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Anat & Phys 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic waste

A

breakdown proteins, DNA or RNA (nitrogen)
waste gets carried to kidneys

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2
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical used for communication, of an organ, that travels through the blood to affect another organ.

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Blood volume affecting blood pressure
Osmotic balance
hemostasis
Temperature

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4
Q

Osmotic balance

A

affecting cell volume, blood pressure
amount of water/material entering and exiting

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5
Q

Hemostasis

A

keeping blood volume from dropping
blood clotting

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6
Q

Formed element

A

cells or pieces of cells
subcategories are RBC, WBC, and Platelets

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7
Q

Red blood cell

A

transport gases, O2 also carries CO2 to and from lungs & tissues

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8
Q

What are the three names of an RBC

A

Red blood cells
RBC’s
Erythroeytes

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9
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell. Transports nutrients. Especially gas.

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10
Q

White blood cell

A

Leukocyte. Inflammation and infection

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11
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell. Inflammation and infection

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12
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell, leukocyte. Inflammation and infection

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13
Q

Platelet

A

Thrombocyte. What clots blood.

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14
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelet. What clots blood.

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15
Q

Plasma

A

The non-formed element of blood. 90% water, 10% solutes. About 55% of a blood sample when spun down.

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16
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clot forming protein

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17
Q

Albumin

A

Smallest on the “globulin” scale. A colloid. A liver protein used to bring osmotic balance, fatty acid and steroid transport. Transports “hydrophobic elements”

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18
Q

Osmotic balance

A

affecting cell volume, venous return, BP
amount of water/ material entering and exiting the cell

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

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20
Q

Steroid

A

any of a group of hormones that belong to the class of chemical compounds known as steroids

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21
Q

Alpha-globulin

A

enzymes that transport iron (Fe2+), lipids, vitamins (hydrophobic)

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22
Q

Beta-globulin

A

Same as alpha but are also fibrinogen

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23
Q

Fibrinogen

A

part of the beta globulins are soluble, unpolymerized clotting proteins.
In the beta globulins, the clotting protein (fibrin) in serum gets taken out
take fibrin out and have serum, gen is the beginning so when the end is taken out just have the start.

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24
Q

Gamma-globulin

A

Immunoglobulin. Ig’s, antibodies
from WBC’s, salt minerals (Zn,Mg,Mn) form dietary absorption, bones (Ca2+), and liver (stores iron & sugars)

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25
Q

Antibody

A

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system (gamma globulins)

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26
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

a different name for an antibody (gamma globulins)

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27
Q

Adipose

A

Fat cells

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28
Q

Amino acid

A

amino nitrogen-containing, a portion of a C-H-containing molecule
building blocks of a protein

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29
Q

Nucleotides

A

The basic structural unit of nucleic acids like DNA

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30
Q

Endocrine

A

something (inside the body) that secretes hormones into the blood to affect another organ
is an organ that makes hormones to act on other organs

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31
Q

Hematocrit

A

packed cell volume, PCV
Hema (red) to (cell), crit (count)
In a centrifuge, the RBC ends up on the bottom will all the formed elements. the plasma is on the top. take the total amount divided by the packed volume at the bottom

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32
Q

Packed cell volume

A

the amount of red blood cells and formed elements in the blood. another name for hematocrit

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33
Q

PCV

A

Packed cell volume

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34
Q

Buffy coat

A

What separates plasma from clotted RBCs in a sample

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35
Q

Centrifuge

A

A device that spins down and separates samples

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36
Q

Viscosity

A

Thickness of a liquid

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37
Q

What is transported in the blood?

A

O2, CO2, salts minerals, hormones, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, iron
along with other waste products

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38
Q

What does the blood hold constant?

A
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39
Q

what is the relationship between Osmotic balance and blood volume?

A

osmotic balance can affect blood pressure which has to deal with the amount of volume of blood. therefore the amount of blood going in and out of the heart depends on the osmotic balance.

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40
Q

what is the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure

A

When blood volume increases, it expands your arteries and veins and leads to increased blood pressure.

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41
Q

what is the relationship between osmotic balance and cell volumes?

A

the amount of material entering or exiting the cell depends on the volume in that cell
cells regulate internal volume in response to osmotic stress

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42
Q

list the three classes of formed elements

A

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

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43
Q
  1. Alternative name & function (Red blood cells)
A

RBC’s, erythrocytes
Transport gases
O2 & CO2 to and from lungs & tissues

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44
Q
  1. Alternate names & function (White blood cells)
A

WBC’s, leukocytes
some role in immunity and inflammation (tissue damage, infection)

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45
Q
  1. Alternate names and function (platelets
A

thrombocytes (blood clots)
not full cells, used for clotting

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46
Q

what is the difference between homeostasis & hemostasis?

A

homeostasis is to place the body in conditions for optimal functioning. while hemostasis keeps the blood volume from dropping to low. (it is a subset of homeostasis)

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47
Q

what is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

the serum is plasma without clot-forming proteins. centrifuge the clotting proteins will go to the bottom and the serum will stay at the top. Serum is a subset of plasma

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48
Q

what criterion is used to distinguish between alpha- beta- and gamma-globulins

A

What the globulins carry and how large they are
small (albumin, alpha, beta (fibrinogen), gamma) large
alpha: enzymes (Fe, lipids, vitamins, things that are hydrophobic)
beta: enzymes (soluble, unpolymerized clotting protein, fibrinogen)
Gamma: antibodies, immunoglobulins (salt & minerals from dietary absorption, bones, liver

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49
Q

what does hematocrit indicate

A

hematocrit indicates the red blood cell count

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50
Q

How is hematocrit measured

A

measured by centrifuging blood and dividing the total volume (plasma + buffy coat + hematocrit) by the hematocrit

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51
Q

what is the normal range of hematocrit

A

the normal range of RBC by volume in whole blood is 37-52%

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52
Q

what determines blood viscosity?

A

how the blood flows through the body (the resistance of flow specifically), thickness, gooiness, syrupiness (honey, syrup)

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53
Q

What are the risks of high blood viscosity?

A

high viscosity leads to high blood pressure & high hematocrit

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54
Q

Plasma components from the liver & function

A

the majority of proteins are made in the liver. a lot of those proteins are clotting proteins

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55
Q

Plasma components from the white blood cells & function

A

Albumin, antibodies, immunoglobulins, platelets
In the buffy coat

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56
Q

Plasma components from the endocrine organs & function

A

different hormones to affect different organs and systems

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57
Q

Plasma components from the digestive system & function

A
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58
Q

Plasma components from the bones & function

A
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59
Q

Plasma components from the respiring cells & function

A
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60
Q

Plasma components from the lungs & function

A
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61
Q

Plasma components from the fat cells & function

A
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62
Q

How does hematocrit numbers, blood viscosity, and blood pressure impact each other?

A

When one increases, the other increases.
+ Hematocrit = + Viscosity
+ Viscosity = + BP
+ BP = + Hematocrit

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63
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Growth of red blood cells

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64
Q

Yolk sac

A

helps form blood and small cells

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65
Q

Aorta

A

major artery in the human body

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66
Q

Extramedullary

A

the production of blood cells outside of the bone marrow (not an adequate production of blood cells)

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67
Q

Femur

A

holds bone marrow and is a long bone

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68
Q

Humerus

A

holds bone marrow

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69
Q

Red bone marrow

A

This type of bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which are the stem cells that form blood cells

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70
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialized cells that can specialize in times of need

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71
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells that have a specialized purpose

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72
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

slightly Specialized stem cells that form blood cells

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73
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

Immature red blood cells

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74
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

stem cells that will form B and T cells and are terminally differentiated
Lymphoid cells are pluripotent

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75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system
finish their differentiation in the thymus

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76
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

will form granulocytes some phagocytes and RBC’s
Myeloid cells are pluripotent

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77
Q

Thymus

A

where some stem cells go to finish differentiation

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78
Q

What is the average life span of erythrocytes

A

~4 months

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79
Q

What is the average life span of Leukocytes

A

~ 2-3 weeks

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80
Q

What is the average life span of Thrombocytes

A

~ 1 week

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81
Q

What is the difference between stem cell & hematopoietic stem cell

A

SC: unspecialised cell that divides rapidly
HemSC: slightly specialized, will only make blood cells

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82
Q

What is the difference between Lymphoid and myeloid progenitors

A

Ly: give rise to B& T cells
My: give rise to granulocytes, phagocytes, RBC’s

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83
Q

Where is red bone marrow most commonly found in adults

A

Skull, vertebrae, Pelvis, Femur, Humerus

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84
Q

List in chronological order the tissues and organs that give rise to blood cells over the course of a lifetime?

A

start in yolk sac, get a bit more specific
aorta: in this stage is near kidneys & gonads
then to the liver and spleen (if these organs can still produce RBC’s as an adult it is called extramedullary hematopoiesis
bone marrow (skull, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, humerus)

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85
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm, giving them shape

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86
Q

Ribosome

A

Ribosomes are used for protein synthesis, they link amino acid together

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87
Q

Mitochondrion

A

hehe powerhouse of the cell
used for aerobic respiration to bring energy to the cell

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88
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

the use of oxygen to get energy in the form of ATP
O2 + glucose –> CO2 + H2O (ADP –> ATP)

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89
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

no oxygen is used glucose is turned into ethanol or lactic acid
lactic acid we make as a waste product

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90
Q

Fermentation

A

he chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

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91
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

anhydrase is without water enzyme
it is the process of CO2 in the blood turning into Bicarbonate
H2O + CO2 <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ + HCO3- (goes both directions)

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92
Q

Bicarbonate

A

H2CO3
dissolves in plasma better, increasing CO2 transport

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93
Q

Globin

A

there are 4 globin polypeptides in a hemoglobin
2 alpha and 2 beta

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94
Q

Alpha Globin

A

Subunits of the large protein hemoglobin

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95
Q

Beta globin

A

subunits of the large protein hemoglobin

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96
Q

Heme

A

is the disc held by Globin
is the organic ring cofactor on globin
the cell can’t carry O2 or CO2 without heme
the configuration of heme holds Fe (that holds O2)

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97
Q

Cofactor

A

is attached to the polypeptide and allows the peptide to function (like the key to a car)

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98
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

the porduciton of RBC’s

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99
Q

Differentiation

A

when a cell matures, divides less, more specialized

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100
Q

Erythroblast

A

in red bone marrow, make hemoglobin & lose nucleus

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101
Q

Reticulocyte

A

enter circulation w/ some organelles left (no nucleus) not in bone marrow
can see on a microscope look like a RBC but have blue (ribosomes)

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102
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

is a hormone that can effect organs
the hormone is secreated more when O2 levels drop in the blood

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103
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

returns to homeostasis

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104
Q

Stimulus

A

what has changed that the body has to adjust?

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105
Q

Receptor

A

measures stimulus

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106
Q

Sensor

A

same as receptor

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107
Q

integrator

A

decides if stimulus is too far from set point

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108
Q

control center

A

another word for integrator

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109
Q

Efferent signal

A

notifies organs that action is needed

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110
Q

Effector

A

the organ that can correct the probelm

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111
Q

Response

A

what the effector does

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112
Q

Result

A

what happens after the response

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113
Q

Phagocytosis

A

phage (eat), Cyt (cell) Osis(process)
process of eating a cell

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114
Q

Phagocyte

A

are a type of WBC that detects and eats old RBC found in liver, spleen and marrow

115
Q

Biliverdin

A
116
Q

Bilirubin

A
117
Q

Bile

A
118
Q

Jaundice

A
119
Q

Anemia

A
120
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
121
Q

Polycythemia

A
122
Q

Polycythemia vera

A
123
Q

How does the RBC cytoskeleton differ form other cells?

A

it is flexible which allows it to squeeze through tiny vessels

124
Q

How does the difference of the RBC cytoskeleton help with circulation?

A

gets it in smaller blood vessels to keep blood moving and getting O2 to each tissue

125
Q

How is the RBC shape helpful to the primary function?

A

the shape helps increase surface area and bring more O2 to areas, also helps with diffusion

126
Q

in terms of anaerobic respiration how are RBCs able to function without mitochondria?

A

before matured they have mitochondria & make all the ATP possible before mitochondrial go away

127
Q

What would happen to other cells types if they were to lose their mitochondria (anaerobic respiration)

A

they would not be able to support the function of that cell for very long

128
Q

Why is mitochondrial loss specifically helpful for RBCs primary function? (anaerobic respiration)

A

the primary function is to transport O2 w/out mitochondria this can be done better bc the mitochondria wont’ be using the O2 to make ATP, so all can be transported

129
Q

How are RBCs able to function without a Nucleus & ribosomes?

A

they can’t replace proteins, all have to be made before get rid of organels

130
Q

What would happen to other cell types if they were to lose their nucleus & ribosomes?

A

they would not be able to replace proteins and would not function correctly

131
Q

How does extrusion of the nucleus and ribosomes adversely affect the ability of RBCs to renew themselves?

A

will not be able to replace proteins, there is no renewal of the RBC if a protein is defunct

132
Q

What advantage might it be for RBC function to discard their nuclei

A

it allows more room to store hemoglobin which is the O2 binding protein, enabling it to transport more O2

133
Q

What is the chemical rxn catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

A

H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

134
Q

What is the physiological importance of carbonic anhydrase?

A

the CO2 in blood with water in plasma turns to bicarbonate that can dissolve in plasma better, increasing CO2 transport, taken from tissues –> plasma –> lungs

135
Q

(question 6. for 18.3) needs to draw
what is the structure of hemoglobin including (iron ions, Heme, alpha globin, beta globin)

A
136
Q

List the stages of RBC formation in order starting with Hemocytoblasts

A

Hemocytoblast, erythroblast, reticulocytes, erythrocytes

137
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of each stage of RBC formation?

A

Hemocytoblast: has a nucleus
erythroblast: no more nucleus, make hemoglobin
Reticulocytes: enter circulation some organelles left to eject the rest

138
Q

Give the feedback loop for hematocrit homeostasis (stimulus, receptor, integrator, efferent signal, effector, response, result)

A

Stimulus: hypoxemia (lack of O2 in the blood)
Receptor: kidneys
Integrator: kidneys
efferent signal: EPO
Effector: Bone marrow
Response: Accelerated erythropoiesis
Result: increase in blood oxygen

139
Q

Which cell type removes aged RBC’s

A

Phagocytosis specifically phagocytes in liver, spleen and marrow

140
Q

How do the phagocytes tell an aged RBC from others?

A

the proteins in RBCs have a best used by date, The phagocytes touch the plasma membrane (made up of those proteins) if signals are present of break down of that membrane it will devour the cell

141
Q

What organs remove aged RBCs

A

Liver, spleen, and marrow

142
Q

What is the fate of iron ions when the RBC is being disposed of?

A

the iron ions get reused for new RBC’s or stored in liver/spleen

143
Q

What is the fate of globins after RBS disposal?

A

go from hemoglobin to globins that are broken down to amino acids

144
Q

What is the fate of Heme after RBS disposal?

A

hemoglobin –> heme
converted to biliverdin (green), and bilirubin (yellow ish) pigments, are excreted at the liver into the intestines w/ bile & goes to gall bladder

145
Q

What are the three causes of anemia?

A

Poor erythropoiesis: inherited, poor nutrition, lead exposure
Excessive RBC destruction: sickle cell anemia
Excessive bleeding

146
Q

What pigments are made from heme

A

Biliverdin
Bilirubin

147
Q

How are the pigments made from heme removed from the body?

A

excreted at the liver to bile to the intestines then gall bladder, removed in feces (why feces is brown)

148
Q

Where do pigments go if RBC are destroyed too fast? What is that condition called

A

to the liver or spleen causing jaundice or excessive pigmentation deposited in the skin

149
Q

What can cause polycythemia?

A

to many RBC, dehydration (reduces blood volume and increases [RBC], higher elevations low atmospheric O2 concentration, increased EPO release

150
Q

what are the risks to polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia vera: blood clots that could cause heart attack, stroke or a pulmonary embolism

151
Q

Bleeding

A

loss of blood inside or outside of the body

152
Q

Hemorrhage

A

excessive bleeding

153
Q

List the three steps in the mechanism for hemostasis and define

A

Vascular spasm: contraction of blood vessels
Platelet plug: a precursor to a clot (temporary fix)
Coagulation: Formation of a blood clot

154
Q

Is the platelet plug formation a negative or positive feedback loop? and why

A

Positive,
is a cascade, the more of one thing the more of the other and on and on. ADP activates platelets, if still surface area around the plug more ADP is released and then more platelets. This goes on an on

155
Q

Difference between intrinsic & extrinsic pathway

A

Intrinsic: in the blood vessels
Extrinsic: outside blood vessels

156
Q

Difference between bleeding and hemorrhage

A

Bleeding: loss of blood inside or outside
Hemorrhage: excessive bleeding

157
Q

difference between thrombus and embolus

A

Thrombus: clot inside blood vessels attached to the wall
Embolus: clot or other foreign body circulating in vessels.

158
Q

difference b/w platelet plug & clot

A

Platelet plug: temporary fix/ precursor to the clot

159
Q

Vascular

A

Blood vessels

160
Q

vascular spasm

A

involuntary contraction of blood vessels

161
Q

Smooth muscle

A

consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres giving it a non-striated pattern.

162
Q

Lumen

A

inside of a hollow structure
ex. diameter of a blood vessel

163
Q

Endothelium

A

tissue surface inside the body

164
Q

Pain receptor

A

Nervous cells detecting damage

165
Q

Endothelin

A

small peptides that are released as a signal that travels to the effector
a 21-amino acid long peptide that is a vasoconstrictor produced from endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells

166
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next target cell

167
Q

Platelet plug

A

the precursor to a clot that gets reinforced (temporary fix)

168
Q

Collagen

A

fiber-like structure is used to make connective tissue
activates platelets

169
Q

ADP

A

autocrine factor
causes more platelets to clump is an efferent signal

170
Q

Autocrine factor

A

ADP

171
Q

Serotonin

A

Paracrine factor
increases vasoconstriction

172
Q

Paracrine factor

A

serotonin

173
Q

Thromboplastin

A

clotting factor

174
Q

Coagulation

A

formation of a blood clot

175
Q

Clot

A

Fibrin mesh + trapped formed element

176
Q

Enzyme cascade

A

a small stimulus to a large response

177
Q

Fibrinogen

A

glycoprotein synthesized by the liver and is the major structural component of a clot
is inactive

178
Q

Fibrin

A

made from fibrinogen
active, forms clot
polymerizes into a mesh that is sticky and traps RBC & platelets

179
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

outside blood vessels

180
Q

Clotting factor

A

protein or ion that promotes coagulation

181
Q

tissue factor

A

also called clotting factor 3

182
Q

Factor VII

A

Clotting factor 7 is in the plasma from liver, mixes with III to activate X

183
Q

Factor X

A

Clotting factor 10 is in plasma from liver and ends the extrinsic pathway.
Is where the pathways merge

184
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

in the blood vessel

185
Q

Factor XII

A

is activated when there is damage to the endothelium

186
Q

Common path

A

where the two parts converge at factor X

187
Q

Prothrombin

A

Clotting factor II
cleaved by X to make Thrombin

188
Q

Thrombin

A

X cleaves II to make thrombin
is a protein that helps clot
is cleaved to form fibrinogen

189
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Prevents clots from forming to easily

190
Q

Mast cell

A

secretes heparin
in tissues

191
Q

Basophil

A

secretes heparin
in blood

192
Q

Antithrombin & Protein C

A

from the liver, serves to reduce clotting
balances anticoagulants & clotting factor

193
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

the process of breaking down clots

194
Q

Thrombus

A

clot inside blood vessels that are attached to the wall

195
Q

Embolus

A

clot or other foreign body circulating in vessels

196
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic lack of a clotting factor

197
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

to few platelets

198
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

To many platelets

199
Q

Feedback loop for a vascular spasm

A

Stimulus: damage to endothelium
Sensors/ integrators: endothelial cells (cells that line blood vessels)
Efferent signals: endothelins
Effector: vascular smooth muscle
Response: constriction of blood vessels
Result: hemostasis

200
Q

Feedback loop for platelet plug
Stimulus, receptor, integrator, efferent signal, effector, response, result

A

Stimulus: damaged epithelial cells
Sensor/integrator: collagen
Efferent signal: ADP
Effectors: platelets
Response: Forming a plug
Result: temporary fix, precursor to a clot

201
Q

What triggers the extrinsic clotting pathway

A

when connective tissue under endothelium is exposed

202
Q

What triggers the intrinsic clotting pathway?

A

when there is damage to the endothelium layer

203
Q

What makes up a blood clot

A

fibrin mesh and trapped formed elements

204
Q

Organs/ cells that secrete clotting factors
I, II, III, VII, X, XII

A

I: fibrinogen
II: Prothrombin
III: tissue factor, hurt cells emit III
VII: in plasma comes from liver
X: in plasma comes from liver
XII: damage to endothelium (intrinsic)

205
Q

What is the role of factor X

A

plays a role in the coagulation cascade at the point of convergence b/w intrinsic & extrinsic

206
Q

What is the role of clotting factor II

A

is a protein that helps get to clot, thrombin cleaves to get fibrinogen to fibrin –> fibrin forms the clot

207
Q

WHAT PLASMA PROTEINS MADE BY THE LIVER REDUCE BLOOD CLOTTING (accidentally had caps lock on)

A

Antithrombin & protein C

208
Q

What other chemical reduces clotting, and what cells make it

A

mast cells (tissues), basophils (form of WBC) that secrete heparin

209
Q

how does a blood clot shrink

A

the platelets contract, pulling the clot in, and shrinking it until only serum is left

210
Q

When does the fibrinolytic pathway start

A

once the body/ tissues begin to heal and the clot is no longer needed. The clot starts to shrink to make room for healing tissues
starts with platelets contracting

211
Q

What is missing in hemophilia

A

the clotting factor

212
Q

why is hemophilia dangerous?

A

small cuts can have great blood loss

213
Q

What is the health risk of thrombocytopenia?

A

too few platelets to clot well, there is a risk of bleeding out/ loss of more blood with small cuts

214
Q

What is the health risk of thrombocytosis?

A

too many platelets and clotting to well, can lead to stroke or a heart attack

215
Q

Immunity

A
216
Q

Humoral

A
217
Q

Humoral immunity

A

immunity against body fluids without direct cellular contact

the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocyt

218
Q

Antigen

A
219
Q

Self molecule

A
220
Q

Transfuse

A
221
Q

Antibody

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind antigens
can bind 2-10 antigens at a time

222
Q

Plasma cell

A
223
Q

Agglutinate

A

antibodies cross link antigen-bearing cells
clumping of RBC not like a clot

224
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breaking open of blood cells

225
Q

Blood type

A

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens, substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body.

226
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Glycoproteins are molecules that comprise protein and carbohydrate chains that are involved in many physiological functions including immunity.

227
Q

ABO blood group

A
228
Q

H antigen

A
229
Q

Rh factor

A
230
Q

D antigen

A

is a protein in RBC plasma membrane

231
Q

Rh+

A
232
Q

Rh-

A
233
Q

Sensitization

A
234
Q

Shock

A

BP crashing, respiratory distress in an intense rxn
chemicals allow blood vessels to relax which will crash the blood pressure

235
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+

236
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

237
Q

HDN

A
238
Q

RhoGAM

A
239
Q

What is the process behind clinical blood typing

A
240
Q

Describe how the antigens for blood types ABO are similar

A
241
Q

Describe how the antigens for blood types ABO are different

A
242
Q

Where are the ABO and Rh antigens located?

A
243
Q

What kind of biochemicals are the ABO and Rh antigens

A
244
Q

is sensitization needed for immune reaction for ABO and Rh

A
245
Q

What antigens are on the RBCs of
(O, A, AB, B, Rh+, Rh-)

A

O: no antigens
A: A antigens
AB: A & B antigens
B: B antigens
Rh+: D antigen
Rh-: no D antigen

246
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of (O, A, AB, B, Rh+, Rh-)

A

O: anti-A & B antibodies
A: anti-B
AB: none
B: anti-A
Rh+: none
Rh-: anti-D (only if sensitized)

247
Q

What is the universal donor’s ABO and Rh types

A
248
Q

What is the universal recipient’s ABO and Rh types

A
249
Q

What are the complications and causes for a severe blood transfusion rxn

A

Antibodies of recipient will attack RBC antigens from donor
this can cause agglutinated RBC’s may block arteries causing stroke/heart attack
can also cause shock and hemolysis

250
Q

How do ABO and Rh incompatible transfusions differ with regard to sensitization

A
251
Q

what is hemolytic disease in a newborn

A
252
Q

What causes hemolytic disease in a newborn

A
253
Q

what are the fathers and mothers Rh blood types in hemolytic disease

A
254
Q

Why does hemolytic disease rearely occur in the first pregnacy

A
255
Q

when is the mother Rh seronegative and when might she become seropositive

A
256
Q

when can fetal blood cells cross the placental barrier

A
257
Q

when can maternal antibodies cross the placental barrier

A

Cross at any time

258
Q

how can HDN be prevented for a susceptible couple

A
259
Q

what are the 4 valves or the heart and the alternate names

A
260
Q

where are the four valves located

A
261
Q

For each valve where does the blood come from

A
262
Q

for each valve where does it pass blood to

A
263
Q

compare trabeculae carneae and pectinate muscles

A
264
Q

compare trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles

A
265
Q

compare papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

A
266
Q

compare arteries & veins

A
267
Q

describe the pulmonary circuit

A
268
Q

describe the systemic circuit

A
269
Q

What are the tissues of each heart layer starting from the luminal surface

A
270
Q

What tissues make up the endocardium

A
271
Q

what are the two layers of serous pericardium

A
272
Q

Where are the two layers of the serous pericardium located

A
273
Q

Where is pericardial fluid located

A
274
Q

What makes the pericardial fluid

A
275
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid

A
276
Q

Where is the fibrous pericardium attached

A

W

277
Q

What is the function of the Fibrous pericardium

A
278
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium made for

A
279
Q

Give the names for each sulci of the heart

A
280
Q

What are the locations for each sulci of the heart

A
281
Q

What arteries and veins are in each sulci of the heart

A
282
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty into

A
283
Q

What empties into the coronary sinus

A

Anat & Phys 2 (5 decks)

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