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Anat & Phys 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vasomotor center

A

located in the medulla oblongata
controls blood vessel movement, constriction or dilation
sympathetic, arterioles not in GI glands & genitals

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2
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
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3
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

pressure receptors, response to BP, keeps BP from being too high for too long
some arterial sensors

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4
Q

Aortic sinus

A

pressure sensor in the aorta

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5
Q

Carotid sinus

A

a pressure sensor in the carotid

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6
Q

Chain ganglia

A

running alongside the spinal cord
are a connection of neuron cell bodies but outside the CNS

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7
Q

Aortic & Carotid bodies

A

where chemoreceptors can be found

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8
Q

Central chemoreceptor

A

receptor for CO2 and pH located in the medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Catecholamine

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine
part of endocrine regulation
hormones that the brain, nerve tissues, and adrenal glands produce. They are responsible for the body’s “fight-or-flight” response.

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

where the catecholamines are released
the origin of the fight or flight

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A

catecholamine signal get sent from the amygdala to the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

paired, autonomic nerves that carry both visceral sympathetic and sensory fibers
part of efferent signal in Catecholamines from chain ganglia to splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

Celiac ganglion

A

nerve bundles located in the upper abdomen as part of the autonomic nervous system that is functionally responsible for innervating the digestive tract and abdominal visceral tissue
part of efferent signal in Catecholamines from chain ganglia to splanchnic nerves no synapse to the Celiac ganglion then to the adrenal medulla

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14
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response
where the efferent path leads to

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15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart

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16
Q

Epinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter and a hormone
induces increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, and intestinal sphincter muscle contraction

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17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

or vasopressin
help keep the BP up
control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.

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18
Q

Vasopressin

A

same as Antidiuretic hormone

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19
Q

Hypertonic

A

dehydration or high salt, if have salty foods the increase in salt can increase the pressure because draws more water from blood

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20
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

located in the hypothalamus
measures concentrations in the blood (via osmosis salt and water)

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain
in the cycle is going to ADH into the blood

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22
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

called JG cells is the receptor and control center
detect low BP in kidneys
cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin

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23
Q

Renin

A

is an enzyme secreted by JG cells into the blood

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24
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

cut by renin to make angiotensin I
comes from liver is in blood, precursor to affects blood vessel pressure

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25
Q

Angiotensin I

A

made by angiotensinogen and renin
is used with ACE to make angiotensin II

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26
Q

Angiotensin II

A

made from Angiotensin I and ACE, is used to signal vasoconstriction
increase R and BP
is the hormone that will travel to the target

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27
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme cuts I into II

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28
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

used in autoregulation for local vasodilation
when endothelium detects change in increase CO2, H+, lactic acid, or inflammation it releases NO

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29
Q

Endothelin

A

used in autoregulation for local vasoconstriction
when endothelium detects low CO2, H+ secretes endothelin
is a peptide

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30
Q

Myogenic response

A

Local in every arterial
is the beginning of muscles
lack flow, lack of stretch (Vasodilation), High flow stretch (Vasoconstriction)
the contraction of a blood vessel that occurs when intravascular pressure is elevated

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31
Q

Ascending aorta

A

originates beyond the aortic valve and ends right before the innominate artery
includes right & left coronary arteries, first the aortic branch, just after semilunar valves, only branches from the ascending aorta

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32
Q

Aortic arch

A

Three branches
From proximal to distal (Brachiocephalic a., Left common carotid a., Left subclavian a.

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33
Q

descending aorta

A

the longest part of your aorta, which is the largest artery in your body
divided by diaphragm

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34
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

has the visceral branches and parietal branches

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35
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Is the celiac trunk and both the superior & inferior mesenteric

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36
Q

Coronary arteries

A

in Ascending aorta (Right and left)

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37
Q

Brachiocephalic artery

A

The first artery off the aortic arch
Will then go to the right common carotid and right subclavian

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38
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

there is a right and left are under the clavicle

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39
Q

Axillary arteries

A

What the left and right subclavian turn into, right after the clavicle turns into axillary arteries (upper armpit)

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40
Q

Brachial arteries

A

Brachial upper arm arteries

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41
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

through the vertebrae, merge and helps supply the brain
comes off the right and left subclavian arteries

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42
Q

Common carotid arteries

A

the right common carotid comes off the brachiocephalic
the left common carotid comes off the aortic arch
Both have an internal (brain) and external (face)

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43
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

Will go to the brain

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44
Q

External carotid arteries

A

Goes to the face

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45
Q

Visceral aortic branches

A

part of the descending aorta
will go to the mediastinum (lining ribs off of aorta everything b/w ribs) & Bronchial arteries

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46
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

used for long systemic circulation vs pulmonary just going to air sac

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47
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

used to go to the air sac in

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48
Q

Parietal aortic branches

A

to thoracic walls

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49
Q

Intercostal arteries

A

between the ribs

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50
Q

Superior phrenic arteries

A

above the diaphragm
comes off the descending aorta and gives blood to the superior side of the diaphragm

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51
Q

Celiac truck

A

starts right below the diaphragm, and feeds blood to the liver, gall bladder, stomach and spleen.

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52
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

is the sheath that sorrounds the intestines
feeds the pancreas & intestines

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53
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

feeds the pelvic area

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54
Q

Renal arteries

A

goes to kidneys
4 pairs of lumbar arteries to the body wall

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55
Q

Lumbar arteries

A

will go to the body wall

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56
Q

Common iliac arteries

A

is where the descending aorta divides to go to pelvis & legs

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57
Q

Anastomoses

A

is a bipass b/w major vessels w/out capillaries
connects veins together so there are multiple pathways

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58
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Contains the brachiocephalic veins along with the internal & external jugulars
there is the azygos vein and the hemiazygos

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59
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

are bilateral have two veins and only one artery

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60
Q

Internal jugular veins

A

are parallel with the carotids

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61
Q

Azygos vein

A

right along the spinal cord is on the right and smaller

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62
Q

Hemiazygos vein

A

on left from chest
smaller, drains into brachocephalic

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63
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

two capillary beds in a sequence
comes from spleen, GI below diaphragm

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64
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

the portal vein branches into these in the liver
connects portal vein to the hepatic vein

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65
Q

Hepatic vein

A

drain processed blood to inferior vena cava
takes extra sugar/glycogen and stores it in the liver

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66
Q

Lymphatic system

A

functions include
interstitial fluid recovery
house (store), transport WBC’s
Lipid absorption from diet

67
Q

Lymph

A

a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues

68
Q

Lymphatic capillary

A

has blind ends & endothelial flaps
the endothelium overlap acts like a valve as pressure increases it will push the endothelia cells apart and brings lymph into the capillary

69
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

composed primarily of bulk water

70
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

resembel thin beins, including valves
same use of skeletal & pressure to push the fluid back

71
Q

Lymph node

A

along way screen for pathogens w/ WBCs
force fluid into the tissues through a filter the collection of WBCs checks to see if the body picked up any bacteria or pathogens

72
Q

Lymphatic trunk

A

there are 9 lymphatic trunks draining into with the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

73
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

is used for the superior right quarter
the right arm, right side of head

74
Q

Thoracic duct

A

on left from Cisterna chyli under diaphragm
is everywhere else in the body
ducts drain into the right and left subclavian veins

75
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

is a milky, fatty juice-like Italian dressing
abdominal origin of the thoracic duct, and it receives the bilateral lumbar lymphatic trunks

76
Q

Barrier immunity

A

a physical or chemical the blocks the pathogens entry
the pathogen needs to physically cross an epithelium, chemical pH, enzymes, temp, mostiure

77
Q

Innate immunity

A

fast brief, broad acting via leukocytes & proteins
is always there to make sure things can’t come in.
also send the signal to the adaptive immune system

78
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

slow, lasting, targeted via lymphocytes
WBC’s & proteins, is activated when innate system signals for help

79
Q

Phagocytosis

A

pull in by wrapping in plasma membrane
the object in the membrane makes if a phagocytes vesicle

80
Q

Phagocyte

A

part of the innate and adaptive system
are cells that eat by surrounding bacterial cells with membrane and destroyed by enzymes

81
Q

vesicle

A

transportation (when the membrane surrounds the bacterial cell it becomes a vesicle

82
Q

Lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.
two main types B and T

83
Q

Natural killer lymphocyte

A

only in the innate system
use cytotoxic to destroy the pathogen/ bacteria
is an early response to the virus-ridden & cancer cells

84
Q

Cytotoxic

A

toxic to cells
are going to secrete proteins that will kill the target cell

85
Q

Granulocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them.

86
Q

Granule

A

is a membrane-bound enzyme
is a vessel that is released as needed to help attack or to communicate with WBCs
part of the innate immune system

87
Q

Cytokine

A

used for cell communication
immune system communication

88
Q

Neutrophil (PMN, poly)

A

Faint granules, phagocytes
has a blue red stain (even) has other names because of specific nuclei
(polymorphonuclear cells, Polymorphonucleocyte)
50-70% of leukocytes

89
Q

Eosinophil

A

stains res, is an anti-parasite, has a role in inflammation
cytotoxic, have a limited ability of phagocytosis
2-4% of leukocytes

90
Q

Basophil

A

trigger allergic & inflammation response, innate system, stains blue
<1% of leukocytes

91
Q

Plasma cell

A

active B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies
they are B-lymphocytes after activation to secrete antibodies

92
Q

T-lymphocyte

A

secrete cytokines & cytotoxins
are produced in the bone marrow to start then in the thymus

93
Q

primary lymphoid organ

A

is the sites of inital lyphocyte differentiation
Red bone marrow
thymus

94
Q

Red bone marrow

A

B-lymphocytes and first step for T-lymphocytes

95
Q

Thymus

A

T-lymphocytes complete deveolpment

96
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

A

lymph nodes and spleen

97
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

WBCs scattered through connective tissue
very small w/ large nuclei, prepare for infection, like guarding the gates

98
Q

Lymphoid follicle (nodule)

A

T-cells around dividing B-cells have the germinal center

99
Q

Lymph node

A

on lymph vessels, are cheking lymph for antigens
capsule in a lymphatic vessel full of lymphocytes

100
Q

Spleen

A

screens blood for antigens w/ 2 compartments (red pulp and white pulp)

101
Q

Red pulp

A

RBC storage/ recycling & phagocytes
response when injured, squeeze the spleen increase BP to release RBC into body to increase RBC in body

102
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphoid nodules for adaptive immunity
filters the blood for antigens
high in lymphocytes (nodules) check for foreign things

103
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-Associated lymphoid tissue
all body cavities w/ contact w/ the outside world have MALT tissues
respiratory, digestive, urinary, reporductive

104
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

is the tonsil on the roof of the mouth

105
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

tonsil at the base of toung on the top side

106
Q

Adenoid

A

epithelium connetive tissues (back wall) close to the throat when it is inflamed is called adenoid

107
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

epithelium connetive tissues (back wall) close to the throat

108
Q

GALT

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
walls of the small & large intestines

109
Q

BALT

A

Brunchus-associated lymphoid tissue
air passage ways as they go/ work their way down

110
Q

Keratin

A

is dry and tough on superficial surface

111
Q

Stratum corneum

A

two ways to help prevention
takes surface germs off by shedding layers of skin
leave a callus which is going to make it hard for germs to get into skin

112
Q

Mucosa

A

on every cavity open to the surface, lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary
uses lysozymes and cillia

113
Q

Lysozyme

A

enzymes in the body that are used to digest cell walls of invading cells

114
Q

Urethra

A

in the reporductive ducts is acidic
when pee you flush out any bacteria in there

115
Q

Gastric juice

A

very acidic in the stomach does not let anything from digestive or respiratior (bacteria) move on in digestive system

116
Q

Cilia

A

used in the respiratory system to move the mucosa up to the throat where it is swallowed to the stomach

117
Q

Normal flora

A

good to have is on the skin and in mucose
is used to block pathogenic strains access to surfaces and nutrients

118
Q

Chemotaxis

A

used to draw WBC to the source of inflammation, infection

119
Q

Monocyte

A

blood cells that enter tissues to become macrophages or dendritic cells
circulate in the blood to get to sites of inflammation when get into tissues change the name

120
Q

Macrophage

A

patrol tissues locally
wait for positive chemotaxis, or if encounter cells (not our own), can interact with WBC to pass information

121
Q

Dendritic cell

A

phagocytize & take antigens to lymph nodes
focused more on adaptive side, travel to lymph nodes and show stuff it swallowed for lymphocytes

122
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell shrinking in on itself

123
Q

Perforin

A

making holes in target cells

124
Q

Granzyme

A

in that hold made by perforins granzymes are released that will digest the cell from inside out
use proteolytic enzymes

125
Q

Proteolytic

A

used in granzyme process

126
Q

Early induced protein

A

proteins made only as needed in response to infection
use interferon and mannose-binding protein, C-reactive protein

127
Q

Interferon

A

is used when one cell is dying to send a message to other cell that they need to put up defensive measures

128
Q

Mannose-binding protein

A

the liver secretes this
is used to tell when a bacterial cell is around (monosaccharides are common in them) anything with mannose will be killed.
are going to opsonize, chemotactic (making it easier for phagocytes to find) for phagocytes

129
Q

C-reactive protein

A

protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation

130
Q

Opsonize

A

tagging a target cell for phagocytosis

131
Q

Complement

A

always in the blood (constitutive)
uses an enzyme cascade to activate the proteins in the plasma
are triggered by bacteria cell wall carbohydrates
result in lysis, opsonization, inflammation, chemotaxis

132
Q

Constitutive

A

always present

133
Q

Enzyme cascade

A

activates plasma proteins from the liver

134
Q

Inflammation

A

draws phagocytes to remove cell debris from injury, draws innate immunity cells, in case injury form infection, improve bulk flow including clotting factors

135
Q

Cardinal sign

A

warmth, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

136
Q

Mast cell

A

basophils
found in loose connective tissue throughout the body, in virtually every organ
has a role in inducing the inflammatory cascade
in the Innate or adaptive immune mechanisms

137
Q

Histamine

A

for vasodilation, permeabiltiy
increases bulk flow/ flow
allows vessels to be more leaky
will cause tissues to turn red and will release heat

138
Q

Prostaglandin

A

cause pain, vasodilation

139
Q

Leukotriene

A

for chemotaxis, permerability
good for chemotaxis helps histamine make blood vessels leakier

140
Q

Specificity

A

each clone responds to only 1 particular molecule

141
Q

Clone

A

roup of cells all brought by one

142
Q

Memory

A

cells saved from primary response to improve the secondary response

143
Q

Primary response

A

first response to a pathogen or bacterial cell

144
Q

Secondary response

A

secondary response should be better since have memory cells

145
Q

Self- recognition

A

distinguished own from foreign molecules
an identity card
autoimmune disease is a failure of this process

146
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B-cells
antibodies agglutinate, precipitate, lyse targets
fight infection through body fluids, cause foreign bodies to clump together

147
Q

Agglutinate

A

clumping together
precipitate (clumping of proteins)

148
Q

Cellular immunity

A

T-cells for virus-ridden or cancer cells
no antibodies, act like natural killer cells, no body fluid

149
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cell

A

Tc cells

150
Q

Alpha-beta receptor

A

Each T-cell clone has unique receptors with alpha-beta chains

151
Q

Constant region

A

hydrophobic, is always the same
anchors to the plasmalemma (plasma membrane)

152
Q

Variable region

A

unique to the clone
every T-cell has a variable region that can bind to a different antigen

153
Q

Epitope

A

section of antigen molecule that binds to the receptor
up to 6 amino acids (protein), 2 monosaccharides (carb)

154
Q

Antigenic determinant

A

another name for Epitopes

155
Q

CD8

A

like NK cells kill by apoptosis
is used in Tc cells
help grab bad cells

156
Q

Helper T-cell

A

The cells use CD4

157
Q

CD4

A

use cytokines to stimulate a response
stimulate other cells in immune system to get busy

158
Q

Regulatory T-cell

A

Treg / Ts also w/ CD4 and CD25

159
Q

CD25

A

is used as an inhibitory response
used to suppress and keep things in check (don’t kill own cells)

160
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex (important, is it compatible with my tissues, used by multiple proteins)
bring proteins of antigens out to where T-cells can bind to them

161
Q

MHC-I

A

catches virus-infected, cancerous, or transplant cells
activating CD8
is on all nucleated cells, will bring a sample of protein from the cytoplasm to T-cell
if bound to CD8 on Tc it will activate. use mitosis for an effector and memory cell response
Effector: kill cells with the same antigen
Memory: held in reserve for fast secondary response

162
Q

Effector cell

A

used to kill the cell or to communicate with cytokines to activate other lymphocytes & phagocytes

163
Q

Antigen-presenting cell

A

APC
are macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
are going to phagocytose and digest pathogens & cellular debris

164
Q

MHC-II

A

activates CD4
is only on APCs will mount digested bits of antigen on membranes of the MHC-II protein
if the CD4 alpha-beta receptors on helper T-H cells match antigen on APCs then are activated
through mitosis gives effector and memory
effector T-H cells cytokines activate other lymphocytes & phagocytes
memory T-H cells held in reserve for fast secondary response

Anat & Phys 2 (5 decks)

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