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ETHNOBOTANY > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

figures in early pharmacology (medieval)

A
  • Hippocrates: father of medicine; wrote Hippocratic corpus detailing using the 4 humors to find bodily sources of disease; recorded many plants including purgitives and emetics
  • Diascorities: wrote Materica Medica containing illustrations (some misinterpreted); specific information like time of day for opium harvest
  • Aristotle: philosopher; made list of medicinals
  • Galen: standardization of medicine and dosage
  • Theophrastus: botanist who emphasized opium for pain
  • Hans Weiditz: wrote Spiegel der Artzney (medical handbook)
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2
Q

Galenic preparations

A
  • dry medicine: tablets, capsules, powderes
  • liquid medicine: teas including infusions (water or oil), decoctions (water), tinctures (alcohol), extracts (other solvents)
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3
Q

medicine in the Roman empire

A
  • Greek physicians given Roman citizenship
  • many “rhizotomi”–people who were plant experts and assisted physicians who lacked botany experience (slaves, old women)
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4
Q

general medieval medical history

A
  • fall of Constantinople disrupted trade, esp spice
  • church dogma–witch burning and torture
  • belief in doctrine of signatures (sympathy): plants resembling body parts can fix them
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5
Q

Islamic history during medieval period

A
  • hospitals invented in Islamic civilization (Baghdad)
  • Avicenna wrote the Canon of Medicine about use of anesthesia! (sponge soaked with opium, mandrake, or henbane)
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6
Q

general aspects of traditional medicine

A
  • healing is about the mind, body, and external environment
  • plant/animal medicinals heal by restoring balance
  • body is a conduit of energy
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7
Q

main difference in traditional vs allopathic medicine

A
  • traditional medicine is belief-based
  • allopathic (modern) medicine is evidence-based!
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8
Q

Paracelsus

A
  • lived during Renaissance (lots of intellectualism, scientific inquiry, anatomic art)
  • was an iconoclast and rejected doctrine of signatures and Greek medicine
  • believed in alchemy (plant extracts)
  • developed idea of toxicology
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9
Q

traditional Indian medicine

A
  • ayurveda: system of plant medicinals
  • few animal parts compared to traditional Chinese
  • first medication for schizophrenia (snakeroot)
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10
Q

traditional Chinese medicine text + beliefs

A
  • Pen Tsao: texts with medicinal plants (including chaulmoogra), attributed to Shen Nung??
  • believed body was conduit of energy (chi); meridians in the body
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11
Q

history of medicine in Europe post-renaissance (Enlightenment)

A
  • dispensatorium (early pharmacopia by Valerius Cordus)
  • Herball: English book about many plant species, by John Gerald
  • Carl Linnaeus: wrote wrote Species Plantarus; binomial classification of plants (naming system)
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12
Q

history of medicine in North America

A
  • Asa Gray: identified plant species and helped Darwin with botanical aspects of natural selection; believed there was genetic connection between all species
  • shakers: traded medicinal plants in NH with Native Americans
  • heroin invented during civil war to replace morpheine
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13
Q

vitalism

A
  • belief that living things were distinctly different from non-living things
  • disproven with inorganic synthesis of urea
  • Pasteur and Koch invented vaccines, further disproving
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14
Q

Misama vs Germ theory

A
  • Misama theory: diseases came from polluted air (Galen)
  • Germ theory: diseases came from microorganisms
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15
Q

foxglove

A
  • used in indigenous medicine to treat swelling
  • scientific basis: foxglove tea is an antiarythmatic agent that helps CHF and thus treats dropsy (edema)
  • contains cardiac glycosides digitalin and digoxin–different onset time so must be careful with dosage!!
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16
Q

common chemical compounds in medicinals

A
  • fatty acids and oils: purgatives, emulsifiers, antiseptics
  • glycosides: sugars bound to another fxl group
  • alkaloids: cyclic compounds with N
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17
Q

glycosides

A
  • sugars bound to fxl group
  • can be medicine or poison depending on dosage
  • example: caterpillars ingest glycosides from milkweed which become part of monarch wings (anti-predatory)
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18
Q

alkaloids

A
  • cyclic organic compounds with N
  • can be addictive (opium, nightshade, hemlock)
  • poisonous depending on dosage–standardization of dosage is important!
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19
Q

use of chaulmoogra for leprosy

A
  • Hansen’s disease (leprosy) is caused by Mycobacterium leprae; causes sores and PNS damage
  • lepers historically isolated in colonies
  • chaulmoogra seed oil applied topically to sores in ayurvedic medicine and TCM
  • Joseph Rock from Univ. of Hawai’i went to India to obtain chaulmoogra to bring back to leper colonies (bioprospecting)
  • chaulmoogra replaced by dapsone in 1920s
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20
Q

bioprospecting and biopiracy

A
  • bioprospecting: exploration to new areas to obtain medicinal plants
  • biopiracy: bioprospecting when knowledge of medicinals or plants themselves are taken without consent
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21
Q

use of quinine for malaria

A
  • natives in Brazil used Cinchona bark to prevent + treat malaria (contained quinine)
  • when Portuguese governor’s wife got malaria, a shaman was starved to get information on treatment (biopiracy)
  • turned into tonic by colonizers–now tonic water today!
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22
Q

conducting ethical ethnobotanical surveys

A
  • interviewing shamans can infringe on intellectual property rights (their medicinal cures should be kept private)
  • better to go to markets with medicinal plants which are accessible to everyone!
  • look for triangulation for strongest evidence of medicinals (multiple cultural groups that use it)
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23
Q

alternative medicine in the US

A
  • lifestyle industry–people want to be healthy and fit
  • Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): includes herbalism, aromatherapy, accupuncture, massage, etc (mixture of many different worldwide cultural healing systems)
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24
Q

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

A

states that branding of herbal/botanical/dietary supplements can’t guarantee any cures

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25
Q

positive and negative motivations for trying CAM

A

negative:
- poor doctor-patient relationship
- insufficient time with doctor
- “high tech low touch”
- no effective allopathic treatment
- rejection of technology

positive:
- better relationship with provider
- more in control of treatment
- “high touch low tech”
- more accessible
- less invasive
- pleasant experience

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26
Q

using St. John’s wort vs prozac

A

both can treat depression!
- St. John’s wort has several active compounds with different effects and onset time that must be considered!
- prozac has one active compound that’s more concentrated; easier to dose

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27
Q

common herbals for digestive system

A
  • ipecac: emetic
  • triphala: laxative
  • pedia-calm: treats acidity and gas
  • gasex: treats gas and cramping
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28
Q

other common herbal supplements

A
  • bitter melon; gymnema: drop blood sugar
  • valerian root: helps anxiety
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29
Q

preparation of herbal medicines

A
  • often have to be dry to make medicines (require <10% moisture)
  • some dry in sunlight, others hung
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30
Q

system of care in Arabic medicine

A
  • physicians diagnosed, pharmacologists gave prescriptions and had medicinal knowledge
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31
Q

how have Arab herbalist practices changed?

A

herbalists are increasingly less educated on medicinals! (add info)

32
Q

pharmacognosy and zoopharmacognosy

A
  • pharmacognosy: study of medicinal drugs obtained from natural sources
  • zoopharmacognosy: behavior where non-human animals self-medicate with medicinal plants
33
Q

zoopharmacognosy in chimps

A
  • Aspilia plant held in mouth or swallowed
  • contains thiarubine compound which was toxic to parasitic nematodes
  • wasn’t chewed, as this breaks down the thiarubine!
34
Q

dietary supplements definition

A
  • contains 1 or more of: vitamin, mineral, herb/other botanical, metabolite, amino acid,
  • different from conventional food!
35
Q

rules for labeling dietary supplements

A
  • must be labeled as dietary supplements (can’t be intended to replace meals)
  • must say it’s not intended to treat or cure a disease
  • must have ingredients on label, but precise contents of supplements are not required to match label!! (not actually tested)
36
Q

concerns with dietary supplements for chemo patients

A
  • supplements may interact with and decrease efficacy of chemo drugs
  • some supplements promote tumor growth!!
37
Q

definitions for disease

A
  • a disease event
  • a classification in pathology
  • abstract notion opposite of health; associated with evil

***disease has a social element! people classified as “ill”

38
Q

nosology and pathology

A
  • nosology: symptoms and severity of a disease; how it is classified
  • pathology: actual manifestations of symptoms
39
Q

general themes in Asian medical systems

A
  • historical texts often attributed to legendary figures (didn’t actually write them)
  • codified: passed down through text
  • corpus updated frequently
  • emphasis on tradition
  • body functions attributed to balance of humoral fluids
  • pairs: hot/cold, light/dark, etc
  • mind and body on opposite ends of spectrum!
  • combination of indigenous and introduced systems (Greco-Roman system of Unani)
  • both learned (formal training) and popular (folk/rural) traditions
40
Q

influence of conquest on Asian medical systems

A
  • Asian medicine influenced by conquest (adoption of Greco-Roman system)
  • colonizers also curious about systems!
41
Q

early Indian medicine history

A
  • Indus valley civilization 10k years ago
  • well planned cities, public baths
42
Q

veda and 4 types

A

veda: ancient Indian texts

  • rigveda: daily life protocols
  • yajurveda: fine arts
  • samaveda: philosophy
  • atharvaveda: black magic (including ayurveda)
43
Q

ancient Hindu texts (auyrveda)

A
  • Samahitas
    early Ayurvedic medical text; includes info on smoking herbs, human anatomy, very few illustrations!!
  • Vedas: religious texts (rigveda, samaveda, yajurveda, atharaveda)
44
Q

humors in ayurveda

A
  • 3 humors: kapha (mucus), pitta and vatta (both bile)
  • balance of humors influenced by environment, age, personality, etc
  • also involves external elements: fire, water, earth, wind, space
45
Q

personality types in ayurveda

A
  • rajas: energy, anxiety, anger (red meat, alcohol)
  • tamas: dull, fear, laziness (fermented foods)
  • sattvia: calm, harmony, clarity (vegetarian, no garlic)
46
Q

vaidya

A

traditional Indian doctors

47
Q

3 elements in diagnosis in ayurveda (and other Asian medicine)

A
  • darsana: looking
  • sparvana: touching
  • prasana: questioning
48
Q

elements in Traditional Chinese Med

A
  • anatomically correct textbooks
  • system used alongside allopathic system
  • dolls uses to describe body
49
Q

traditional texts in TCM

A
  • Yellow Emperor’s Canon is traditional text on health and healing, written by Huang Di
    • part practical, part shamanistic
    • contains info on acupuncture using meridians in body, also moxibustion
    • 5 elements: fire, water, earth, wood, metal (plants manifest as different elements)
  • Pen Tsao was first text about mecinal plants, attributed to Shen Nung
  • Nanjing about difficult aspects of medicine; movements that help muscles and joints
50
Q

elements in symbol for TCM

A
  • quiver of arrows and swords: connection between medicine and war
  • martial arts: many traditional practitioners did martial arts
  • emphasis on healing with medicine AND shamanistic traditions
51
Q

shen nung

A

divine farmers and father of TCM, credited with writing Pen Tsao (earliest TCM materica medica) BUT didn’t actually write it

52
Q

current texts in TCM

A
  • zuozhuan
  • zuangzhi
53
Q

causes of disease in TCM

A
  • disharmony from lack of jing
  • imbalance of qi; can come from external environment (Liuyin are 6 environmental manifestations of qi)
    • sickness though to be caused by cold things
54
Q

curing diseases in TCM

A
  • involves finding root of problem (different than symptoms)
  • disease is “constantly changing”
  • often involves detachment from materialism
55
Q

tools of diagnosis in TCM

A
  • look, examine, interrogate, touch!!
  • reading tongue: areas correspond to body parts; asking what the patient tastes
  • reading pulse from certain points gives info on certain organs
  • dolls used to describe where bodily ussue was
56
Q

therapies in TCM (traditional methods)

A
  • exercise, herbal teas
  • vomiting: purging toxins
  • lowering: laxative
  • harmonizing: bringing upper and lower digestive system in sync
  • warming: making temp rise when disease is caused by cold
  • purifying: cooling/clearing heat when disease caused by heat
57
Q

overview of Tibetan medical system

A
  • Tibet has been taken over by China; traditional practitioners exiled
  • Dalai Lama is spiritual leader
  • Tibetan medicine remains in China but is not formally recognized
  • all training for Tibetan medicine is done at Tibetan Medical Institute
  • Tibetan leaders found refuge in Dharamsala India
58
Q

history of Tibetan medicine

A
  • Csoma de Koros is founder of Tibetology (study of Tibet)
  • origin of ancient Tibetan medical texts in India
59
Q

texts in Tibetan medicine

A
  • Gyushi (4 tantras) credited to Padmasambhava, but he didn’t actually write them
  • Songsten Gampo compiled initial texts–incorporates many systems (Galenos, TCM, ayurveda)
  • manuscripts of traditional Tibetan medicine found in Dunghao caves in early 1900s!
60
Q

ideology of Tibetan medicine

A
  • the Buddha is thought to be the king of healers
  • 5 tenets of Buddhist inner science: medicine, grammar, epistemology, arts, skill
61
Q

4 tantras of Tibetan medicine

A
  • root tantra: synopsis of all aspects of medical science
  • explanatory tantra: anatomy and physiology
  • instructional tantra: pathophysiology and types of disease
  • subsequent tantra: challenges in diagnosis and treatment
62
Q

tree diagrams in Tibetan medicine

A
  • each trunk represents looking, feeling, or asking
  • smallers branches have leaves with more specific diagnostics within a category (e.g. looking at tongue, looking at urine)
63
Q

Bach’s remedies

A
  • Edward Bach noticed patients with the same illness reacted differently to medicine depending on personality and mood
  • created infusions of flower petals to heal problems
  • 3 remedies: face your fears (anxiety), live the day (unfocused), reach out to others (loneliness)
  • different flower infusions for specific problems within each remedy category
64
Q

aromatherapy

A
  • massages with essential oils
  • helpful for relaxation
  • may be most effective of alternative therapies discussed
65
Q

homeopathy

A
  • Hahnemann hypothesized that therapies should produce symptoms that match those of the disease (principle of similars)
  • mother tincture: homeopathic therapy that is potentized (diluted) to minimize toxicity
  • homeopathy dismissed in the US as ineffective
66
Q

yin vs yang

A

Yin: cool, moist, dark, passive, female (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys)
Yang: hot, warm, bright, active, male (stomach, gallbladder, inestines, bladder)

67
Q

medicine buddha

A

barrel blue Buddha holding a bowl of myrobalans (laxative) with the nectar of everlasting life

68
Q

history of Egypt

A
  • multiple gods
  • medicinals included aloe, mandrake, opium, juniper berries
  • embalming common–fluid identity between healers and morticians!
  • papyrus (paper) used for text
69
Q

history of mesopotamia

A
  • land along Tigris and Euphrates riverbeds
  • cunieform (stone tablets) used to document writing
  • Assyrian King Ashurbanipal had >600 tablets about medical plants, animal parts, mineral substances, incantations, etc!
  • Babylonian King Hammurabi documented >300 medical plants including opium!
70
Q

medicinal plant evidence from shanidar cave

A
  • Shanidar Cave in Kurdistan (60k years ago)
  • 4 skeletons and 1 with deformities, evidence of medicinal plants
71
Q

early uses of medicinal plants

A
  • evidence from paleolithic graves in the fertile crescent
  • trial and error: plants could cause sedation, hallucination, pain relief, poisoning, etc
72
Q

what is biocultural healing?

A

healing the social, ecological, and biological aspects of health
- takes into account historical factors
- understands that every body is different
- treats someone beyond their obvious symptoms

73
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

constant evolutionary race between hosts and parasites (plants and insects)

74
Q

Yi Wu

A

name for TCM
- Yi = medical practice
- Wu = shamanistic traditions

75
Q

Chao Shi Bing Yuan

A

TCM book describing causes and symptoms of disharmony

76
Q

Qiqing

A

7 emotional states in TCM; recognition of mental health problems

ETHNOBOTANY (3 decks)

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