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PSY 221 - Social > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Self concept

A

Overall set of of beliefes that ppl have about their personal attributes
- dev 18-24 months

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2
Q

Self concept main functions (4)

A
  1. Self knowledge
  2. Impression management
  3. Self control
  4. Self esteem
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3
Q

Self knowledge

A

The way we understand who we are and organize this info

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4
Q

Impression management

A

The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen

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5
Q

Self control

A

Make plans
Execute decisions

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6
Q

ways to engage in self-control (4)

A
  1. thought suppression
  2. depletion effect
  3. prayer
  4. implementation intentions
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7
Q

Thought suppression

A

trying to push thoughts out of our mind
- the more we try NOT to think about something, the more they keep coming to mind
- often backfires

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8
Q

Depletion effect

A

people have more energy
to engage in self-control in the morning than they do in the afternoon
- mentally depleted by afternoon

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9
Q

implementation intentions

A

Implementing specific “if-then” plans that specify how and when you will do task and how you will avoid temptations

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10
Q

Self esteem

A

Maintain positive views of ourselves

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11
Q

Independent view of self

A

Defines self thru own internal thoughts, feelings, actions
- independence and uniqueness
- western

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12
Q

Interdependent view of self

A

Others’ thoughts, feelings, actions affect our behavior
- defines self thru relationships
- Asian and non-western

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13
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inwards and examining our own thoughts, feelings, motives

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14
Q

Introspection isn’t relied on often

A
  • not always pleasent
  • reasons for our feelings can be outside conscious awarenesses
  • organizing complex emotional experiences can provide possible expl for what happened and come to term w it
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15
Q

Self awareness theory

A

When ppl focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior w their internal standards and values
- become AWARE of behavior and see if it matches their values and IS

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16
Q

Causal theory

A

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors

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17
Q

Causal theory problem

A

Causes of our schemas and theories aren’t always correct
- can lead to incorrect judgements about the causes of our actions

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18
Q

Self perception theory steps (2)

A
  1. Infer inner feelings
  2. Judge whether our behavior is internal or external
    - internal: behavior really reflects how I feel
    - external: behavior is result of a situation that made me act that way
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19
Q

2 factor emotion theory

A
  1. Experience emotional arousal
  2. Seek appropriate expl for it (cognitive lable: scared anxious, excited)
    Emotion = arousal X cognitive lable
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20
Q

Arousal misattribution

A

Making mistaken inferences about what’s causing them to feel the way they do
- arousal from one source (caffeine) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (attraction)

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21
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Engaging in activity for enjoyment and interest

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22
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Engaging in activity bc of external rewards/ pressures

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23
Q

Overjustification effect

A

View behavior as caused by extrinsic reasons, making them under estimate the extent of intrinsic motivation

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24
Q

Avoiding overjustification

A
  1. Rewards will undermine interest ONLY if interest is initially HIGH
  2. Reward type - performance contingent are less damaging
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25
Q

Performance contingent

A

Get rewarded based on how well you completed task
- conveys message that ur good at task
Ex get 5 bucks for straight A’s

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26
Q

Task contingent

A

Do task-> get reward
Ex pass test -> get 5 bucks
- regardless how well you performed task

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27
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Set amount of ability that CAN’T change

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28
Q

Growth mindset

A

Our abilities are malleable (changeable) that can be cultivated and grown

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29
Q

Engage in social comparison when (2)

A
  1. No objective standard exists to measure against
  2. When we experience social uncertainty (3)
    - similarity
    - upward SC
    - downward SC
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30
Q

Similarity

A

Comparing ourselves to ppl similar to us
Goal: make accurate assessment

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31
Q

Upward social comparison

A

Comparing to ppl who are better than us
Goal: to know the further level we can aspire

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32
Q

Downward social comparison

A

Comparing to ppl who are worse than us
Goal: to feel better about ourselves

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33
Q

Social tuning

A

Process whereby ppl adopt another person’s attitudes, interests

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34
Q

impression management strategies (2)

A
  1. Ingratiation
  2. self-handicapping
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35
Q

Ingratiation

A

using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another
- often to a person of higher status

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36
Q

Self handicapping

A

Creating obstacles / excuses for ourselves if we do poorly on a task as a way to avoid blaming ourselves
2 types
- behavioral
- reported

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37
Q

Behavioral self handicapping

A

Acting in ways that reduce the likihood if success so they can blame obstacles if they fail
Ex running errands instead of studying

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38
Q

Reported self handicapping

A

Devising ready-made excuses in case of failure

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39
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Discomfort when 2 cognitions conflict or when they behave in ways that are inconsistent with their conception of themselves
- threatens self esteem

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40
Q

Reduce cognitive dissonance (3)

A
  1. Change behavior
  2. Change attitude about behavior
    - justify behavior by changing one of the dissonant cognitions
  3. Add a third cognition that makes the original 2 cognitions seem less inconsistent
    - ex self-affirmation
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41
Q

self-affirmation theory

A

focusing on one or more good qualities to lessen the dissonant sting caused by doing something foolish

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42
Q

Impact Bias

A

overestimating the intensity and duration of negative emotional reactions
ex overestimating the dreadfulness of a breakup

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43
Q

Post decision dissonance

A

Dissonance aroused after making a decision
- enhancing positives about chosen decision and devaluating the alt
Downplays:
- neg aspects of chosen decision
- positive aspects of alt

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44
Q

lowballing

A
  1. a salesperson induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a low cost
  2. claims it was an error
  3. raises the price
    - frequently, the customer will
    agree to make the purchase at the
    inflated price
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45
Q

ways lowballing works (3)

A
  1. illusion of commitment
  2. anticipation of an exciting
    event - using the new product
  3. new price is probably only
    slightly higher than the price at another dealership - here anyway, might as well buy it
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46
Q

Justification effort

A

Increase liking for something that you worked hard for

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47
Q

External justification

A

Expl for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual
Ex receiving large reward or avoiding severe punishment

48
Q

Internal justification

A

Dissonance reduction by changing something about oneself (attitudes, behaviors)
- can change long term attitudes/behaviors

49
Q

Counterattitudinal Advocacy/ Behavior

A

Stating an opinion/ attitude that differs from one’s private belief about it

50
Q

Punishment threat severe

A

Sufficient external justification for refraining from that behavior
- behavior will continue in long run
Ex getting grounded

51
Q

Punishment threat mild

A

Creates greater need for internal justification
- changing attitudes via self-persuasion

52
Q

Insufficient punishment

A

Dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity

53
Q

Ben Franklin Effect

A

liking a person more after doing them a favor
- even if you don’t like them in general

54
Q

Self persuasion

A

Long-lasting attitude change that results from self justification attempts

55
Q

Hypocrisy paradigm

A

Make person aware of conflict bt attitudes and behaviors
- hypocrisy creates dissonance
- reduce dissonance by changing behaviors

56
Q

Self evaluation theory

A

Experiencing dissonance when someone close to us outperforms us in an area that’s central to our self esteem

57
Q

Reducing dissonance in relationships (3)

A
  1. Distance self from the person who outperforms us
  2. Change how relevant the task is to our self esteem
  3. Change performance relative to the other person
58
Q

Attitude

A

Evaluation (emotions and beliefs) towards a particular object, person, event
- evaluate what you encounter-> form attitude

59
Q

based attitudes (3)

A
  1. cognitive
  2. behavioral
  3. affective
60
Q

Cognitive based attitudes

A

Attitude based on person’s thoughts, beliefs about an object

61
Q

Behavioral based attitudes

A

Attitude based on observations and actions of ourselves
only occurs when:
- initial attitude is ambiguous or weak
- no other plausible explanation for behavior

62
Q

Affective based attitudes

A

Attitude based on feelings and values - not facts
- sensory/ aesthetic reaction
- conditioning

63
Q

Self perception theory

A

Attitudes can form based on our observations of our BEHAVIOR and SITUATION
perception of behavior + situation = attitude

64
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • Stimulus that elicits an emotional response is paired with a neutral stimulus
  • neutral stimulus takes in emotional properties of 1st stimulus
65
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Freely chosen behaviors increase/decrease when followed by reinforcement or punishment

66
Q

Explicit attitudes

A

Consciously endorsed attitudes that can be reported easily

67
Q

Social desirability

A

Tendency to present ourselves in a generally favorable manner

68
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Unconscious and involuntary attitudes

69
Q

Aversive racism

A

Exhibiting racist tendencies while denying that one’s thoughts, behaviors, motives are racist

70
Q

Spontaneous behavior only occurs when

A

Attitudes are highly accessible

71
Q

Attitude accessibility

A

Strength of the associative memory link bt representation and evaluation of an object
- stronger memory link-> more quickly attitude comes to mind

72
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

People’s INTENTIONS are the best predictors of their planned behaviors

73
Q

Intentions are determined by their attitude toward: (3)

A
  1. Specific attitudes
  2. Subjective norms
  3. Perceived behavioral control
    - behavioral attitudes-> behavioral intentions-> behavior
74
Q

Specific attitudes

A

People’s specific attitudes toward the behavior

75
Q

Subjective norms

A

People’s beliefs about how other ppl they care about will view the behavior in question

76
Q

Perceived behavioral control

A

Ease ppl believe they can perform the behavior (control over situation)

77
Q

Persuasive communication

A

Message advocating a particular side of an issue
Ex speech, ads

78
Q

Yale attitude approach

A

Conditions under which ppl are most likely to change their attitude in response to persuasive messages
- who
- what
- whom

79
Q

Who

A

Communication source
- expertise
- attractiveness

80
Q

What

A

The communication itself
- argument quality
- both sides are rep

81
Q

Whom

A

Audience nature
- hostile/friendly to POV in question

82
Q

Yale attitude change problem

A

Unclear which factor should be emphasized

83
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Persuasive communications can cause attitude change in 2 ways:
- central route
- peripheral route

84
Q

Central route

A

Listener is MOTIVATED and has the ABILITY to pay attention to the argument
- long lasting

85
Q

Peripheral route

A

Being swayed by surface characteristics- not by the argument
- not long lasting

86
Q

Need for cognition

A

Enjoy and engage in effortful cognitive activities
- high need: form attitudes thru central route
- low need: rely on peripheral cues

87
Q

Fear arousing communications

A

Persuasive messages that attempt to change people’s attitudes by arousing their fears

88
Q

Heuristic systematic persuasion model

A

Explanation for the 2 ways (central and peripheral routes) in which persuasive communication can cause attitude change

89
Q

Using emotions and moods as heuristics to determine attitude (feel good and bad)

A

Feel good = positive attitude about object
Feel bad = negative attitude

90
Q

Heuristic systematic persuasion model problem

A

Can make mistakes about the cause of our mood
- arousal misattribution

91
Q

Subliminal messages

A

Words/pics that aren’t consciously perceived but may influence people’s judgements, attitudes, behaviors

92
Q

Attitude inoculation

A

Making ppl immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the argument against their position

93
Q

Conformity

A

A change in one’s behavior due to
the real or imagined influence of other people

94
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Relying on other people as a source of information to guide our behavior
- we conform b/c we believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is correct
- this helps us choose an appropriate course of action

95
Q

conform to ISI when (3)

A
  1. situation is AMBIGUOUS
  2. situation is a CRISIS
  3. other ppl are EXPERTS
96
Q

Private Acceptance

A

Conforming to other people’s
behavior out of a (PRIVATE) genuine belief/acceptance that what they are doing or saying is right

97
Q

Public Compliance

A

Conforming to other people’s
behavior PUBLICLY without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying

98
Q

Social Norms

A

The implicit/ explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

99
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Going along with what other people do in order to be liked and accepted by them
- norm of the group

100
Q

Social Impact Theory:
conforming to social
influence depends on (3)

A
  1. group’s importance
  2. immediacy
  3. number of people in the group
101
Q

Minority Influence

A

The case where a minority of
group members influences the
behavior or beliefs of the majority

102
Q

Descriptive Norms

A

perceptions of how people ACTUALLY BEHAVE in given situations
regardless of whether the behavior
is approved or disapproved of by
others
Ex 75% of students take the stairs

103
Q

Injunctive Norms

A

People’s perceptions of what
behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others
- what we THINK other ppl approve/disapprove of
Ex don’t litter

104
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A

getting people to agree first to a
small request makes them more
likely to agree later to a second,
larger request
- small -> big = yes to both

105
Q

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A

asking for a large request that they will probably refuse makes them more likely to agree to a second, smaller request later
- big -> small = no to big
yes to small

106
Q

Propaganda

A

attempt to advance a cause by manipulating mass attitudes and behaviors
- often through misleading or
emotionally charged information

107
Q

obeying authority

A
  1. NSI
  2. ISI
  3. conforming to wrong norm
  4. self-justification
  5. Loss of personal responsibility
108
Q

obey authority: NSI

A

Normative pressures make it difficult for people to stop obeying authority figures
- want to please them

109
Q

obey authority: ISI

A

ambiguous situation so they followed the orders of the expert

110
Q

conforming to wrong norm

A

caught in a web of conflicting norms
- difficult to determine which one to follow
ex obey authority to continue giving shocks
vs obey “student” to stop

111
Q

obey authority: self-justification

A

participants only faced a smaller
decision about whether to increase the shock voltage by 15V

112
Q

Loss of personal responsibility

A

denying responsibilities for actions inflicted upon you by authority figure
-you’re “just following orders.

113
Q

Idiosyncrasy credits

A

Conforming to group norms earns you “credits” which occasionally allows you to deviate from the group w/o consequences

114
Q

Reactance theory

A

Administrating strong prohibitions will INCREASE interest in prohibited activity

115
Q

Terror management theory

A

Self esteem protects ppl from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality

116
Q

Reasons-generated attitude change

A

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitude

PSY 221 - Social (3 decks)

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