exam 3 Flashcards
substances that tend to draw electrons towards themselves; more positive
conductors
examples of conductors
metals, nerves, water, and muscles
don’t conduct electricity well; resist the flow of electricity
insulators
examples of insulators
skin, bone, fat, tendon
what nerve means i feel it
a beta sensory
what nerve means i see it
a alpha motor nerves
what nerve means it hurts
a delta followed by c fibers
Contraindications for EStim
- to trunk when there is a pacemaker, or implanted device
- over anterior neck
- thrombophlebitis
- over trunk, lowback, or plevis when pregnant
- over tumors or cancer
precautions for EStim
- unstable heart
- recent heart attack
- decreased sensation
- impaired cognition
- fragile skin like acne
- very obese pts
how long is a treatment time for e stim usually
20-30 minutes
How far apart should you keep electrodes apart
at least 1 inch
current that flows in multiple directions
AC current
what type of current is mostly used in PT
AC current
current that flows in one continuous direction
DC current
current that has an anode and cathode
DC current
What is the polarity of an anode
+
What is the polarity of an cathode
-
do the electrons flow towards the anode or cathode
anode
the pressure or force that the current creates when electricity flows
voltage
resistance being increased causes what affect
makes it more painful
things that increase resistance
- electrode being too small
- hair
- dry skin
- old or poor electrode
- placed on bone, connective tissue, or fat
which is more comfortable, pulsed current or continuous
pulsed
when the electron moves through the body in a longer path because it is easier
path of least resistance
pps, rate, pulses per second, or Hz all refer to what
pulse frequency
frequency that the PTA can change
pulse frequency, or parameter frequency
frequency that the manufacture sets; can’t be changed by the PTA
carrier frequency
Low frequency currents = how many Hz
1000 or less
what types of estim use low frequency
pulsed monophasic, biphasic including TENS
medium frequency currents = how many Hz
1000 to 100,000
what types of estim use medium currents
interference (5000) and Russian (2500)
high frequency currents = how many Hz
100,000 and higher
what types of estim use high frequency currents
diathermies
