavior or others Internal: something about them External: situational/environmental factors
68
FAE
Tend to make internal attributions for other ppl’s behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors - focus on person, not surrounding situation
69
Perceptual salience
The seeming importance of info that’s the focus of ppl’s attention - person is more obvious than their situation
70
Covariation model - form an attribution about a person’s behavior
Systemically note the pattern bt the presence/absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurred 3 pieces of info: - consensus - consistency - distinctiveness
71
Consensus info
Ppl behave the same way toward the same stimulus Ex whole class takes math test one person fails test: internal Everyone fails test: external
72
Consistency info
Person behaves in the same way to diff stimuli Ex school classes struggles in one class: external Struggles in ALL classes: internal
73
Distinctiveness info
Behavior bt one person and one stimulus is the same all the time Ex one person taking math test Fails one test: external Fails ALL test: internal
74
Internal attribution occurs
Consensus = low Distinctiveness = low Consistency = high
75
External attribution occurs
Consensus = high Distinctiveness = high Consistency = low
76
Self-serving attributes (Success and failures)
Success: internal, dispositional factors Failures: external, situational factors
77
We make self-serving attributes to: (3 reasons)
1. Maintain self-esteem 2. Want others to think well of us and admire us 3. We know more about our own situational factors that affect our behaviors than we do about others
78
Belief in a just world
Assumption that ppl get what they deserve and deserve what they get
79
BJW advantage
Allows ppl to deal w feelings of vulnerability and mortality
80
BJW disadvantage
Blames the victim
81
Bias blind spot
Belief that others are more susceptible to attributional biases compared to self

PSY 221 - Social (3 decks)

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