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PSY 221 - Social > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviorism

A

Only need to consider reinforcing properties of the environment to understand human behavior

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2
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Studying the subjective way an object appears in a person’s mind
- not the objective (physical attributes) of it

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3
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after the fact
- After the fact, we knew the outcome all along

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4
Q

Interjudge reliability

A

Level of agreement bt 2+ ppl who independently observe a data set
- ensures that observations aren’t subjective

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5
Q

Random assignment to condition

A

Ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of the experiment

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6
Q

P level

A

Probability that the results occured by chance and not bc of the IV

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7
Q

Psychological realism

A

Psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life

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8
Q

Cover story

A

Description of the study’s purpose given to the participants that’s diff from the study’s true purpose to maintain psychological realism

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9
Q

Social psychologist delima

A

Difficult to do one experiment that is both high in internal validity and is generalizable to other situations and ppl

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10
Q

Cross-cultural research

A

Research that’s conducted with members of diff cultures to see if the psychological processes of interests were present in both cultures or if they’re specific to the individual’s own culture

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11
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Explanation to the ways animals adapt to their environments

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

Hereditable traits that promote survival in a particular environment are passed down to future generations
- more likely to produce offspring

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13
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Explain social behavior in terms of of genetic factors that evolved over time acc to the principles of natural selection

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14
Q

Construal

A

The way in which ppl perceive, interpret, comprehend the social world situation

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15
Q

Social cognition

A

How people think about the social world
- select, interpret, remember and use social info to make judgements and decisions

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16
Q

Social influence

A

Effect that words, actions, others’ presence have on our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behaviors

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17
Q

Theory

A

Principle formed to explain the things shown in the data
- predicts outcomes

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

Propsed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

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19
Q

Ethnography

A

Observing people’s actions from afar (insider’s POV)

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20
Q

Archival analysis

A

Examining accumulated documents/ archives

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21
Q

Spurious

A

Variables are random (not related)
- no explanation for why one causes the other
Ex tangled in sheets and time spent playing video games

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22
Q

3rd variable

A

Doesn’t explain why both variables occur
Ex ice cream sales and crimes committed could both be due to the summer heat

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23
Q

IV

A

manipulated variable to see if it has a causal effect

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24
Q

DV

A

measured variable to see if it’s affected

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25
Q

IV manipulation types (4)

A
  1. Presence / Absence
  2. Type variable
  3. Amount variable (multivalent)
  4. Quasi IV
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26
Q

Presence/absence

A

Main variable is present or absent
Ex college logo vs no logo

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27
Q

Type variable

A

Diff types of same main variable
Ex Harvard vs JJ

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28
Q

Amount variable (multivalent)

A

3+ variables
Ex Harvard vs JJ vs no logo

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29
Q

Quasi IV

A

allows comparison of groups w/o manipulation
Ex male vs female VS Harvard vs JJ vs no logo

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30
Q

Bt subject design

A

Compares groups of participants to determine IV effect
- diff participants used in each group

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31
Q

Within subject design

A

All subjects are exposed to all IV levels
- participants’ performance is the basis of comparison

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32
Q

Internal validity

A

Making sure that nothing besides the IV can affect the DV

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33
Q

External validity

A

Extent to which the study’s results can be generalized to other situations
3 ways:
- replications
- meta-analysis
- field experiments

34
Q

Replications

A

Repeating a study using different subject pop of in diff settings

35
Q

Meta analysis

A

Statistical technique that averages 2+ study results to see if IV effect is reliable

36
Q

Field experiments

A

Experiments are conducted in natural settings
Ex police officer completing a study in police office

37
Q

Correlational method

A

Examines associations bt 2+ variables
3 types:
- spurious
- 3rd var
- reverse

38
Q

Applied research

A

Answer questions related to solving real-world problems

39
Q

Basic research

A

Studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question: why ppl behave the way they do

40
Q

Exempt studies

A

Studies w the smallest amount of risk involved
Ex educational or cognitive testing

41
Q

Expedited studies

A

Studies reviewed by only one IRB member
-small amount of physical or psychological risk
Ex students completing a stressful test

42
Q

Full review studies

A

Each IRB member reviews study
- high risk or harm
Ex invasive medical procedures or emotional distress

43
Q

Deception

A

Misleading participants about study’s true purpose or the events that will eventually transpire

44
Q

Debriefing

A

Explaining to the participants at the end of the study the true purpose of it and what actually transpired

45
Q

Schema

A

Mental structures that organize our knowledge of the social world
- interpret new info

46
Q

Past experience

A

Extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of ppl’s minds based on the past
- more likely to be used when making judgements about the social world

47
Q

Priming

A

Process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

48
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Original expectations of others lead to its own confirmation

49
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy steps (3)

A
  1. Have expectation about what another person is like
  2. This expectation influences how you act towards them
  3. Your treatment towards them causes them to behave consistently w your original expectations- making them come true
50
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts to make quick and efficient judgments
3 types:
- availability
- representative
- base rate info

51
Q

Availability

A

Basing a judgement by the ease in which they bring can example to mind
Ex is the letter R more common as the first or last letter of a word

52
Q

Representative

A

Classifying something according to how similar it is to a typical case

53
Q

Base-rate info

A

Info about the freq of members of diff categories in the pop

54
Q

Dwelling on past (2)

A
  • counter-factual reasoning
  • rumination
55
Q

Counter-factual reasoning

A

Mentally changing some aspect of the past by imagining what could’ve happened
- can have a big influence on our emotional reactions to events

56
Q

Rumination

A

Maladaptive coping style of emotional regulation marked by repetitive, self-focused thoughts
- dwelling on the past about what could’ve gone differently

57
Q

Analytic thinking style

A

Focus on objects w/o considering surrounding areas
Ex trees and not the Forrest
- western cultures

58
Q

Holistic thinking style

A

Focus on overall context - relation bt objects
Ex Forrest as a whole
- eastern cultures

59
Q

Social perception

A

how we form impressions about other ppl and make inferences about them

60
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

How ppl communicate w/o words
Ex facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement

61
Q

Encode

A

Express/emit nonverbal behavior

62
Q

Decode

A

Interpret meaning of nonverbal behavior

63
Q

Display rules

A

Dictate what kinds of emotional expressions ppl are supposed to show
- culture specific
Ex in America, men are discouraged from crying

64
Q

Thin slicing

A

Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief behavior sample

65
Q

Primacy effect

A

The 1st traits we perceive in others influence how we view info that we learn about them later

66
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to stick w an initial judgement, even when learning new info that should prompt us to reconsider

67
Q

Attribution theory

A

The way ppl explain the causes of their own behavior or others
Internal: something about them
External: situational/environmental factors

68
Q

FAE

A

Tend to make internal attributions for other ppl’s behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors
- focus on person, not surrounding situation

69
Q

Perceptual salience

A

The seeming importance of info that’s the focus of ppl’s attention
- person is more obvious than their situation

70
Q

Covariation model
- form an attribution about a person’s behavior

A

Systemically note the pattern bt the presence/absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurred
3 pieces of info:
- consensus
- consistency
- distinctiveness

71
Q

Consensus info

A

Ppl behave the same way toward the same stimulus
Ex whole class takes math test
one person fails test: internal
Everyone fails test: external

72
Q

Consistency info

A

Person behaves in the same way to diff stimuli
Ex school classes
struggles in one class: external
Struggles in ALL classes: internal

73
Q

Distinctiveness info

A

Behavior bt one person and one stimulus is the same all the time
Ex one person taking math test
Fails one test: external
Fails ALL test: internal

74
Q

Internal attribution occurs

A

Consensus = low
Distinctiveness = low
Consistency = high

75
Q

External attribution occurs

A

Consensus = high
Distinctiveness = high
Consistency = low

76
Q

Self-serving attributes
(Success and failures)

A

Success: internal, dispositional factors
Failures: external, situational factors

77
Q

We make self-serving attributes to:
(3 reasons)

A
  1. Maintain self-esteem
  2. Want others to think well of us and admire us
  3. We know more about our own situational factors that affect our behaviors than we do about others
78
Q

Belief in a just world

A

Assumption that ppl get what they deserve and deserve what they get

79
Q

BJW advantage

A

Allows ppl to deal w feelings of vulnerability and mortality

80
Q

BJW disadvantage

A

Blames the victim

81
Q

Bias blind spot

A

Belief that others are more susceptible to attributional biases compared to self

PSY 221 - Social (3 decks)

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