Exam 3 Flashcards
Vasomotor center
located in the medulla oblongata
controls blood vessel movement, constriction or dilation
sympathetic, arterioles not in GI glands & genitals
Medulla Oblongata
Baroreceptor reflex
pressure receptors, response to BP, keeps BP from being too high for too long
some arterial sensors
Aortic sinus
pressure sensor in the aorta
Carotid sinus
a pressure sensor in the carotid
Chain ganglia
running alongside the spinal cord
are a connection of neuron cell bodies but outside the CNS
Aortic & Carotid bodies
where chemoreceptors can be found
Central chemoreceptor
receptor for CO2 and pH located in the medulla oblongata
Catecholamine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
part of endocrine regulation
hormones that the brain, nerve tissues, and adrenal glands produce. They are responsible for the body’s “fight-or-flight” response.
Amygdala
where the catecholamines are released
the origin of the fight or flight
Hypothalamus
catecholamine signal get sent from the amygdala to the hypothalamus
Splanchnic nerves
paired, autonomic nerves that carry both visceral sympathetic and sensory fibers
part of efferent signal in Catecholamines from chain ganglia to splanchnic nerves
Celiac ganglion
nerve bundles located in the upper abdomen as part of the autonomic nervous system that is functionally responsible for innervating the digestive tract and abdominal visceral tissue
part of efferent signal in Catecholamines from chain ganglia to splanchnic nerves no synapse to the Celiac ganglion then to the adrenal medulla
Adrenal medulla
the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response
where the efferent path leads to
Norepinephrine
both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart
Epinephrine
a neurotransmitter and a hormone
induces increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, and intestinal sphincter muscle contraction
Antidiuretic hormone
or vasopressin
help keep the BP up
control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
Vasopressin
same as Antidiuretic hormone
Hypertonic
dehydration or high salt, if have salty foods the increase in salt can increase the pressure because draws more water from blood
Osmoreceptors
located in the hypothalamus
measures concentrations in the blood (via osmosis salt and water)
Posterior pituitary
one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain
in the cycle is going to ADH into the blood
Juxtaglomerular cells
called JG cells is the receptor and control center
detect low BP in kidneys
cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin
Renin
is an enzyme secreted by JG cells into the blood
Angiotensinogen
cut by renin to make angiotensin I
comes from liver is in blood, precursor to affects blood vessel pressure
Angiotensin I
made by angiotensinogen and renin
is used with ACE to make angiotensin II
Angiotensin II
made from Angiotensin I and ACE, is used to signal vasoconstriction
increase R and BP
is the hormone that will travel to the target
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme cuts I into II
Nitric Oxide (NO)
used in autoregulation for local vasodilation
when endothelium detects change in increase CO2, H+, lactic acid, or inflammation it releases NO
Endothelin
used in autoregulation for local vasoconstriction
when endothelium detects low CO2, H+ secretes endothelin
is a peptide
Myogenic response
Local in every arterial
is the beginning of muscles
lack flow, lack of stretch (Vasodilation), High flow stretch (Vasoconstriction)
the contraction of a blood vessel that occurs when intravascular pressure is elevated
Ascending aorta
originates beyond the aortic valve and ends right before the innominate artery
includes right & left coronary arteries, first the aortic branch, just after semilunar valves, only branches from the ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Three branches
From proximal to distal (Brachiocephalic a., Left common carotid a., Left subclavian a.
descending aorta
the longest part of your aorta, which is the largest artery in your body
divided by diaphragm
Thoracic aorta
has the visceral branches and parietal branches
Abdominal aorta
Is the celiac trunk and both the superior & inferior mesenteric
Coronary arteries
in Ascending aorta (Right and left)
Brachiocephalic artery
The first artery off the aortic arch
Will then go to the right common carotid and right subclavian
Subclavian arteries
there is a right and left are under the clavicle
Axillary arteries
What the left and right subclavian turn into, right after the clavicle turns into axillary arteries (upper armpit)
Brachial arteries
Brachial upper arm arteries
Vertebral arteries
through the vertebrae, merge and helps supply the brain
comes off the right and left subclavian arteries
Common carotid arteries
the right common carotid comes off the brachiocephalic
the left common carotid comes off the aortic arch
Both have an internal (brain) and external (face)
Internal carotid arteries
Will go to the brain
External carotid arteries
Goes to the face
Visceral aortic branches
part of the descending aorta
will go to the mediastinum (lining ribs off of aorta everything b/w ribs) & Bronchial arteries
Bronchial arteries
used for long systemic circulation vs pulmonary just going to air sac
Pulmonary arteries
used to go to the air sac in
Parietal aortic branches
to thoracic walls
Intercostal arteries
between the ribs
Superior phrenic arteries
above the diaphragm
comes off the descending aorta and gives blood to the superior side of the diaphragm
Celiac truck
starts right below the diaphragm, and feeds blood to the liver, gall bladder, stomach and spleen.
Superior mesenteric artery
is the sheath that sorrounds the intestines
feeds the pancreas & intestines
Inferior mesenteric artery
feeds the pelvic area
Renal arteries
goes to kidneys
4 pairs of lumbar arteries to the body wall
Lumbar arteries
will go to the body wall
Common iliac arteries
is where the descending aorta divides to go to pelvis & legs
Anastomoses
is a bipass b/w major vessels w/out capillaries
connects veins together so there are multiple pathways
Superior vena cava
Contains the brachiocephalic veins along with the internal & external jugulars
there is the azygos vein and the hemiazygos
Brachiocephalic veins
are bilateral have two veins and only one artery
Internal jugular veins
are parallel with the carotids
Azygos vein
right along the spinal cord is on the right and smaller
Hemiazygos vein
on left from chest
smaller, drains into brachocephalic
Hepatic portal vein
two capillary beds in a sequence
comes from spleen, GI below diaphragm
Hepatic sinusoids
the portal vein branches into these in the liver
connects portal vein to the hepatic vein
Hepatic vein
drain processed blood to inferior vena cava
takes extra sugar/glycogen and stores it in the liver
Lymphatic system
functions include
interstitial fluid recovery
house (store), transport WBC’s
Lipid absorption from diet
Lymph
a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues
Lymphatic capillary
has blind ends & endothelial flaps
the endothelium overlap acts like a valve as pressure increases it will push the endothelia cells apart and brings lymph into the capillary
Interstitial fluid
composed primarily of bulk water
Lymphatic vessel
resembel thin beins, including valves
same use of skeletal & pressure to push the fluid back
Lymph node
along way screen for pathogens w/ WBCs
force fluid into the tissues through a filter the collection of WBCs checks to see if the body picked up any bacteria or pathogens
Lymphatic trunk
there are 9 lymphatic trunks draining into with the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
is used for the superior right quarter
the right arm, right side of head
Thoracic duct
on left from Cisterna chyli under diaphragm
is everywhere else in the body
ducts drain into the right and left subclavian veins
Cisterna chyli
is a milky, fatty juice-like Italian dressing
abdominal origin of the thoracic duct, and it receives the bilateral lumbar lymphatic trunks
Barrier immunity
a physical or chemical the blocks the pathogens entry
the pathogen needs to physically cross an epithelium, chemical pH, enzymes, temp, mostiure
Innate immunity
fast brief, broad acting via leukocytes & proteins
is always there to make sure things can’t come in.
also send the signal to the adaptive immune system
Adaptive immunity
slow, lasting, targeted via lymphocytes
WBC’s & proteins, is activated when innate system signals for help
Phagocytosis
pull in by wrapping in plasma membrane
the object in the membrane makes if a phagocytes vesicle
Phagocyte
part of the innate and adaptive system
are cells that eat by surrounding bacterial cells with membrane and destroyed by enzymes
vesicle
transportation (when the membrane surrounds the bacterial cell it becomes a vesicle
Lymphocyte
a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.
two main types B and T
Natural killer lymphocyte
only in the innate system
use cytotoxic to destroy the pathogen/ bacteria
is an early response to the virus-ridden & cancer cells
Cytotoxic
toxic to cells
are going to secrete proteins that will kill the target cell
Granulocyte
a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them.
Granule
is a membrane-bound enzyme
is a vessel that is released as needed to help attack or to communicate with WBCs
part of the innate immune system
Cytokine
used for cell communication
immune system communication
Neutrophil (PMN, poly)
Faint granules, phagocytes
has a blue red stain (even) has other names because of specific nuclei
(polymorphonuclear cells, Polymorphonucleocyte)
50-70% of leukocytes
Eosinophil
stains res, is an anti-parasite, has a role in inflammation
cytotoxic, have a limited ability of phagocytosis
2-4% of leukocytes
Basophil
trigger allergic & inflammation response, innate system, stains blue
<1% of leukocytes
Plasma cell
active B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies
they are B-lymphocytes after activation to secrete antibodies
T-lymphocyte
secrete cytokines & cytotoxins
are produced in the bone marrow to start then in the thymus
primary lymphoid organ
is the sites of inital lyphocyte differentiation
Red bone marrow
thymus
Red bone marrow
B-lymphocytes and first step for T-lymphocytes
Thymus
T-lymphocytes complete deveolpment
Secondary lymphoid organ
lymph nodes and spleen
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
WBCs scattered through connective tissue
very small w/ large nuclei, prepare for infection, like guarding the gates
Lymphoid follicle (nodule)
T-cells around dividing B-cells have the germinal center
Lymph node
on lymph vessels, are cheking lymph for antigens
capsule in a lymphatic vessel full of lymphocytes
Spleen
screens blood for antigens w/ 2 compartments (red pulp and white pulp)
Red pulp
RBC storage/ recycling & phagocytes
response when injured, squeeze the spleen increase BP to release RBC into body to increase RBC in body
White pulp
Lymphoid nodules for adaptive immunity
filters the blood for antigens
high in lymphocytes (nodules) check for foreign things
MALT
Mucosa-Associated lymphoid tissue
all body cavities w/ contact w/ the outside world have MALT tissues
respiratory, digestive, urinary, reporductive
Palatine tonsil
is the tonsil on the roof of the mouth
Lingual tonsil
tonsil at the base of toung on the top side
Adenoid
epithelium connetive tissues (back wall) close to the throat when it is inflamed is called adenoid
Pharyngeal tonsil
epithelium connetive tissues (back wall) close to the throat
GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
walls of the small & large intestines
BALT
Brunchus-associated lymphoid tissue
air passage ways as they go/ work their way down
Keratin
is dry and tough on superficial surface
Stratum corneum
two ways to help prevention
takes surface germs off by shedding layers of skin
leave a callus which is going to make it hard for germs to get into skin
Mucosa
on every cavity open to the surface, lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary
uses lysozymes and cillia
Lysozyme
enzymes in the body that are used to digest cell walls of invading cells
Urethra
in the reporductive ducts is acidic
when pee you flush out any bacteria in there
Gastric juice
very acidic in the stomach does not let anything from digestive or respiratior (bacteria) move on in digestive system
Cilia
used in the respiratory system to move the mucosa up to the throat where it is swallowed to the stomach
Normal flora
good to have is on the skin and in mucose
is used to block pathogenic strains access to surfaces and nutrients
Chemotaxis
used to draw WBC to the source of inflammation, infection
Monocyte
blood cells that enter tissues to become macrophages or dendritic cells
circulate in the blood to get to sites of inflammation when get into tissues change the name
Macrophage
patrol tissues locally
wait for positive chemotaxis, or if encounter cells (not our own), can interact with WBC to pass information
Dendritic cell
phagocytize & take antigens to lymph nodes
focused more on adaptive side, travel to lymph nodes and show stuff it swallowed for lymphocytes
Apoptosis
cell shrinking in on itself
Perforin
making holes in target cells
Granzyme
in that hold made by perforins granzymes are released that will digest the cell from inside out
use proteolytic enzymes
Proteolytic
used in granzyme process
Early induced protein
proteins made only as needed in response to infection
use interferon and mannose-binding protein, C-reactive protein
Interferon
is used when one cell is dying to send a message to other cell that they need to put up defensive measures
Mannose-binding protein
the liver secretes this
is used to tell when a bacterial cell is around (monosaccharides are common in them) anything with mannose will be killed.
are going to opsonize, chemotactic (making it easier for phagocytes to find) for phagocytes
C-reactive protein
protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation
Opsonize
tagging a target cell for phagocytosis
Complement
always in the blood (constitutive)
uses an enzyme cascade to activate the proteins in the plasma
are triggered by bacteria cell wall carbohydrates
result in lysis, opsonization, inflammation, chemotaxis
Constitutive
always present
Enzyme cascade
activates plasma proteins from the liver
Inflammation
draws phagocytes to remove cell debris from injury, draws innate immunity cells, in case injury form infection, improve bulk flow including clotting factors
Cardinal sign
warmth, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Mast cell
basophils
found in loose connective tissue throughout the body, in virtually every organ
has a role in inducing the inflammatory cascade
in the Innate or adaptive immune mechanisms
Histamine
for vasodilation, permeabiltiy
increases bulk flow/ flow
allows vessels to be more leaky
will cause tissues to turn red and will release heat
Prostaglandin
cause pain, vasodilation
Leukotriene
for chemotaxis, permerability
good for chemotaxis helps histamine make blood vessels leakier
Specificity
each clone responds to only 1 particular molecule
Clone
roup of cells all brought by one
Memory
cells saved from primary response to improve the secondary response
Primary response
first response to a pathogen or bacterial cell
Secondary response
secondary response should be better since have memory cells
Self- recognition
distinguished own from foreign molecules
an identity card
autoimmune disease is a failure of this process
Humoral immunity
B-cells
antibodies agglutinate, precipitate, lyse targets
fight infection through body fluids, cause foreign bodies to clump together
Agglutinate
clumping together
precipitate (clumping of proteins)
Cellular immunity
T-cells for virus-ridden or cancer cells
no antibodies, act like natural killer cells, no body fluid
Cytotoxic T-Cell
Tc cells
Alpha-beta receptor
Each T-cell clone has unique receptors with alpha-beta chains
Constant region
hydrophobic, is always the same
anchors to the plasmalemma (plasma membrane)
Variable region
unique to the clone
every T-cell has a variable region that can bind to a different antigen
Epitope
section of antigen molecule that binds to the receptor
up to 6 amino acids (protein), 2 monosaccharides (carb)
Antigenic determinant
another name for Epitopes
CD8
like NK cells kill by apoptosis
is used in Tc cells
help grab bad cells
Helper T-cell
The cells use CD4
CD4
use cytokines to stimulate a response
stimulate other cells in immune system to get busy
Regulatory T-cell
Treg / Ts also w/ CD4 and CD25
CD25
is used as an inhibitory response
used to suppress and keep things in check (don’t kill own cells)
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex (important, is it compatible with my tissues, used by multiple proteins)
bring proteins of antigens out to where T-cells can bind to them
MHC-I
catches virus-infected, cancerous, or transplant cells
activating CD8
is on all nucleated cells, will bring a sample of protein from the cytoplasm to T-cell
if bound to CD8 on Tc it will activate. use mitosis for an effector and memory cell response
Effector: kill cells with the same antigen
Memory: held in reserve for fast secondary response
Effector cell
used to kill the cell or to communicate with cytokines to activate other lymphocytes & phagocytes
Antigen-presenting cell
APC
are macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
are going to phagocytose and digest pathogens & cellular debris
MHC-II
activates CD4
is only on APCs will mount digested bits of antigen on membranes of the MHC-II protein
if the CD4 alpha-beta receptors on helper T-H cells match antigen on APCs then are activated
through mitosis gives effector and memory
effector T-H cells cytokines activate other lymphocytes & phagocytes
memory T-H cells held in reserve for fast secondary response
